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The study of course of internal carotid artery in cadavers
Abstracts / Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 65S (2016) S1–S97
Material & Methods: Type of study: Cross-sectional, observational study Study population: Leprosy diagnosed patient attending CLTRI outpatient dept. & SSSMC&RI Study setting: Hospital based i.e. CLTRI outpatient dept. and SSSMC&RI outpatient dept. Study tool: pre-tested questionnaire along clinical examination Study period: Jan 2015–June 2015 Statistical method: percentage & proportion Results: Total of 56 leprosy patient enrolled for study. 48 (84%) were male and 08 (16%) female. The common age group observed was 20–40 years. The type of disease was MB 89%, PB 11%. The most commonly examined peripheral nerves were, radial, ulnar, median, lateral poplitieal, and posterior tibial. Out of 56 patients the nerve enlargement was found in 26 (46%) patients. The most common nerve enlarged was ulnar in 25 cases (96%) followed by radial in 6(26%). In upper arm most commonly affected nerve was ulnar. The nerve enlargement was more common in MB (Multibacillary) type of leprosy as compare to PB (Paucibacillary) leprosy. Conclusion: MB leprosy more common. Ulnar nerve most commonly affected. Recommendation: Peripheral Nerve examination is essential component need to emphasize in examination of leprosy. Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.298 291 The study of course of internal carotid artery in cadavers Shashikant Kiragi ∗ , M.B. Sanikop, K.V. Venkateshu SDUMC, Kolar, India Aims and objectives: To study the length, external diameter, angles of the different segments of internal carotid artery. Material and methods: The study was undertaken on the sagitally bisected, formalin fixed, 50 head neck parts of adult male and female cadavers (age 30–70 yrs) available in Dept. of Anatomy, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar. The internal carotid artery was exposed in the cervical part by clearing its superficial relations. The carotid canal was opened and tha artery further traced to visualize its horizontal segment till the anterior clinoid process. Following measurements were recorded: (i) length of artery – by passing the metallic bending wire, in the carotid canal by side of artery, which was later straightened and measured using the scale; (ii) external diameter of artery – measured using vernier caliper; and (iii) angles at bends – measured by a protractor. Results: Mean length of ICP of ICA and of all segments of ICP of ICA is more on right side than left side. Mean of length of ECP of ICA is more on left side than right side. Mean of total length of ICA is more on right side than left side. Mean of diameter of ICP and of all segments of ICP of ICA is more on right side than left side. Mean of diameter of ECP of ICA is more on left side than right side. Mean of length and of diameter of carotid siphon of ICA is more on right side than left side. Mean of Angles at bends is more on left side than right side in III Bend and IV Bend but it is slightly more on right side than left side in II Bend. Conclusion: In present study, the length of ECP of ICA on left side was more than the right side but total length of ICA is somewhat same on both sides. Probably this suggests a means of accommodat-
S95
ing increased blood flow from the arch of aorta, forming a lengthy column of blood. The degree of angulation showed progressive acuteness, strongly suggests that the dampening effect to the pressure of blood is very essential to protect the end arteries of the brain since the flow of blood at higher pressure increases the chances of cerebral hemorrhages. Carotid siphon adapt itself mechanically in the form of angulations, bends, kinks to slow down the blood flow which is protective measure to safeguard the neural tissue from the after effects of arterial rupture and provide dampening effect to the blood flow. Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.299 292 Study of elongated styloid process in North Indian population Manjari Lohani ∗ , P. Singh, A. Rani, J. Chopra, G. Sehgal King George’s Medical University UP, Lucknow, India Aims and objectives: The styloid process (SP) is a cylindrical, long cartilaginous bone located on the temporal bone. Styloid process with stylohyoid ligament and hyoid bone constitute stylohyoid apparatus which are derivatives of the second branchial arch (Reichert’s cartilage). Styloid process varies in length from few mm to 30 mm. Elongated styloid process when associated with neck and orofacial pain is known as Eagle’s syndrome. Material and methods: 35 skulls were retrieved from the anthropology lab of department of anatomy, KGMU, UP, Lucknow. Skulls were studied for the length of the styloid process. The length was measured from the base to the tip of the styloid process using digital vernier caliper calibrated in millimeters. Length more than 25 mm was considered as an elongated styloid process. Results: We measured length of 70 styloid processes (35 right and 35 left) of 35 skulls. The length of styloid process was in the range of 2.31 mm to 31.35 mm. Out of 70 styloid processes, 4 styloid process were more than 25 mm in length. Out of these 3 were right sided and 1 was left sided. Incidence of elongated styloid process was found to be 5.71%. Conclusion: Length of styloid process varies in individuals. Elongated styloid process and calcified stylohyoid ligament are clinically important as they can present with compression symptoms, dysphagia and neck pain. This can be diagnosed by palpation through tonsillar fossa and can be confirmed by imaging studies. Hence, radiologist and surgeons should be aware of the variations in the length in styloid process and stylohyoid apparatus. Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.300
Material & Methods: Type of study: Cross-sectional, observational study Study population: Leprosy diagnosed patient attending CLTRI outpatient dept. & SSSMC&RI Study setting: Hospital based i.e. CLTRI outpatient dept. and SSSMC&RI outpatient dept. Study tool: pre-tested questionnaire along clinical examination Study period: Jan 2015–June 2015 Statistical method: percentage & proportion Results: Total of 56 leprosy patient enrolled for study. 48 (84%) were male and 08 (16%) female. The common age group observed was 20–40 years. The type of disease was MB 89%, PB 11%. The most commonly examined peripheral nerves were, radial, ulnar, median, lateral poplitieal, and posterior tibial. Out of 56 patients the nerve enlargement was found in 26 (46%) patients. The most common nerve enlarged was ulnar in 25 cases (96%) followed by radial in 6(26%). In upper arm most commonly affected nerve was ulnar. The nerve enlargement was more common in MB (Multibacillary) type of leprosy as compare to PB (Paucibacillary) leprosy. Conclusion: MB leprosy more common. Ulnar nerve most commonly affected. Recommendation: Peripheral Nerve examination is essential component need to emphasize in examination of leprosy. Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.298 291 The study of course of internal carotid artery in cadavers Shashikant Kiragi ∗ , M.B. Sanikop, K.V. Venkateshu SDUMC, Kolar, India Aims and objectives: To study the length, external diameter, angles of the different segments of internal carotid artery. Material and methods: The study was undertaken on the sagitally bisected, formalin fixed, 50 head neck parts of adult male and female cadavers (age 30–70 yrs) available in Dept. of Anatomy, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar. The internal carotid artery was exposed in the cervical part by clearing its superficial relations. The carotid canal was opened and tha artery further traced to visualize its horizontal segment till the anterior clinoid process. Following measurements were recorded: (i) length of artery – by passing the metallic bending wire, in the carotid canal by side of artery, which was later straightened and measured using the scale; (ii) external diameter of artery – measured using vernier caliper; and (iii) angles at bends – measured by a protractor. Results: Mean length of ICP of ICA and of all segments of ICP of ICA is more on right side than left side. Mean of length of ECP of ICA is more on left side than right side. Mean of total length of ICA is more on right side than left side. Mean of diameter of ICP and of all segments of ICP of ICA is more on right side than left side. Mean of diameter of ECP of ICA is more on left side than right side. Mean of length and of diameter of carotid siphon of ICA is more on right side than left side. Mean of Angles at bends is more on left side than right side in III Bend and IV Bend but it is slightly more on right side than left side in II Bend. Conclusion: In present study, the length of ECP of ICA on left side was more than the right side but total length of ICA is somewhat same on both sides. Probably this suggests a means of accommodat-
S95
ing increased blood flow from the arch of aorta, forming a lengthy column of blood. The degree of angulation showed progressive acuteness, strongly suggests that the dampening effect to the pressure of blood is very essential to protect the end arteries of the brain since the flow of blood at higher pressure increases the chances of cerebral hemorrhages. Carotid siphon adapt itself mechanically in the form of angulations, bends, kinks to slow down the blood flow which is protective measure to safeguard the neural tissue from the after effects of arterial rupture and provide dampening effect to the blood flow. Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.299 292 Study of elongated styloid process in North Indian population Manjari Lohani ∗ , P. Singh, A. Rani, J. Chopra, G. Sehgal King George’s Medical University UP, Lucknow, India Aims and objectives: The styloid process (SP) is a cylindrical, long cartilaginous bone located on the temporal bone. Styloid process with stylohyoid ligament and hyoid bone constitute stylohyoid apparatus which are derivatives of the second branchial arch (Reichert’s cartilage). Styloid process varies in length from few mm to 30 mm. Elongated styloid process when associated with neck and orofacial pain is known as Eagle’s syndrome. Material and methods: 35 skulls were retrieved from the anthropology lab of department of anatomy, KGMU, UP, Lucknow. Skulls were studied for the length of the styloid process. The length was measured from the base to the tip of the styloid process using digital vernier caliper calibrated in millimeters. Length more than 25 mm was considered as an elongated styloid process. Results: We measured length of 70 styloid processes (35 right and 35 left) of 35 skulls. The length of styloid process was in the range of 2.31 mm to 31.35 mm. Out of 70 styloid processes, 4 styloid process were more than 25 mm in length. Out of these 3 were right sided and 1 was left sided. Incidence of elongated styloid process was found to be 5.71%. Conclusion: Length of styloid process varies in individuals. Elongated styloid process and calcified stylohyoid ligament are clinically important as they can present with compression symptoms, dysphagia and neck pain. This can be diagnosed by palpation through tonsillar fossa and can be confirmed by imaging studies. Hence, radiologist and surgeons should be aware of the variations in the length in styloid process and stylohyoid apparatus. Conflicts of interest The authors have none to declare. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.300