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The Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement of the Chick from 4 to 8 Weeks of Age as Affected by Temperature12
BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE OF CA 45 Martin, W. G„ and H. Patrick, 1962a. Radionuclide mineral studies: 4. Studies on the metabolism of Ca45 by the chick. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 213-219. Martin, W. G., and H. Patrick, 1962b. Radionuclide mineral studies: S. The relationship of serum alkaline phosphatase to Ca45 metabolism in the chick as influenced by age, vitamin
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D 3 and treatment. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 916-922. Neuman, W. F., M. W. Neuman, E. R. Main, J. O'Leary and F. A. Smith, 1950. The surface chemistry of bone. J. Biol. Chem. 187: 655-661. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. 5th edition. The Iowa State College Press. Ames, Iowa.
R. L. ADAMS, F. N. ANDREWS, J. C. ROGLER AND C. W. CARRICK Department of Poultry Science, Department of Dairy Science and Purdue Center for Refrigeration Research and Climate Control, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (Received for publication March 29, 1962)
ALMQUIST (1952) reviewed the litera•*• •*• ture concerning the methionine requirement of the young chick and concluded that the requirement was approximately 0.45 percent of the diet and that the total sulfur amino acid requirement was approximately 0.8 percent of the diet. Briggs et al. (1942), Grau and Kamei (1950), and Jukes and Stokstad (1951) suggested that the sulfur amino acid requirement was nearer 0.9 percent of the diet, whereas, McGinnis and Evans (1947), Milligan et al. (1951) and West et al. (1951) reported sulfur amino acid requirements of 0.71, 0.72 and 0.74 percent, respectively. Nelson et al. (1960) stated that the quantitative requirement for sulfur amino acids was approximately 3.51 percent of the protein. 1
Journal Paper No. 1904 of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 3 This investigation was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. (G6243).
Baldini and Rosenberg (1955) found that the methionine requirement, expressed as a percentage of the diet, increased as the energy level of the diet increased. Rosenberg and Baldini (1957) further stated, as did Almquist (1952), that the methionine requirement increased as the protein level of the diet increased. Lewis et al. (1951) reported that the methionine requirement for growth of the very young chick was higher, relative to the other amino acids, than that of the older chick. Many investigators have reported that the addition of methionine to the diet improved feed efficiency (Almquist, 1952; Saxena and McGinnis, 1952; Ringrose and Potter, 1952; Matterson et al., 1953; Reed et al, 1954, and Nelson et al., 1960). In several cases, feed efficiency was improved even though there were no differences in gain. This investigation was conducted in an attempt to determine the sulfur amino acid requirement of the male chick from 4 to 8
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida Atlantic University on May 22, 2015
The Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement of the Chick from 4 to 8 Weeks of Age as Affected by Temperature1,2
1802
R. L. ADAMS, F. N. ANDREWS, J. C. ROGLER AND C. W. CARRICK TABLE 1.—Rations and results for Trial 1 Lot
Non-variable ingredients Corn sugar DL-methionine
1
% Sulfur amino acid
1 2 3 4
2
3
4
83.75 16.25 0.0
83.75 16.06 0.19
83.75 15.96 0.29
83.75 15.86 0.39
0.51
0.70
0.80
0.90
915 2,406 0.44 0.0134 2.63
952 2,409 0.60 0.0177 2.50 2
950 2,324 0.66 0.0196 2.44 2 ' 3
943 2,377 0.76 0.0227 2.52 2
856 2,207 0.40 0.0131 2.58
892 2,177 0.54 0.0174 2.44 4
866 2,121 0.61 0.0196 2.45 4
862 2,129 0.68 0.0222 2.47 4
Non-variable ingredients given in experimental procedure. Difference from Lot 1 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 4 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 and from Lot 2 at P < . 0 5 . Difference form Lot 1 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 .
weeks of age and to study the influence of environmental temperature on the chick's requirement for these amino acids. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Hubbard White Cross male chicks were grown to four weeks of age on a standard starting ration. They were matched into 32 groups of 10 birds each according to their four-week weights. Sixteen of the groups were placed in a 70°F. environment and 16 in an 85°F. environment. From 4 to 8 weeks the chicks were kept in eight-compartment, four-deck finishing batteries, two batteries per environment. Four groups were fed each of the four levels of sulfur amino acids within each temperature. The levels used are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The treatments were assigned to the various groups within a temperature so that no replicate of the same treatment could be in the same horizontal deck level or the same vertical column of the battery. Thus, within an environmental chamber, a complete latin square design was obtained. The rep-
licates, which were actually deck levels, were considered fixed for statistical evaluation. The chicks were weighed individually at the end of the four-week period and the individual gains were used in the statistical analysis. Mortality was recorded on the day it occurred, and for statistical analysis the average gain for that group was substituted for the missing weight-gain. Feed consumption records were kept on a chick-day basis for each group and the feed:gain ratio calculated for the four-week period. Statistical analysis of the weight-gains and the feed: gain ratios were made by the analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1956), and by the method of Newman (1939) as modified by Keuls (1952). These analyses are presented in Table 3. The unsupplemented diets in both trials were calculated to contain 17 percent protein from analyzed values of the individual ingredients. Methionine at the levels used was substituted for glucose; thus, the protein or nitrogen content of the diet varied
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Results in 70°F. (4-8 wk.) Gains (gm.) Av. consumption (gm.) Gm. S.A.A. cons./bird/day Gm. S.A.A. cons./gm. gain Feed: gain ratio Results in 85°F. (4-8 wk.) Gains (gm.) Av. consumption (gm.) Gm. S.A.A. cons./bird/day Gm. S.A.A. cons./gm. gain Feed:gain ratio
1
1803
REQUIREMENT FOR SULFUR AMINO ACIDS TABLE 2.—Rations and results for Trial 2 Lot
Non-variable ingredients Corn sugar DL-methionine
1
5
6
7
8
56.77 42.23 0.0
56.77 43.13 0.10
56.77 43.03 0.20
56.77 42.83 0.40
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.80
% Sulfur amino acid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
885 2,366 0.34 0.0107 2.68
997 s 2,406 0.43 0.0121 2.42 3
9952 2,361 0.51 0.0142 2.38 3
997* 2,298 0.66 0.0184 2.31 3 . 4
756 2,036 0.29 0.0108 2.69
849* 2,101 0.38 0.0124 2.48 6
872& 2,063 0.44 0.0142 2.376.«
861 s 2,001 0.57 0.0186 2.32°.'
Non-variable ingredients given in experimental procedure. Difference from Lot 5 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 5 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 6 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 5 . Difference from Lot 5 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 5 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 6 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 6 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 5 .
by the amount of supplemental methionine. The protein level of 17 percent was used since previous work by Adams et al. (1961a) at this station had shown that this level of protein was adequate to support maximal growth for birds of this age reared in these two temperatures. Using the metabolizable energy values given by Titus
(1955), the unsupplemented ration in Trial 1 contained 1428 Calories per pound and the unsupplemented ration in Trial 2 contained 1505 Calories per pound. The sulfur amino acid levels of the unsupplemented rations in both trials are presented in Table 4. The methionine values were determined by microbiological assay
TABLE 3. Analysis of variances Trial 2
Trial 1 Gains Source Temperature (T) Rations (R) Decks (D) TXR TXD RXD TXRXD Error Total
df 1 3 3 3 3 9 9 287 318
MS 401,082** 18,568 7,010 3,597 282 12,657 26,177 11,225
* Significant at the five percent level. ** Significant at the one percent level.
Feed: Gain Ratios MS .0132** .0394** .0059** .0019 .0040* .0015 .00062
Gains df 1 3 3 3 3 9 9 285 316
MS 1,438,088** 235,907** 3,511 2,314 9,408 3,778 30,302 11,025
Feed: Gain Ratios MS .0036 .2122** .0029 .0017 .0001 .0027 .0023
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Results in 70°F. (4-8 wk.) Gains (gm.) Av. consumption (gm.) Gm. S.A.A. cons./bird/day Gm. S.A.A. cons./gm. gain Feed gain ratio Results in 85°F. (4-8 wk.) Gains (gm.) Av. consumption (gm.) Gm. S.A.A. cons./bird/day Gm. S.A.A. cons./gm. gain Feed gain ratio
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R. L. ADAMS, F. N. ANDREWS, J. C. ROGLER AND C. W. CARRICK
TABLE 4.—Sulfur amino acid content of ingredients
Ingredient Corn Soybean oil meal Isolated soy protein
v%
8.1 51.6 83.0
Methionine 0.186 0.671 0.896
Q% J
0.135 1 0.758 2 0.598 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Trial 1. The results of Trial 1 are presented in Table 1. The higher environmental temperature reduced growth (P < .01, see Table 3) and feed consumption as using the organism Leuconostoc mesenter- had previously been reported by Adams et oides. The ingredients were hydrolized by al. (1961b). Increasing the sulfur amino the procedure as reported by Horn et al. acid content of the ration from 0.51 to 0.70, (1953) and modified by McGinnis (1961). 0.80 or 0.90 did not significantly improve The assay procedure used was that of the rate of gain at either temperature, alStokes etal. (1945). though the gains from the 0.51 level of sulThe non-variable ingredients used in fur amino acids were somewhat smaller Trial 1, expressed as a percentage of the than those from the three higher levels. ration, were: yellow corn, 50.0; soybean oil The grams of sulfur amino acid conmeal, 24.15; soybean oil, 3.0; dicalcium sumed per bird per day and the grams conphosphate, 2.9; limestone, 1.15; iodized sumed per gram of gain increased as the salt, 0.45; manganese sulfate, 0.1; and vi- amount of DL-methionine added to the diet tamin mix, 2.0. The vitamin mix supplied was increased. Although the higher environper 100 grams of ration: choline chloride, mental temperature reduced the rate of gain, 250 mg.; vitamin A, 1500 I.U.; vitamin feed consumption and the daily consumption D 3 , 450 I. C. U.; penicillin, 0.88 mg.; vi- of sulfur amino acids, it did not appear to tamin B 12 , 1.32 )J.g.; riboflavin, 1.14 mg.; affect the grams of sulfur amino acid conpantothenic acid, 2.29 mg.; niacin, 5.15 sumed per gram of gain as these values mg.; vitamin E, 0.749 I. U.; pyridoxine, appear to be nearly the same for any given 2.0 mg.; folic acid, 0.5 mg.; menadione, level of sulfur amino acid in both tempera0.14 mg.; biotin, 0.03 mg.; butylated hy- tures. The grams of sulfur amino acid condroxy toluene, 250 mg.; and corn sugar to sumed per bird per day may be used to bring the vitamin mix to the desired per- show that the reduced growth in the 85°F. centage of the ration. The variable ingredi- temperature was not due to a lowered daily ents used in Trial 1 are listed in Table 1. intake of sulfur amino acids. For example, In order to obtain a ration with less than the birds in Lot 4 in the 85°F. temperature 0.51 percent sulfur amino acids, a semipuri- consumed 0.68 grams of sulfur amino acid fied diet was fed in Trial 2 as compared to per day and gained only 862 grams for the the more practical diet fed in Trial 1. The 4-week period, whereas the birds in Lot 2 non-variable ingredients used in Trial 2, in the 70°F. temperature consumed only expressed as a percentage of the ration 0.60 gram of sulfur amino acid per day were: yellow corn, 25.0; soybean oil meal, while gaining 952 grams for the 4-week pe11.65; isolated soy protein (ADM 220), riod.
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1 Calculated from N.R.C. (19S4) value for cystine as 1.67% of the protein. 2 Calculated from N.R.C. (1954) value for cystine as 1.47% of the protein. 3 Calculated from Archer Daniels Midland Company Bulletin (1958) value for cystine as 0.72% of the protein.
10.22; dicalcium phosphate, 3.9; soybean oil, 3.0; limestone, 0.45; iodized salt, 0.45; manganese sulfate, 0.1; and vitamin mix, 2.0. The vitamin mix used in Trial 2 was the same as that used in Trial 1. The variable ingredients used in Trial 2 are presented in Table 2.
REQUIREMENT FOE SULFUR AMINO ACIDS
acid content of the diet increased the grams of sulfur amino acids consumed per bird per day and the grams consumed per gram of gain. The grams of sulfur amino acid consumed per gram of gain did not appear to be influenced by the environmental temperature. Again, it was shown that the reduced growth in the 85°F. temperature was not due to a lowered daily intake of sulfur amino acids as may be seen when the results of Lot 8 in the 85°F. temperature (861 grams gained for the period with 0.57 gram sulfur amino acid being consumed per day) are compared to the results of Lot 7 in the 70°F. temperature (995 grams gained for the period with 0.51 gram sulfur amino acid being consumed per day). The higher environmental temperature did not significantly improve feed efficiency in this trial as it had in Trial 1 (Table 3). In Trial 2, feed efficiency improved consistently in both environments as the level of methionine increased, although not all of the differences were statistically significant. From the results of both experiments, it would appear that the requirement for sulfur amino acids for optimal feed efficiency lies between 0.6O and 0.70 percent of the diet in both environmental temperatures. Thus, the sulfur amino acid requirement for optimal feed efficiency appears to be greater than that for growth. SUMMARY
1. Growth and feed consumption were reduced when the environmental temperature was increased from 70°F. to 85°F. 2. A level of 0.50 percent sulfur amino acids appeared to be adequate to support maximal growth of 4-week-old chicks in either a 70°F. or an 85°F. temperature whereas between 0.60 and 0.70 percent was needed for optimal feed efficiency. 3. The reduced growth in the higher temperature did not appear to be due to a lowered daily intake of sulfur amino acids.
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The higher environmental temperature significantly improved feed efficiency (P < .01). Increasing the sulfur amino acid content of the diet from 0.S1 percent to any of the three higher levels within both temperatures also significantly improved feed efficiency (P < .01). In the 85°F. temperature there were no significant differences between the feed:gain ratios of the three highest levels of sulfur amino acids, but in the 70°F. temperature, feed efficiency was improved at the 0.80 percent level of sulfur amino acids as compared to the 0.70 percent level (P < .05) and the 0.90 percent level (P < .01). Since feed efficiency was poorer at the 0.90 level of sulfur amino acids than it was at the 0.80 level and feed efficiency at the 0.90 level was nearly the same as at the 0.70 level, it would appear that the differences between the 0.80 level and the 0.70 and 0.90 levels were due to chance variation rather than real differences. This was further indicated from the ratios at the 0.70, 0.80 and 0.90 levels in the 85°F. temperature. Trial 2. The results of Trial 2 are presented in Table 2. The higher environmental temperature reduced growth (P < .01, see Table 3) and feed consumption as it had in Trial 1. Increasing the sulfur amino acid level of the diet from 0.40 to 0.50, 0.60 or 0.80 percent significantly increased the rate of gain at both temperatures (P < .01). No other significant differences in gain were found. From the results of this trial it was concluded that a level of 0.40 percent sulfur amino acids was inadequate to support maximum growth for this age chick in these two temperatures, but that a level of 0.50 percent sulfur amino acids was adequate. It did not appear from these results that the chick's requirement for sulfur amino acids was affected by temperature. As in Trial 1, increasing the sulfur amino
1805
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R. L. ADAMS, F. N. ANDREWS, J. C. ROGLER AND C. W. CARRICK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to Mr. W. E. Fontaine for the use of facilities at the Purdue Center for Refrigeration Researhc and Climate Control. REFERENCES
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Adams, R. L., F. N. Andrews, J. C. Rogler and C. W. Carrick, 1961a. The protein requirement of 4-week-old chicks as affected by temperature. J. Nutrition, 77: 121-126. Adams, R. L., F. N. Andrews, E. E. Gardiner, W. E. Fontaine and C. W. Carrick, 1961b. The effects of environmental temperature on the growth and nutritional requirements of the chick. Poultry Sci. 41:588-594. Almquist, H. J., 1952. Amino acid requirements of chicks and turkeys—a review. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 966-981. Archer Daniels Midland Company, 1958. A. D. M. assay protein. Bulletin: 8. Archer Daniels Midland Company, Cincinnati, Ohio. Baldini, J. T., and H. R. Rosenberg, 1955. The effect of productive energy level of the diet on the methionine requirement of the chick. Poultry Sci. 34: 1301-1307. Briggs, G. M., Jr., R. C. Mills, C. A. Elvehjem and E. B. Hart, 1942. The effect of added cystine in purified rations for the chick. J. Biol. Chem. 144: 47-52. Grau, C. R. and M. Kamei, 1950. Amino acid imbalance and the growth requirements for lysine and methionine. J. Nutrition, 4 1 : 89101. Horn, M. J., A. E. Blum, C. E. F. Gersdorff and H. W. Warren, 1953. Sources of error in microbiological determination of amino acids on acid hydrolysates. I. Effect of humin on amino acid values. J. Biol. Chem. 203: 907-913. Jukes, T. H., and E. L. R. Stokstad, 1951. Studies of vitamin B12, choline and related factors in the diets of chickens. J. Nutrition, 43: 459-467. Keuls, M., 1952. The use of studentized range in connection with an analysis of variance. Euphytica, 1: 112-122. Lewis, E. E., C. A. Elvehjem and E. B. Hart, 1951. Studies on the nature of the nutritional deficiencies of wheat gluten meal. J. Nutrition, 43: 113-130. Matterson, L. D., L. Decker, E. P. Singsen, A. Kozeff, J. Waddell, C. T. Hasbrouck, H. R.
Bird and H. Menge, 1953. The value of supplemental methionine in practical chick and broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 32: 817826. McGinnis, C. H., 1961. The choline requirement of laying hens. M. S. thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. McGinnis, J., and R. J. Evans, 1947. Amino acid deficiencies of raw and overheated soybean oil meal for chicks. J. Nutrition, 34: 725-732. Milligan, J. L., L. J. Machlin, H. R. Bird and B. W. Heywang, 1951. Lysine and methionine requirement of chicks fed practical diets. Poultry Sci. 30: 578-586. National Research Council, 1954. Recommended nutrient requirements for domestic animals. No. 1. Nutrient requirements for poultry. Nelson, T. S., R. J. Young, R. B. Bradfield, J. B. Anderson, L. C. Norris, F. W. Hill and M. L. Scott, 1960. Studies on the sulfur amino acid requirement of the chick. Poultry Sci. 39: 308-314. Newman, D., 1939. The distribution of the range in samples from a normal population, expressed in terms of an independent estimate of standard deviation. Biometrika, 3 1 : 20-30. Reed, J. R., Jr., J. H. Quisenberry and J. R. Couch, 1954. Use of supplementary methionine at low levels in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 33: 41-47. Ringrose, R. C , and L. M. Potter, 1952. Methionine, vitamin Bi2 and fish meal as supplements in an all vegetable chick-starting ration. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 932. Rosenberg, H. R„ and J. T. Baldini, 1957. Effect of dietary protein level on the methionineenergy relationship in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 36: 247-252. Saxena, H. C , and J. McGinnis, 1952. Effect of methionine on the feed efficiency of chicks. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 934. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Stokes, J. L., M. Gunness, I. M. Dwyer and M. C. Casewell, 1945. Microbiological methods for the determination of amino acids. II. A uniform assay for the ten essential amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 160: 35^19. Titus, H. W., 1955. The Scientific Feeding of Chickens. The Interstate, Danville, Illinois. West, J. W., C. W. Carrick, S. M. Hauge and E. T. Mertz, 1951. Relationship of choline and cystine to the methionine requirement of young chickens. Poultry Sci. 30: 880-885.
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D 3 and treatment. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 916-922. Neuman, W. F., M. W. Neuman, E. R. Main, J. O'Leary and F. A. Smith, 1950. The surface chemistry of bone. J. Biol. Chem. 187: 655-661. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. 5th edition. The Iowa State College Press. Ames, Iowa.
R. L. ADAMS, F. N. ANDREWS, J. C. ROGLER AND C. W. CARRICK Department of Poultry Science, Department of Dairy Science and Purdue Center for Refrigeration Research and Climate Control, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (Received for publication March 29, 1962)
ALMQUIST (1952) reviewed the litera•*• •*• ture concerning the methionine requirement of the young chick and concluded that the requirement was approximately 0.45 percent of the diet and that the total sulfur amino acid requirement was approximately 0.8 percent of the diet. Briggs et al. (1942), Grau and Kamei (1950), and Jukes and Stokstad (1951) suggested that the sulfur amino acid requirement was nearer 0.9 percent of the diet, whereas, McGinnis and Evans (1947), Milligan et al. (1951) and West et al. (1951) reported sulfur amino acid requirements of 0.71, 0.72 and 0.74 percent, respectively. Nelson et al. (1960) stated that the quantitative requirement for sulfur amino acids was approximately 3.51 percent of the protein. 1
Journal Paper No. 1904 of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 3 This investigation was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. (G6243).
Baldini and Rosenberg (1955) found that the methionine requirement, expressed as a percentage of the diet, increased as the energy level of the diet increased. Rosenberg and Baldini (1957) further stated, as did Almquist (1952), that the methionine requirement increased as the protein level of the diet increased. Lewis et al. (1951) reported that the methionine requirement for growth of the very young chick was higher, relative to the other amino acids, than that of the older chick. Many investigators have reported that the addition of methionine to the diet improved feed efficiency (Almquist, 1952; Saxena and McGinnis, 1952; Ringrose and Potter, 1952; Matterson et al., 1953; Reed et al, 1954, and Nelson et al., 1960). In several cases, feed efficiency was improved even though there were no differences in gain. This investigation was conducted in an attempt to determine the sulfur amino acid requirement of the male chick from 4 to 8
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida Atlantic University on May 22, 2015
The Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement of the Chick from 4 to 8 Weeks of Age as Affected by Temperature1,2
1802
R. L. ADAMS, F. N. ANDREWS, J. C. ROGLER AND C. W. CARRICK TABLE 1.—Rations and results for Trial 1 Lot
Non-variable ingredients Corn sugar DL-methionine
1
% Sulfur amino acid
1 2 3 4
2
3
4
83.75 16.25 0.0
83.75 16.06 0.19
83.75 15.96 0.29
83.75 15.86 0.39
0.51
0.70
0.80
0.90
915 2,406 0.44 0.0134 2.63
952 2,409 0.60 0.0177 2.50 2
950 2,324 0.66 0.0196 2.44 2 ' 3
943 2,377 0.76 0.0227 2.52 2
856 2,207 0.40 0.0131 2.58
892 2,177 0.54 0.0174 2.44 4
866 2,121 0.61 0.0196 2.45 4
862 2,129 0.68 0.0222 2.47 4
Non-variable ingredients given in experimental procedure. Difference from Lot 1 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 4 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 and from Lot 2 at P < . 0 5 . Difference form Lot 1 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 .
weeks of age and to study the influence of environmental temperature on the chick's requirement for these amino acids. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Hubbard White Cross male chicks were grown to four weeks of age on a standard starting ration. They were matched into 32 groups of 10 birds each according to their four-week weights. Sixteen of the groups were placed in a 70°F. environment and 16 in an 85°F. environment. From 4 to 8 weeks the chicks were kept in eight-compartment, four-deck finishing batteries, two batteries per environment. Four groups were fed each of the four levels of sulfur amino acids within each temperature. The levels used are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The treatments were assigned to the various groups within a temperature so that no replicate of the same treatment could be in the same horizontal deck level or the same vertical column of the battery. Thus, within an environmental chamber, a complete latin square design was obtained. The rep-
licates, which were actually deck levels, were considered fixed for statistical evaluation. The chicks were weighed individually at the end of the four-week period and the individual gains were used in the statistical analysis. Mortality was recorded on the day it occurred, and for statistical analysis the average gain for that group was substituted for the missing weight-gain. Feed consumption records were kept on a chick-day basis for each group and the feed:gain ratio calculated for the four-week period. Statistical analysis of the weight-gains and the feed: gain ratios were made by the analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1956), and by the method of Newman (1939) as modified by Keuls (1952). These analyses are presented in Table 3. The unsupplemented diets in both trials were calculated to contain 17 percent protein from analyzed values of the individual ingredients. Methionine at the levels used was substituted for glucose; thus, the protein or nitrogen content of the diet varied
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida Atlantic University on May 22, 2015
Results in 70°F. (4-8 wk.) Gains (gm.) Av. consumption (gm.) Gm. S.A.A. cons./bird/day Gm. S.A.A. cons./gm. gain Feed: gain ratio Results in 85°F. (4-8 wk.) Gains (gm.) Av. consumption (gm.) Gm. S.A.A. cons./bird/day Gm. S.A.A. cons./gm. gain Feed:gain ratio
1
1803
REQUIREMENT FOR SULFUR AMINO ACIDS TABLE 2.—Rations and results for Trial 2 Lot
Non-variable ingredients Corn sugar DL-methionine
1
5
6
7
8
56.77 42.23 0.0
56.77 43.13 0.10
56.77 43.03 0.20
56.77 42.83 0.40
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.80
% Sulfur amino acid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
885 2,366 0.34 0.0107 2.68
997 s 2,406 0.43 0.0121 2.42 3
9952 2,361 0.51 0.0142 2.38 3
997* 2,298 0.66 0.0184 2.31 3 . 4
756 2,036 0.29 0.0108 2.69
849* 2,101 0.38 0.0124 2.48 6
872& 2,063 0.44 0.0142 2.376.«
861 s 2,001 0.57 0.0186 2.32°.'
Non-variable ingredients given in experimental procedure. Difference from Lot 5 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 5 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 6 (70°F.) significant at P < . 0 5 . Difference from Lot 5 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 5 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 6 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 1 . Difference from Lot 6 (85°F.) significant at P < . 0 5 .
by the amount of supplemental methionine. The protein level of 17 percent was used since previous work by Adams et al. (1961a) at this station had shown that this level of protein was adequate to support maximal growth for birds of this age reared in these two temperatures. Using the metabolizable energy values given by Titus
(1955), the unsupplemented ration in Trial 1 contained 1428 Calories per pound and the unsupplemented ration in Trial 2 contained 1505 Calories per pound. The sulfur amino acid levels of the unsupplemented rations in both trials are presented in Table 4. The methionine values were determined by microbiological assay
TABLE 3. Analysis of variances Trial 2
Trial 1 Gains Source Temperature (T) Rations (R) Decks (D) TXR TXD RXD TXRXD Error Total
df 1 3 3 3 3 9 9 287 318
MS 401,082** 18,568 7,010 3,597 282 12,657 26,177 11,225
* Significant at the five percent level. ** Significant at the one percent level.
Feed: Gain Ratios MS .0132** .0394** .0059** .0019 .0040* .0015 .00062
Gains df 1 3 3 3 3 9 9 285 316
MS 1,438,088** 235,907** 3,511 2,314 9,408 3,778 30,302 11,025
Feed: Gain Ratios MS .0036 .2122** .0029 .0017 .0001 .0027 .0023
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Results in 70°F. (4-8 wk.) Gains (gm.) Av. consumption (gm.) Gm. S.A.A. cons./bird/day Gm. S.A.A. cons./gm. gain Feed gain ratio Results in 85°F. (4-8 wk.) Gains (gm.) Av. consumption (gm.) Gm. S.A.A. cons./bird/day Gm. S.A.A. cons./gm. gain Feed gain ratio
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R. L. ADAMS, F. N. ANDREWS, J. C. ROGLER AND C. W. CARRICK
TABLE 4.—Sulfur amino acid content of ingredients
Ingredient Corn Soybean oil meal Isolated soy protein
v%
8.1 51.6 83.0
Methionine 0.186 0.671 0.896
Q% J
0.135 1 0.758 2 0.598 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Trial 1. The results of Trial 1 are presented in Table 1. The higher environmental temperature reduced growth (P < .01, see Table 3) and feed consumption as using the organism Leuconostoc mesenter- had previously been reported by Adams et oides. The ingredients were hydrolized by al. (1961b). Increasing the sulfur amino the procedure as reported by Horn et al. acid content of the ration from 0.51 to 0.70, (1953) and modified by McGinnis (1961). 0.80 or 0.90 did not significantly improve The assay procedure used was that of the rate of gain at either temperature, alStokes etal. (1945). though the gains from the 0.51 level of sulThe non-variable ingredients used in fur amino acids were somewhat smaller Trial 1, expressed as a percentage of the than those from the three higher levels. ration, were: yellow corn, 50.0; soybean oil The grams of sulfur amino acid conmeal, 24.15; soybean oil, 3.0; dicalcium sumed per bird per day and the grams conphosphate, 2.9; limestone, 1.15; iodized sumed per gram of gain increased as the salt, 0.45; manganese sulfate, 0.1; and vi- amount of DL-methionine added to the diet tamin mix, 2.0. The vitamin mix supplied was increased. Although the higher environper 100 grams of ration: choline chloride, mental temperature reduced the rate of gain, 250 mg.; vitamin A, 1500 I.U.; vitamin feed consumption and the daily consumption D 3 , 450 I. C. U.; penicillin, 0.88 mg.; vi- of sulfur amino acids, it did not appear to tamin B 12 , 1.32 )J.g.; riboflavin, 1.14 mg.; affect the grams of sulfur amino acid conpantothenic acid, 2.29 mg.; niacin, 5.15 sumed per gram of gain as these values mg.; vitamin E, 0.749 I. U.; pyridoxine, appear to be nearly the same for any given 2.0 mg.; folic acid, 0.5 mg.; menadione, level of sulfur amino acid in both tempera0.14 mg.; biotin, 0.03 mg.; butylated hy- tures. The grams of sulfur amino acid condroxy toluene, 250 mg.; and corn sugar to sumed per bird per day may be used to bring the vitamin mix to the desired per- show that the reduced growth in the 85°F. centage of the ration. The variable ingredi- temperature was not due to a lowered daily ents used in Trial 1 are listed in Table 1. intake of sulfur amino acids. For example, In order to obtain a ration with less than the birds in Lot 4 in the 85°F. temperature 0.51 percent sulfur amino acids, a semipuri- consumed 0.68 grams of sulfur amino acid fied diet was fed in Trial 2 as compared to per day and gained only 862 grams for the the more practical diet fed in Trial 1. The 4-week period, whereas the birds in Lot 2 non-variable ingredients used in Trial 2, in the 70°F. temperature consumed only expressed as a percentage of the ration 0.60 gram of sulfur amino acid per day were: yellow corn, 25.0; soybean oil meal, while gaining 952 grams for the 4-week pe11.65; isolated soy protein (ADM 220), riod.
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1 Calculated from N.R.C. (19S4) value for cystine as 1.67% of the protein. 2 Calculated from N.R.C. (1954) value for cystine as 1.47% of the protein. 3 Calculated from Archer Daniels Midland Company Bulletin (1958) value for cystine as 0.72% of the protein.
10.22; dicalcium phosphate, 3.9; soybean oil, 3.0; limestone, 0.45; iodized salt, 0.45; manganese sulfate, 0.1; and vitamin mix, 2.0. The vitamin mix used in Trial 2 was the same as that used in Trial 1. The variable ingredients used in Trial 2 are presented in Table 2.
REQUIREMENT FOE SULFUR AMINO ACIDS
acid content of the diet increased the grams of sulfur amino acids consumed per bird per day and the grams consumed per gram of gain. The grams of sulfur amino acid consumed per gram of gain did not appear to be influenced by the environmental temperature. Again, it was shown that the reduced growth in the 85°F. temperature was not due to a lowered daily intake of sulfur amino acids as may be seen when the results of Lot 8 in the 85°F. temperature (861 grams gained for the period with 0.57 gram sulfur amino acid being consumed per day) are compared to the results of Lot 7 in the 70°F. temperature (995 grams gained for the period with 0.51 gram sulfur amino acid being consumed per day). The higher environmental temperature did not significantly improve feed efficiency in this trial as it had in Trial 1 (Table 3). In Trial 2, feed efficiency improved consistently in both environments as the level of methionine increased, although not all of the differences were statistically significant. From the results of both experiments, it would appear that the requirement for sulfur amino acids for optimal feed efficiency lies between 0.6O and 0.70 percent of the diet in both environmental temperatures. Thus, the sulfur amino acid requirement for optimal feed efficiency appears to be greater than that for growth. SUMMARY
1. Growth and feed consumption were reduced when the environmental temperature was increased from 70°F. to 85°F. 2. A level of 0.50 percent sulfur amino acids appeared to be adequate to support maximal growth of 4-week-old chicks in either a 70°F. or an 85°F. temperature whereas between 0.60 and 0.70 percent was needed for optimal feed efficiency. 3. The reduced growth in the higher temperature did not appear to be due to a lowered daily intake of sulfur amino acids.
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The higher environmental temperature significantly improved feed efficiency (P < .01). Increasing the sulfur amino acid content of the diet from 0.S1 percent to any of the three higher levels within both temperatures also significantly improved feed efficiency (P < .01). In the 85°F. temperature there were no significant differences between the feed:gain ratios of the three highest levels of sulfur amino acids, but in the 70°F. temperature, feed efficiency was improved at the 0.80 percent level of sulfur amino acids as compared to the 0.70 percent level (P < .05) and the 0.90 percent level (P < .01). Since feed efficiency was poorer at the 0.90 level of sulfur amino acids than it was at the 0.80 level and feed efficiency at the 0.90 level was nearly the same as at the 0.70 level, it would appear that the differences between the 0.80 level and the 0.70 and 0.90 levels were due to chance variation rather than real differences. This was further indicated from the ratios at the 0.70, 0.80 and 0.90 levels in the 85°F. temperature. Trial 2. The results of Trial 2 are presented in Table 2. The higher environmental temperature reduced growth (P < .01, see Table 3) and feed consumption as it had in Trial 1. Increasing the sulfur amino acid level of the diet from 0.40 to 0.50, 0.60 or 0.80 percent significantly increased the rate of gain at both temperatures (P < .01). No other significant differences in gain were found. From the results of this trial it was concluded that a level of 0.40 percent sulfur amino acids was inadequate to support maximum growth for this age chick in these two temperatures, but that a level of 0.50 percent sulfur amino acids was adequate. It did not appear from these results that the chick's requirement for sulfur amino acids was affected by temperature. As in Trial 1, increasing the sulfur amino
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R. L. ADAMS, F. N. ANDREWS, J. C. ROGLER AND C. W. CARRICK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to Mr. W. E. Fontaine for the use of facilities at the Purdue Center for Refrigeration Researhc and Climate Control. REFERENCES
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