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THE THEORY OF CELLS.
46
England, Scotland, Ireland, and on the continent. Mistakes about the extirpation of the gland have no doubt often arisen in in
THE THEORY OF CELLS.
physiology is rendering it probaconsequence of tumonrs in the immediate ble, that not only every tissue of every plant neighbourhood of the gland being mistaken and animal, but the secretions and other for that organ itself; or in cases of enlarge- products of organised beings, are formed by ment and removal of the " socia pai-otidis," the the spontaneous evolution of transparent vesame mistake may have oecasionaUy arisen. sicles, or cells full of fluid, containing the - DI’. Valentine 1lIott’s Lectures, New-York germs of future cells, which are subsequently formed within them, possessing a power of Lancet, 1842. absorption by which they increase through appropriating matter from without, and of MODERN
to their and of these absorbed materials ; May be performed in a variety of ways. and that it is by the living power of the cells In the first instance, percussion of this organ that the nutrition and reproduction of the was attempted in a very rude way, by tissues goes on, in short, that all those are effected by which we recognise striking the chest with the fingers. In some changes the presence of life. The beauty and simaffections of the lungs, such for instance as plicity of this theory are unsurpassed. It well-marked cases of pleurisy, this mode is seems to mark a new era in physiology, and well enough, but in regard to the heart it is the evidence in its favour is such as almost not worth a fig. Piorry, of Paris, was the to make it rank among the established facts first who brought this to any degree of per- of science. As regards reproduction, while the lowest organised beings (as the yeastfection ; he introduced an instrument called consist but of a single cell, by the plant) the " plessimeter." This was a great imof which they increase and multiplication all on the old and the method, provement are propagated ; so we conclude, that while subsequent improvements have been made in them the simplest expression of a living on this principle, called the " mediate," in is the same holds true with reo contradistinction to the 11 immediate " per- being a cell, to the higher ranks of plants and anispect cussion. Some use India-rubber plessimeThat the emeven man himself. ters, and Louis among them ; but the best mals,isand formed the union of two simple bryo by thing is the forefinger of the left hand, and when once accustomed to use it, you will cells, which inciude within them, not actubut potentially, the future being ; that throw away every other sort of plessime- ally, which have within themselves a living is, ter. One thing is, you always have this of successively forming the Another great advantage is, energy, capable about you. of such a being, from the nutritive ina. parts that it fits into all the depressions on the terials absorbed from without ; and thus, surface of the chest, all the interstices bethat orgallised life, that which man possesses tween the ribs ; and you also in this in common with plants, is identical with way get a much better idea of the elasticity the powers of the microscopic elementary of the parietes. Drs. Canmann and Clark, cells of which his body consists. The bearof New York, invented a new way of perof this theory on pathology tends to show cussing the heart. Their theory is simply ing that many diseases may arise from a perthis, that the sound generated in a solid body like the heart is more directly transmitted to verted state of the vital action of cells; and the ear through another dense body, than if that others, porrigo for instance, evidently on the formation of abnormal cells, permitted to arrive at the ear without that depend on the aspect of organised beings of putting it over the centre interposition. You apply the lowest class. The subject is one of exof the organ, then percuss, and as you recede from this point, the sound recedes.ņWhat treme interest and practical importance. sound ? When you percuss over the organ, you have what may perhaps be described as a metallic shock ; the moment you leave the SruMps.ņDupuytren originated a method heart and get on the lungs, that moment this of managing the stump, which has been characteristic shock ceases. You mark it keenly advocated in this country by Mr. above, below, or on each side; and then by Liston. Instead of bringing the surfaces todrawing lines, first vertically, and then hori- gether immediately after the ligatures are zontally, you get the four diameters of the applied, the patient is removed to bed, and heart, and you may thus, as Drs. Canmann the wound covered with lint wetted with and Clark have shown in their tables, ascer- cold Mater. After six or eight hours, when tain to a line whether the heart is larger the bloody oozing has ceased, and any coathan natural. The importance of the infor- guta are removed, which may have been mation thus acquired will appear in enlarge- formed, the stump is dressed. It is alleged ment of the heart.-Dr. Sweets Lectures on that this method diminishes the risk of Diseases of the Chest, New York Lancet, secondary haemorrhage, and is consequently 1842. safer than that usually followed. That hse-
PERCUSSION OF THE HEART—
transformation, both with respect
own
form,
47
morrhage does occasionally occur, when
the confinement, and ennui, are the principal collapse on engines employed to excite and to encou" bed, is un- rage, to soothe and to tame. Next day, the table, questionably true ; but if the most important therefore, the new-comer is conducted to the blood-vessels have been carefully secured, its work-rooms of the patients, where they are occurrence is too unfrequent to justify a engaged in carpenters’and pasteboard-work, surgeon in resorting to such a harsh expe- spinning, knitting, sewing, embroidery, &c., dient as I consider dressing a deux temps and asked whether he likes any of those octo be. Notwithstanding what has been said cupations. If he takes a fancy to one or
being in state of pafient, from has become heated in a
contrary, I am satisfied, from the few other of them, pains are taken to teach it in which I have seen it tried, that the him, as it were in play; but if he shows, patient suffers nearly as much from the con- and continues to show, an aversion to all tinued anxiety and alarm, joined with the kinds of bodily exertion-intellectual empain of the dressing at the late period, ployment, reading in the select library of the when the parts have become swelled, more institution, is allowed to those only who are or less inflamed, and acutely sensitive, as far advanced towards a cure-he is led out from the operation itself. When secondary of the work-rooms, lest, as it is observed, the industrious gentlemen there should be dishaemorrhage does unfortunately occur, patient will suffer less from the separation turbed, and taken to a solitary apartment, of the edges, and the application of a liga- where sometimes he is attacked ere long by ture to the bleeding vessel, than from the ennui. If he complains of it he is led back alternative which Mr. Liston has suggested. to the work-rooms, and repeatedly invited to Everybody knows that very slight pressure join in some of the operations going forward often arrests haemorrhage from arteries of the there, with a promise that he shall then join third and fourth importance, and the mere in the pleasant tea-parties also. If he is not pressure of the flaps will close up many susceptible of ennui in the light room, and vessels from which more or less blood will persists in apathy or begins to be viotent, he issue if left covered with wet cloths. De- is shut up in the cushioned room, from which bilitated patients frequently fall into a re- even the most outrageous soon wish to be freshing sleep, after an operation. An event released, because the very maddest persons so highly desirable cannot happen when the feel the need of light in their wildest underdressing is delayed, as the patient is in takings, and darkness seems intolerable even perpetual excitement till he is satisfied all is to the most frenzied imagination. A partiover’; he cannot know all the steps of the cular diary is kept about every patient ; also operation, and after having borne the am concerning his work, for which a small sum putation, he must be excused for exhibiting is allowed him, that the insane, seeing the incredulity, when told that the subsequent profit accruing to them from labour, may be dressing is not painful. The plan has been instigated to greater industry. Most of the tried by many practical men, and very gene- men employ themselves with pasteboardrally condemncd.-lJ11", A. King on Amputa- work, a trade which is easily learned, and the products of which, as they speedily lead tions, 1842. to the cases
theI
results, are not long in affording pleasure and profit. Of the one hundred and patients in the house in 1835, fifty PICTURE OF INSANITY.—RUSSIA. thirty were dismissed, half of them cured, and the other half, as incurable, delivered up to their THE following extract from Kohl’s recent friends, at the desire of the latter; and work on Russia, shows that the gentle twPntv-fnw· òi..ò in thP rnnrcP nf the vt-.ar." treatment lately introduced into some of the lunatic hospitals of this country has already DIET IN INSANITY.ŇOn the whole, the been adopted in Petersburg :phasis of insanity in 1841-42, at the general " The behaviour of the attendants is po- Montrose Lunatic Asylum, was mild, and lite and courteons ; every fresh patient is betokened rather debilitating causes, than received very respectfully, and first taken such as roused the faculties into tumult. into the society of the most rational of the There was, consequently, little temptation lunatics, who have likewise acquired the for lowering the system, to abate morbid same tone of politeness. Here he is shown activity, and not the slightest reason to test the interesting collections and productions the efficacy either of bodily coercion or terror, of art; refreshments are brought him; he is now happily fallen into nearly universal disinvited to a game at billiards or backgam- repute. Not one required blood-letting, or mon, or may converse, if he likes it better ; was subjected to restraint; on the contrary, he is indulged in e’ el’) thing as far as pos- generous nourishment and the utmost lenity sible, and thwarted only in that which might and indulgence were dispensed. In the be hurtful to him. Employment, the beauties plain yet cogent language of a document that of nature, pleasant society, and recreation; has lately reached me from a distant land, and, on the other hand, darkness, solitary " All experience in insanity/’ says the su. to some
,
England, Scotland, Ireland, and on the continent. Mistakes about the extirpation of the gland have no doubt often arisen in in
THE THEORY OF CELLS.
physiology is rendering it probaconsequence of tumonrs in the immediate ble, that not only every tissue of every plant neighbourhood of the gland being mistaken and animal, but the secretions and other for that organ itself; or in cases of enlarge- products of organised beings, are formed by ment and removal of the " socia pai-otidis," the the spontaneous evolution of transparent vesame mistake may have oecasionaUy arisen. sicles, or cells full of fluid, containing the - DI’. Valentine 1lIott’s Lectures, New-York germs of future cells, which are subsequently formed within them, possessing a power of Lancet, 1842. absorption by which they increase through appropriating matter from without, and of MODERN
to their and of these absorbed materials ; May be performed in a variety of ways. and that it is by the living power of the cells In the first instance, percussion of this organ that the nutrition and reproduction of the was attempted in a very rude way, by tissues goes on, in short, that all those are effected by which we recognise striking the chest with the fingers. In some changes the presence of life. The beauty and simaffections of the lungs, such for instance as plicity of this theory are unsurpassed. It well-marked cases of pleurisy, this mode is seems to mark a new era in physiology, and well enough, but in regard to the heart it is the evidence in its favour is such as almost not worth a fig. Piorry, of Paris, was the to make it rank among the established facts first who brought this to any degree of per- of science. As regards reproduction, while the lowest organised beings (as the yeastfection ; he introduced an instrument called consist but of a single cell, by the plant) the " plessimeter." This was a great imof which they increase and multiplication all on the old and the method, provement are propagated ; so we conclude, that while subsequent improvements have been made in them the simplest expression of a living on this principle, called the " mediate," in is the same holds true with reo contradistinction to the 11 immediate " per- being a cell, to the higher ranks of plants and anispect cussion. Some use India-rubber plessimeThat the emeven man himself. ters, and Louis among them ; but the best mals,isand formed the union of two simple bryo by thing is the forefinger of the left hand, and when once accustomed to use it, you will cells, which inciude within them, not actubut potentially, the future being ; that throw away every other sort of plessime- ally, which have within themselves a living is, ter. One thing is, you always have this of successively forming the Another great advantage is, energy, capable about you. of such a being, from the nutritive ina. parts that it fits into all the depressions on the terials absorbed from without ; and thus, surface of the chest, all the interstices bethat orgallised life, that which man possesses tween the ribs ; and you also in this in common with plants, is identical with way get a much better idea of the elasticity the powers of the microscopic elementary of the parietes. Drs. Canmann and Clark, cells of which his body consists. The bearof New York, invented a new way of perof this theory on pathology tends to show cussing the heart. Their theory is simply ing that many diseases may arise from a perthis, that the sound generated in a solid body like the heart is more directly transmitted to verted state of the vital action of cells; and the ear through another dense body, than if that others, porrigo for instance, evidently on the formation of abnormal cells, permitted to arrive at the ear without that depend on the aspect of organised beings of putting it over the centre interposition. You apply the lowest class. The subject is one of exof the organ, then percuss, and as you recede from this point, the sound recedes.ņWhat treme interest and practical importance. sound ? When you percuss over the organ, you have what may perhaps be described as a metallic shock ; the moment you leave the SruMps.ņDupuytren originated a method heart and get on the lungs, that moment this of managing the stump, which has been characteristic shock ceases. You mark it keenly advocated in this country by Mr. above, below, or on each side; and then by Liston. Instead of bringing the surfaces todrawing lines, first vertically, and then hori- gether immediately after the ligatures are zontally, you get the four diameters of the applied, the patient is removed to bed, and heart, and you may thus, as Drs. Canmann the wound covered with lint wetted with and Clark have shown in their tables, ascer- cold Mater. After six or eight hours, when tain to a line whether the heart is larger the bloody oozing has ceased, and any coathan natural. The importance of the infor- guta are removed, which may have been mation thus acquired will appear in enlarge- formed, the stump is dressed. It is alleged ment of the heart.-Dr. Sweets Lectures on that this method diminishes the risk of Diseases of the Chest, New York Lancet, secondary haemorrhage, and is consequently 1842. safer than that usually followed. That hse-
PERCUSSION OF THE HEART—
transformation, both with respect
own
form,
47
morrhage does occasionally occur, when
the confinement, and ennui, are the principal collapse on engines employed to excite and to encou" bed, is un- rage, to soothe and to tame. Next day, the table, questionably true ; but if the most important therefore, the new-comer is conducted to the blood-vessels have been carefully secured, its work-rooms of the patients, where they are occurrence is too unfrequent to justify a engaged in carpenters’and pasteboard-work, surgeon in resorting to such a harsh expe- spinning, knitting, sewing, embroidery, &c., dient as I consider dressing a deux temps and asked whether he likes any of those octo be. Notwithstanding what has been said cupations. If he takes a fancy to one or
being in state of pafient, from has become heated in a
contrary, I am satisfied, from the few other of them, pains are taken to teach it in which I have seen it tried, that the him, as it were in play; but if he shows, patient suffers nearly as much from the con- and continues to show, an aversion to all tinued anxiety and alarm, joined with the kinds of bodily exertion-intellectual empain of the dressing at the late period, ployment, reading in the select library of the when the parts have become swelled, more institution, is allowed to those only who are or less inflamed, and acutely sensitive, as far advanced towards a cure-he is led out from the operation itself. When secondary of the work-rooms, lest, as it is observed, the industrious gentlemen there should be dishaemorrhage does unfortunately occur, patient will suffer less from the separation turbed, and taken to a solitary apartment, of the edges, and the application of a liga- where sometimes he is attacked ere long by ture to the bleeding vessel, than from the ennui. If he complains of it he is led back alternative which Mr. Liston has suggested. to the work-rooms, and repeatedly invited to Everybody knows that very slight pressure join in some of the operations going forward often arrests haemorrhage from arteries of the there, with a promise that he shall then join third and fourth importance, and the mere in the pleasant tea-parties also. If he is not pressure of the flaps will close up many susceptible of ennui in the light room, and vessels from which more or less blood will persists in apathy or begins to be viotent, he issue if left covered with wet cloths. De- is shut up in the cushioned room, from which bilitated patients frequently fall into a re- even the most outrageous soon wish to be freshing sleep, after an operation. An event released, because the very maddest persons so highly desirable cannot happen when the feel the need of light in their wildest underdressing is delayed, as the patient is in takings, and darkness seems intolerable even perpetual excitement till he is satisfied all is to the most frenzied imagination. A partiover’; he cannot know all the steps of the cular diary is kept about every patient ; also operation, and after having borne the am concerning his work, for which a small sum putation, he must be excused for exhibiting is allowed him, that the insane, seeing the incredulity, when told that the subsequent profit accruing to them from labour, may be dressing is not painful. The plan has been instigated to greater industry. Most of the tried by many practical men, and very gene- men employ themselves with pasteboardrally condemncd.-lJ11", A. King on Amputa- work, a trade which is easily learned, and the products of which, as they speedily lead tions, 1842. to the cases
theI
results, are not long in affording pleasure and profit. Of the one hundred and patients in the house in 1835, fifty PICTURE OF INSANITY.—RUSSIA. thirty were dismissed, half of them cured, and the other half, as incurable, delivered up to their THE following extract from Kohl’s recent friends, at the desire of the latter; and work on Russia, shows that the gentle twPntv-fnw· òi..ò in thP rnnrcP nf the vt-.ar." treatment lately introduced into some of the lunatic hospitals of this country has already DIET IN INSANITY.ŇOn the whole, the been adopted in Petersburg :phasis of insanity in 1841-42, at the general " The behaviour of the attendants is po- Montrose Lunatic Asylum, was mild, and lite and courteons ; every fresh patient is betokened rather debilitating causes, than received very respectfully, and first taken such as roused the faculties into tumult. into the society of the most rational of the There was, consequently, little temptation lunatics, who have likewise acquired the for lowering the system, to abate morbid same tone of politeness. Here he is shown activity, and not the slightest reason to test the interesting collections and productions the efficacy either of bodily coercion or terror, of art; refreshments are brought him; he is now happily fallen into nearly universal disinvited to a game at billiards or backgam- repute. Not one required blood-letting, or mon, or may converse, if he likes it better ; was subjected to restraint; on the contrary, he is indulged in e’ el’) thing as far as pos- generous nourishment and the utmost lenity sible, and thwarted only in that which might and indulgence were dispensed. In the be hurtful to him. Employment, the beauties plain yet cogent language of a document that of nature, pleasant society, and recreation; has lately reached me from a distant land, and, on the other hand, darkness, solitary " All experience in insanity/’ says the su. to some
,