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The toxic effects of karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) oil and cake on growth and feed efficiency in broiler chicks
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 27 (1989) 95-100
95
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - - Printed in The Netherlands
The T o x i c Effects of Karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) Oil and C a k e on G r o w t h and Feed E f f i c i e n c y in B r o i l e r Chicks R. NATANAM, R. KADIRVEL* and R. RAVI
Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Madras-600 007 (India) (Received 14 June 1988; accepted for publication 6 March 1989)
ABSTRACT Natanam, R., Kadirvel, R. and Ravi, R., 1989. The toxic effects of karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) oil and cake on growth and feed efficiency in broiler chicks. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 27: 95-100. In feeding Trial 1, there were six treatments including a basal group. Karanja oil was fed at 1 and 2% levels, while karanja expeller cake was incorporated at 10, 20 and 40% levels. The bodyweight gain of treatment groups, which ranged from 69 to 217 g, was significantly lower {P < 0.01 ) than that of the basal group, 444 g. The feed efficiency of the 1% oil and 10% cake groups was significantly different from that of the 2% oil and 20% cake groups. The chicks on the 40% cake diet suffered 100% mortality. The liver and pancreas of chicks receiving 1% oil and 10% cake were significantly heavier, whereas the Fib and PCV values were lower than those of the basal group. In feeding Trial 2, the effect of autoclaving or water soaking on the toxic effects of karanja cake was investigated. At the 10 or 20% level of incorporation, processed cakes caused a marginal improvement in weight gain. A diet with 20% water-soaked cake resulted in 40% mortality.
INTRODUCTION
Greater demands on, and increase in the cost of conventional protein supplements has created the need to seek alternative sources of protein for poultry. Karanja (Pongamiaglabra Vent) cake, a forest-based by-product of the industry, is commonly used as a manure. The karanja oil is used mostly in the soap industry. The potential of karanja cake as feed has been investigated by various workers (Mandal and Banerjee, 1974a, 1979; Gupta et al., 1981; Katoch and Chaudhary, 1985 ). Mandal and Banerjee (1979) observed no adverse effect on weight gain and feed efficiency of broiler chicks which received a ration containing *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
0377-8401/89/$03.50
© 1989 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
96
R. NATANAMET AL.
6.3% karanja cake; however, Verma et al. (1985a,b) reported poor growth and feed efficiency on inclusion of 10% karanja cake. The literature on the use of karanja oil as an energy source is limited. Mandal et al. (1984), using refined karanja oil as 10% of the diet, noted poor growth and feed efficiency in rats. In addition, the liver of rats showed a mild-to-moderate degree of fatty infiltration. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of processing on detoxification of karanja cake, and to investigate the use of karanja oil in poultry feed. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Karanja oil and cake were prepared from karanja kernels by a mechanical device similar to that used for the expeller process. In feeding Trial 1, 180-dayold Cobb broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 18 groups of 10 chicks each. There were six treatments, each in triplicate: basal; 1 or 2% oil; 10, 20 and 40% cake. Chicks were reared in electrically heated battery brooders. Feed and water TABLE 1
Trial 1. Ingredient and proximate composition of diets (g kg 1) Basal
Ingredient composition Maize Groundnut cake W h e a t bran Fish meal Protein mix a Karanja oil K a r a n j a cake Mineral mix b V i t a m i n mix c
Coccidiostat d
80 75 65 60 700 --20 0.2 0.5
Levelofkara~aoil
Levelofkara~acake
(%)
(%)
1
2
10
20
40
70 75 65 60 700 10 -20 0.2 0.5
60 75 65 60 700 20 -20 0.2 0.5
80 75 65 60 600 -100 20 0.2 0.5
80 75 65 60 500 -200 20 0.2 0.5
80 75 65 60 300 -400 20 0.2 0.5
254 71 40 62 14.0
253 57 50 73 13.7
267 64 45 70 13.9
259 57 46 71 13.1
P r o x i m a t e composition by analysis (dry m a t t e r basis) Crude protein 258 254 E t h e r extract 55 57 Crude fibre 42 38 Ash 70 63 M E ( M J kg-1; calculated) 13.4 13.5
aMaize and groundnut cake, 65 : 35. bCa, 6.4 g; P, 1.2 g; Mn, 53 mg; I, 2 mg; Zn, 52 mg; F, 6 mg; Co, 2 m g a n d Fe, 20 mg kg -1 of diet. ~Vitamin A. 8000 IU; V i t a m i n D3, 1200 IU and Vitamin B2, 5 mg kg -1 of diet. aNitrofurazone B.P. Vet. 25% and Furazolidone B.P. Vet. 3.6%.
TOXICITY OF KARANJAOIL AND CAKE IN BROILERS
97
TABLE 2
Trial 2. Ingredient and proximate composition of diets (g kg -1 ) Basal
Level of karanja cake ( % ) Raw
Ingredient composition Maize Groundnut cake Wheat bran Fish meal
Protein mix a Karanja cake Mineral mixb Vitamin mix c Coccidiostatd
70 80 50 80 700 -20 0.2 0.5
Autoclaved
Water soaked
10
20
10
20
10
20
70 80 50 80 600 100 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 500 200 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 600 100 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 500 200 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 600 100 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 500 200 20 0.2 0.5
237 54 43 87 13.4
234 57 41 92 13.3
238 56 40 103 13.4
242 62 ,13 99 13.4
Proximate composition by analysis (dry matter basis) Crude protein
Ether extract Crude fibre Ash
ME (MJ kg-1; calculated)
239 50 39 87 13.0
243 58 41 99 13.3
244 58 43 90 13.4
aA mixture of maize and groundnut cake in the proportion of 65 : 35. bCa, 6.4 g; P, 1.2 g; Mn, 53 mg; I, 2 mg; Zn, 52 mg; F, 6 mg; Co, 2 mg and Fe, 20 mg kg -1 of diet. cVitamin A, 8000 IU; V i t a m i n D3, 1200 IU and Vitamin B2, 5 mg kg - l of diet. dNitrofurazone B.P. Vet. 25% a n d Furazolidone B.P. Vet. 3.6%.
were given ad libitum. Weekly weight gain and feed intake were measured, as was the protein efficiency ratio (PER, g gain g-1 protein consumed). In feeding Trial 2, 210-day-old Cobb broiler chicks of the same strain were allocated randomly to 21 groups of 10 chicks each. There were seven treatments, each with three replicates: basal; 10 or 20% of raw, autoclaved and water-soaked karanja cake. The ingredient composition of the various diets is given in Tables 1 and 2. The karanja cake and diet were analysed for their proximate composition by the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1980). Haemoglobin was estimated by the cyanmethaemoglobin method and packed-cell volume by the microhaematocrit method { Schalm et al., 1975 ). Management practices were similar to those of Trial 1. Means were compared with least significant difference values (Snedecor and Cochran, 1968). RESULTS
The expeller karanja cake contained 242 crude protein, 144 ether extract, 39 crude fibre, 52 total ash and 262 g available carbohydrate (kg-1 dry matter).
98
R. NATANAMET AL,
TABLE 3 Trial 1. Effect of giving karanja oil and karanja expeller cake on broiler performance (0-4 weeks) Diet
Weight gain (g)
Feed intake (g)
Feed :gain ratio
Protein intake (g)
PER
Survived/ started
Basal 1% oil 2% oil 10% cake 20% cake 40% cake Pooled SE
44C 217 b 69 ~ 211 b 75 ~ . 10.7
833 c 416 b 184 a 444 b 200"
1.88" 1.92" 2.68 b 2.13 a 2.66 b . 0.10
193 c 91 b 42 ~ 99 b 45"
2.30 2.39 1.65 2.10 1.67
14.6
0.09
30/30 30/30 23/30 27/30 21/30 0/30 --
.
. 62.8
.
Means with at least one common superscript in the same column do not differ at the 1% level of significance. TABLE 4 Trial 1. Effect of giving karanja oil and expeller karanja cake on weight of visceral organs (as a percentage of body weight ) and on blood haemoglobin (Hb) packed cell volume (PCV) in broiler chicks of 4 weeks of age Criteria
Basal
1% oil
10% cake
Pooled SE
Heart Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidney Hb (g per 100 ml) PCV (%)
0.641 2.36" 0.13 0.21 a 0.23 7.75 b 26.7 b
0.78 3.40 b 0.09 0.35 b 0.23 5.42 ~b 21.5 ~b
0.84 4.67 ¢ 0.10 0.41 b 0.31 4.50" 18.2 a
0.04 0.16 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.65 1.94
1Each value is a mean of six observations. Means with at least one common superscript in the same row do not differ at the 1% level of significance.
Weight gain, feed efficiency, mortality, haemoglobin and packed-cell volume of the experimental chicks are shown in Tables 3-5. The chicks on experimental diets showed a growth depression of 51% in both the 1% oil and 10% cake groups, and of 82% in the 2% oil and 20% cake groups (Table 3). The feed efficiency of the basal, 1% oil and 10% cake group was significantly different from the 2% oil and 20% cake groups. The chicks receiving the 40% cake diet all died. The liver and pancreas of chicks given 1% oil and 10% cake diets were significantly heavier whereas haemoglobin and packed-cell volume were lower compared with chicks given the basal diet (Table 4 ). The liver of chicks on 2% oil and 20% cake diets showed necrosis, fatty changes and disrupted structure.
TOXICITY OF KARANJAOIL AND CAKE IN BROILERS
99
TABLE 5 Trial 2. Effect of giving r a w a n d p r o c e s s e d k a r a n j a expeller cake on broiler p e r f o r m a n c e (0-4 weeks) Diet
Weight gain (g)
Feed intake (g)
Feed: gain ratio
Protein intake (g)
PER
Survived/ started
Basal 10% raw cake 10% autoclaved 10% w a t e r - s o a k e d 20% raw cake 20% autoclaved 20% w a t e r - s o a k e d Pooled SE
416 d 234 c 253 c 255 ¢ 98 ab 143 b 74 a 12.3
796 d 482 ¢ 544 c 509 c 242 ~ 3265 214 a 41.9
1.92 a 1.24 ~5 2.00 a 1.99 a 2.46 be 2.27 ab 2.87 c 0.08
177 d 108 c 112 c 113 c 54 ~5 715 48 a 9.4
2.35 e 2.16 ¢d 2.28 e 2.26 de 1.83 b 2.07 ¢ 1.55 ~ 0.06
28/30 30/30 27/30 28/30 26/30 26/30 18/30 --
M e a n s w i t h at least one c o m m o n s u p e r s c r i p t in the s a m e c o l u m n do n o t differ at the 1% level of significance.
In Trial 2 (Table 5), the heat or water-soaking treatments of the karanja cake generally failed to prevent its depressing effects on feed intake and growth of chicks, except at the 20% cake level; autoclaving caused small improvements.
DISCUSSION
The poor weight gain and feed efficiency caused by feeding with either karanja cake or oil is in agreement with the findings of Mandal and Banerjee (1974b) and Mandal et al. (1984). Such adverse effects may be attributed to the presence of toxic factors such as karanjin and pongamal in the oil or oil fraction of the cake. The increase in mortality as the cake level increased from 10 to 40% could be due to the corresponding increase in karanja oil content from 1.4 to 5.6% in these groups. Similar observations of increased mortality as the level of oil was increased were made by Chakraborty and Mandal (1983). The results from feeding with processed cake suggest that factors responsible for poor performance are resistant to heat and/or the effects of water soaking. The small beneficial effect of autoclaving may be partially caused by the inactivation of trypsin inhibitors. Although the effects of the diets on organ weights relative to body weight would be partly due to growth depression (i.e. lower body weight), no explanation has yet been found for their necrotic effects on the liver, or their effects on blood composition.
100
R. NATANAMET AL.
CONCLUSION
Karanja oil as such (or the 1-1.5% residual oil of cake) and expeller cake, either raw or processed (even at 10% level of broiler diets), caused severe growth depression. The use in poultry diets of karanja oil and expeller cake, even at minimum levels of 1% and 10% respectively, is not desirable. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Dean, Madras Veterinary College and the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for providing the facilities for this research work.
REFERENCES Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1980. Official Methods of Analysis. 13th edn. A.O.A.C., Washington, DC. Chakraborty, N. and Mandal, L., 1983. Effects of toxic factor(s) of karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) oil and its different fractions on mice. Indian Vet. J., 60: 130-142. Gupta, B.S., Srivastava, J.B., Tripathi, A.K., Verma, A.K. and Thakur, S., 1981. Biological evaluation of karanja (Pongamiaglabra) cake. Indian J. Anita. Health, 20: 75-77. Katoch, B.S. and Chaudhary, S.C., 1985. Biological evaluation of karanja cake (Pongamiapinnata) and makkan seed meal (Sapium sebiforum ) in growing chicks. In: S.C. Mohapatra (Editor), l lth Annual Conference and Symposium of the Indian Poultry Science Association, Izatnagar, 17-18 February. abstract No. 45, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. Mandal, L. and Banerjee, S.C., 1974a. Extracted karanja (Pongamiaglabra) cake. A new feed ingredient for poultry. Indian Poult. Gazette, 59: 143-145. Mandal, L. and Banerjee, G.C., 1974b. Studies on the utilisation of karanja (Pongamia glabra) oil cake in poultry rations. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 9: 141-147. Mandal, L. and Banerjee, G.C., 1979. Studies on the utilisation of karanja (Pongamiaglabra Vent ) cake in broiler ration. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 14: 229-234. Mandal, B., Chosh Majumdar, S. and Maity, C.R., 1984. Chemical and nutritional evaluation of' Pongamiaglabra oil and Acacia auriculaeformis oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 61: 1447-1449. Schalm, O.W., Jain, N.C. and Caroll, E.J., 1975. Veterinary Hematology. 3rd edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G., 1968. Statistical Methods. 6th edn. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, Calcutta. Verma, A.K., Gupta, B.S. and Srivastava, J.B., 1985a. Effect of feeding de-oiled karanja (Pongamia glabra) cake in broiler chicks. In: S.C. Mohapatra (Editor), 1lth Annual Conference and Symposium of the Indian Poultry Science Association, Izatnagar, 17-18 February, abstract No. 47, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India. Verma, A.K., Gupta, B.S. and Srivastava, J.B., 1985b. Effect of feeding de-oiled and water washed karanja (Pongamiaglabra) cake in broiler chicks. In: S.C. Mohapatra (Editor), l l t h Annual Conference and Symposium of the Indian Poultry Science Association, Izatnagar, 17-18 February, abstract No. 48, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
95
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - - Printed in The Netherlands
The T o x i c Effects of Karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) Oil and C a k e on G r o w t h and Feed E f f i c i e n c y in B r o i l e r Chicks R. NATANAM, R. KADIRVEL* and R. RAVI
Department of Animal Nutrition, Madras Veterinary College, Madras-600 007 (India) (Received 14 June 1988; accepted for publication 6 March 1989)
ABSTRACT Natanam, R., Kadirvel, R. and Ravi, R., 1989. The toxic effects of karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) oil and cake on growth and feed efficiency in broiler chicks. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 27: 95-100. In feeding Trial 1, there were six treatments including a basal group. Karanja oil was fed at 1 and 2% levels, while karanja expeller cake was incorporated at 10, 20 and 40% levels. The bodyweight gain of treatment groups, which ranged from 69 to 217 g, was significantly lower {P < 0.01 ) than that of the basal group, 444 g. The feed efficiency of the 1% oil and 10% cake groups was significantly different from that of the 2% oil and 20% cake groups. The chicks on the 40% cake diet suffered 100% mortality. The liver and pancreas of chicks receiving 1% oil and 10% cake were significantly heavier, whereas the Fib and PCV values were lower than those of the basal group. In feeding Trial 2, the effect of autoclaving or water soaking on the toxic effects of karanja cake was investigated. At the 10 or 20% level of incorporation, processed cakes caused a marginal improvement in weight gain. A diet with 20% water-soaked cake resulted in 40% mortality.
INTRODUCTION
Greater demands on, and increase in the cost of conventional protein supplements has created the need to seek alternative sources of protein for poultry. Karanja (Pongamiaglabra Vent) cake, a forest-based by-product of the industry, is commonly used as a manure. The karanja oil is used mostly in the soap industry. The potential of karanja cake as feed has been investigated by various workers (Mandal and Banerjee, 1974a, 1979; Gupta et al., 1981; Katoch and Chaudhary, 1985 ). Mandal and Banerjee (1979) observed no adverse effect on weight gain and feed efficiency of broiler chicks which received a ration containing *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
0377-8401/89/$03.50
© 1989 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
96
R. NATANAMET AL.
6.3% karanja cake; however, Verma et al. (1985a,b) reported poor growth and feed efficiency on inclusion of 10% karanja cake. The literature on the use of karanja oil as an energy source is limited. Mandal et al. (1984), using refined karanja oil as 10% of the diet, noted poor growth and feed efficiency in rats. In addition, the liver of rats showed a mild-to-moderate degree of fatty infiltration. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of processing on detoxification of karanja cake, and to investigate the use of karanja oil in poultry feed. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Karanja oil and cake were prepared from karanja kernels by a mechanical device similar to that used for the expeller process. In feeding Trial 1, 180-dayold Cobb broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 18 groups of 10 chicks each. There were six treatments, each in triplicate: basal; 1 or 2% oil; 10, 20 and 40% cake. Chicks were reared in electrically heated battery brooders. Feed and water TABLE 1
Trial 1. Ingredient and proximate composition of diets (g kg 1) Basal
Ingredient composition Maize Groundnut cake W h e a t bran Fish meal Protein mix a Karanja oil K a r a n j a cake Mineral mix b V i t a m i n mix c
Coccidiostat d
80 75 65 60 700 --20 0.2 0.5
Levelofkara~aoil
Levelofkara~acake
(%)
(%)
1
2
10
20
40
70 75 65 60 700 10 -20 0.2 0.5
60 75 65 60 700 20 -20 0.2 0.5
80 75 65 60 600 -100 20 0.2 0.5
80 75 65 60 500 -200 20 0.2 0.5
80 75 65 60 300 -400 20 0.2 0.5
254 71 40 62 14.0
253 57 50 73 13.7
267 64 45 70 13.9
259 57 46 71 13.1
P r o x i m a t e composition by analysis (dry m a t t e r basis) Crude protein 258 254 E t h e r extract 55 57 Crude fibre 42 38 Ash 70 63 M E ( M J kg-1; calculated) 13.4 13.5
aMaize and groundnut cake, 65 : 35. bCa, 6.4 g; P, 1.2 g; Mn, 53 mg; I, 2 mg; Zn, 52 mg; F, 6 mg; Co, 2 m g a n d Fe, 20 mg kg -1 of diet. ~Vitamin A. 8000 IU; V i t a m i n D3, 1200 IU and Vitamin B2, 5 mg kg -1 of diet. aNitrofurazone B.P. Vet. 25% and Furazolidone B.P. Vet. 3.6%.
TOXICITY OF KARANJAOIL AND CAKE IN BROILERS
97
TABLE 2
Trial 2. Ingredient and proximate composition of diets (g kg -1 ) Basal
Level of karanja cake ( % ) Raw
Ingredient composition Maize Groundnut cake Wheat bran Fish meal
Protein mix a Karanja cake Mineral mixb Vitamin mix c Coccidiostatd
70 80 50 80 700 -20 0.2 0.5
Autoclaved
Water soaked
10
20
10
20
10
20
70 80 50 80 600 100 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 500 200 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 600 100 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 500 200 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 600 100 20 0.2 0.5
70 80 50 80 500 200 20 0.2 0.5
237 54 43 87 13.4
234 57 41 92 13.3
238 56 40 103 13.4
242 62 ,13 99 13.4
Proximate composition by analysis (dry matter basis) Crude protein
Ether extract Crude fibre Ash
ME (MJ kg-1; calculated)
239 50 39 87 13.0
243 58 41 99 13.3
244 58 43 90 13.4
aA mixture of maize and groundnut cake in the proportion of 65 : 35. bCa, 6.4 g; P, 1.2 g; Mn, 53 mg; I, 2 mg; Zn, 52 mg; F, 6 mg; Co, 2 mg and Fe, 20 mg kg -1 of diet. cVitamin A, 8000 IU; V i t a m i n D3, 1200 IU and Vitamin B2, 5 mg kg - l of diet. dNitrofurazone B.P. Vet. 25% a n d Furazolidone B.P. Vet. 3.6%.
were given ad libitum. Weekly weight gain and feed intake were measured, as was the protein efficiency ratio (PER, g gain g-1 protein consumed). In feeding Trial 2, 210-day-old Cobb broiler chicks of the same strain were allocated randomly to 21 groups of 10 chicks each. There were seven treatments, each with three replicates: basal; 10 or 20% of raw, autoclaved and water-soaked karanja cake. The ingredient composition of the various diets is given in Tables 1 and 2. The karanja cake and diet were analysed for their proximate composition by the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1980). Haemoglobin was estimated by the cyanmethaemoglobin method and packed-cell volume by the microhaematocrit method { Schalm et al., 1975 ). Management practices were similar to those of Trial 1. Means were compared with least significant difference values (Snedecor and Cochran, 1968). RESULTS
The expeller karanja cake contained 242 crude protein, 144 ether extract, 39 crude fibre, 52 total ash and 262 g available carbohydrate (kg-1 dry matter).
98
R. NATANAMET AL,
TABLE 3 Trial 1. Effect of giving karanja oil and karanja expeller cake on broiler performance (0-4 weeks) Diet
Weight gain (g)
Feed intake (g)
Feed :gain ratio
Protein intake (g)
PER
Survived/ started
Basal 1% oil 2% oil 10% cake 20% cake 40% cake Pooled SE
44C 217 b 69 ~ 211 b 75 ~ . 10.7
833 c 416 b 184 a 444 b 200"
1.88" 1.92" 2.68 b 2.13 a 2.66 b . 0.10
193 c 91 b 42 ~ 99 b 45"
2.30 2.39 1.65 2.10 1.67
14.6
0.09
30/30 30/30 23/30 27/30 21/30 0/30 --
.
. 62.8
.
Means with at least one common superscript in the same column do not differ at the 1% level of significance. TABLE 4 Trial 1. Effect of giving karanja oil and expeller karanja cake on weight of visceral organs (as a percentage of body weight ) and on blood haemoglobin (Hb) packed cell volume (PCV) in broiler chicks of 4 weeks of age Criteria
Basal
1% oil
10% cake
Pooled SE
Heart Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidney Hb (g per 100 ml) PCV (%)
0.641 2.36" 0.13 0.21 a 0.23 7.75 b 26.7 b
0.78 3.40 b 0.09 0.35 b 0.23 5.42 ~b 21.5 ~b
0.84 4.67 ¢ 0.10 0.41 b 0.31 4.50" 18.2 a
0.04 0.16 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.65 1.94
1Each value is a mean of six observations. Means with at least one common superscript in the same row do not differ at the 1% level of significance.
Weight gain, feed efficiency, mortality, haemoglobin and packed-cell volume of the experimental chicks are shown in Tables 3-5. The chicks on experimental diets showed a growth depression of 51% in both the 1% oil and 10% cake groups, and of 82% in the 2% oil and 20% cake groups (Table 3). The feed efficiency of the basal, 1% oil and 10% cake group was significantly different from the 2% oil and 20% cake groups. The chicks receiving the 40% cake diet all died. The liver and pancreas of chicks given 1% oil and 10% cake diets were significantly heavier whereas haemoglobin and packed-cell volume were lower compared with chicks given the basal diet (Table 4 ). The liver of chicks on 2% oil and 20% cake diets showed necrosis, fatty changes and disrupted structure.
TOXICITY OF KARANJAOIL AND CAKE IN BROILERS
99
TABLE 5 Trial 2. Effect of giving r a w a n d p r o c e s s e d k a r a n j a expeller cake on broiler p e r f o r m a n c e (0-4 weeks) Diet
Weight gain (g)
Feed intake (g)
Feed: gain ratio
Protein intake (g)
PER
Survived/ started
Basal 10% raw cake 10% autoclaved 10% w a t e r - s o a k e d 20% raw cake 20% autoclaved 20% w a t e r - s o a k e d Pooled SE
416 d 234 c 253 c 255 ¢ 98 ab 143 b 74 a 12.3
796 d 482 ¢ 544 c 509 c 242 ~ 3265 214 a 41.9
1.92 a 1.24 ~5 2.00 a 1.99 a 2.46 be 2.27 ab 2.87 c 0.08
177 d 108 c 112 c 113 c 54 ~5 715 48 a 9.4
2.35 e 2.16 ¢d 2.28 e 2.26 de 1.83 b 2.07 ¢ 1.55 ~ 0.06
28/30 30/30 27/30 28/30 26/30 26/30 18/30 --
M e a n s w i t h at least one c o m m o n s u p e r s c r i p t in the s a m e c o l u m n do n o t differ at the 1% level of significance.
In Trial 2 (Table 5), the heat or water-soaking treatments of the karanja cake generally failed to prevent its depressing effects on feed intake and growth of chicks, except at the 20% cake level; autoclaving caused small improvements.
DISCUSSION
The poor weight gain and feed efficiency caused by feeding with either karanja cake or oil is in agreement with the findings of Mandal and Banerjee (1974b) and Mandal et al. (1984). Such adverse effects may be attributed to the presence of toxic factors such as karanjin and pongamal in the oil or oil fraction of the cake. The increase in mortality as the cake level increased from 10 to 40% could be due to the corresponding increase in karanja oil content from 1.4 to 5.6% in these groups. Similar observations of increased mortality as the level of oil was increased were made by Chakraborty and Mandal (1983). The results from feeding with processed cake suggest that factors responsible for poor performance are resistant to heat and/or the effects of water soaking. The small beneficial effect of autoclaving may be partially caused by the inactivation of trypsin inhibitors. Although the effects of the diets on organ weights relative to body weight would be partly due to growth depression (i.e. lower body weight), no explanation has yet been found for their necrotic effects on the liver, or their effects on blood composition.
100
R. NATANAMET AL.
CONCLUSION
Karanja oil as such (or the 1-1.5% residual oil of cake) and expeller cake, either raw or processed (even at 10% level of broiler diets), caused severe growth depression. The use in poultry diets of karanja oil and expeller cake, even at minimum levels of 1% and 10% respectively, is not desirable. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the Dean, Madras Veterinary College and the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for providing the facilities for this research work.
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