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THE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION OF PARIS.
1310
Finally, I noticed a closet pump for yachts and other ships, THE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION OF PARIS. where the force of the pump is arranged so that the contents drawn from the pan of the closet are propelled to, (FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT.) some distance from the ship. (Continued from p. 1139.) Another large exhibit is that of the Etablissements Porcherwhich have the monopoly for the sale in France of the sanitary hardware manufactured by Messrs. Brown, WestTHE FOREIGN AND BRITISH SANITARY SECTIONS. head, t Moore, and Co. This exhibit is interesting because The British Sanitary Section. it shows us that some 20 years ago there were practiIN the British section there is only one stove, that of cally no French manufacturers who produced sanitary closets. Nothing that was then made could prevent the Messrs. Musgrave, the well-known Belfast firm. In view of passage of sewer air or automatically insure anything the numerous accidents that have happened this firm will approaching to cleanliness. Such closet pans as existed had not consent to manufacture a portable stove, and further to be cleaned with the aid of a brush ; an effective flush was they have now a special air inlet so that fresh air may be unknown. Therefore, the few really sanitary closets that mixed with the products of combustion and thus help to were placed in French houses had at first to be imported from England. Hence to this day the French Porcher oxidise them. It is in the artistic decoration of the stoves import largely English goods and therefore exhibit Company rather than in any very recent improvement of construction their closets in the British section, for in the main they are of that this exhibit has made its mark. Further, it is sati3fac- British manufacture though some of the fittings are of Frenchtory to note that these British stoves are much appreciated make. The chief feature in the latter is that they have and largely sold in France, where the method of economic contrived to attach the wooden seat and even the wooden lid warming by means of stoves instead of open fires has been to the hardware pan instead of being fixed to the wall! much more studied and utilised than in England. The largest behind the pan. One pan is provided with a double syphon of all the exhibits is that of Messrs. Doulton and Co. who as and this when the water is discharged produces a momenmembers of thejury are hors coneours. They have two very tary vacuum between the two syphons, so that the water is. artistic fire-places made of Doulton ware with slow combus- drawn by suction instead of being merely propelled out of tion grates. So much has already been done in respect to the the pan. It would require a lengthy series of experiments to construction of closets and urinals that it is difficult to judge whether this is an advantage. improve upon the models that are almost perfect, yet in The Dutch and Austriccn Sections. respect to urinals there is a new method of draining them in an open glazed channel which is only covered over with Leaving the British section there is a small compartment. b’ass grating. There are, therefore, no small pipes and pipe close to the German section where the Dutch give some fittings. This means less labour and less chance of a stoppage information as to the sanitary administration of Holland. and consequent nuisance. The water travels in the open till For instance, there are photographs of all the sanitary offices it, reaches the gully or trap at the end of the row of urinals. at Amsterdam, of the system of disinfecting, and showing Everything can thus be readily cleaned and those bugbears of how a house is declared to be infected by a notice affixed to urinals, cigar ends, can be dealt with in a summary fashion. the door so that no one can enter unaware of the danger Also, instead of the water being delivered all round the top incurred. Then comes the Austrian section which though of the urinal it is now discharged in the centre of very small attracts some attention because there is a wax The model, life-size, of a calf during the process of collecting a spreader or disc placed in front of the pipe. water is equally and well distributed and this is’ a vaccine lymph. The precautions taken and the sterilised simplification in regard to fittings. An asylum closet dressing to protect the vaccinated parts are all displayed is shown where there is no sharp edge, angle, or hook, and in a manner that should dispel whatever apprehension may no chain or string, by which the patient might injure himstill remain in regard to vaccination. Very fine coloured’
Then there is a bath with a rim around it so contrived maps indicate the distribution of diseases in different parts of that water cannot splash out of it. The outside also as well the Austrian Empire and there are the exhibits of various as the inside is enamelled, and this preserves the metal institutions and sanatoria, especially for children, but there which is apt to be injured by the action of the atmosphere, is nothing in regard to drainage, ventilation, or sanitary especially at the seaside. For a hospital washstand and to engineering. prevent the risk of overflow the water is turned on by presTlte Russian Section and the Jenner Memorial. sing a pedal with the f ot, but after a moment a selfoff If valve shuts the water. more is The Russian required regulating sanitary section occupies a very large space, the pedal must be pressed again. Then to a hospital bottle a great portion of which is taken up by wax models. Some and pan-washer a glass lid is affixed, which when raised of these come from the St. Petersburg Museum of First Help. produces a flash that automatically washes out the pan. Also They are life-size models of accidents to various parts of thethere is a gulley which can be opened for cleansing purposes body and they show how haemorrhage may be stopped and by removing only two screws and access is then gained to temporary dressings made in the absence of, or while waiting the top of the trap for, surgical aid. This is a somewhat ghastly display; it does exhibits there are Messrs. Doulton’s Blackman’s not fail to attract a large crowd and calls forth many exOpposite well-known ventilating screw fans and Boyle’s equally well- pressions of commiseration. The question is whether many known exhaust cowls. Close by Jeyes’s Perfect Purifier is the people try to engrave upon their minds the indications only disinfectant shown in this section. given and will remember what to do under similar emerMr. George Jennings who has received the highest award- gencies. Under the auspices of the Russian Society for the namely, the "Grand Prix"-also makes a very large display of Protection of Public Health, which is patronised by the his well-known and excellent sanitary apparatus. He has like- Government, a public culinary school has been formed and it wise public urinals with no piping but open channels instead. exhibits wax models of various sorts of meat and of vegetables Then there is a very ingenious urinal for domestic purposes in both healthy and unhealthy conditions. There are also which is closed over by a door ; when the door is opened it many other articles, such as coffee and every substitute used for coffee, torrefied maize, wheat, chicory, &c. ; in fact,. causes a flush of water, and when closed it looks like an ornamental cupboard. There are some special closets for there is here a complete museum of domestic economy. asylums and railway stations, so contrived that the flushing Close by there is a large exhibit of the Russian Red It consists of a field ambulance which gear cannot be injured by mischievous or rough treatment. Cross Society. Close by there is a closet pan the porcelain part of which rise8has not only a hospital tent, an operating tent, a portable about a foot above the back of the seat. The latter has a pharmacy, and sterilisers for bandages and instruments, counter-weight so that it is always raised unless purposely but also a kitchen with all the cooking utensils and pressed down. When the seat is raised the pan forms at onceall the tools necessary for mending any object belonging to the ambulance. Only a very small compartment of the a urinal and a receptacle for slops. Of course, the same may, be said of any closet where the seat can be raised, but iri Russian section is reserved to private exhibitors. Here this case the risk of spilling water on the floor is less likel3r there is a sort of cupboard with wire arrangements for to occur as the back of the pan rises considerably above thEkeeping books open so that they may be disinfected. level of the seat. There are also some washstands which ori Then there is a domestic filter, just a simple sandstone tilting the basin disclose a urinal underneath and at thEto clarify the water, but below inside the pedestal on same time the raising of the basin flushes the urinal the filter is placed is an electric pile, the electrolytic.
self.
,
,
.
which
1311 gases on
produced thereby being said to exert a purifying
professor of midwifery in the University of Edinburgh and as one having exercised much care to, and shown ingenuity in, the perfection of the axis traction forceps Dr. Simpson spoke as an authority upon the subject. Many of his former pupils joined in the thanks accorded to him at the close of the address, testifying to the interesting and clear manner-in which the subject had been placed before them. The Consultative Medical and Surgical Institution.
action
the water.
What, however, will interest English visitors most is a handsomely decorated compartment which may be described the Jenner exhibit. This has been the work of Professor Hubert, physician for the children of the poor and secretary of the Russian Society for the Protection of Public Health. This exhibit is a veritable history of vaccination, especially in so far as Jenner himself was concerned. In the centre there is a picture of one of Jenner’s first experiments in vaccination ; then there are several manuscript letters written by Jenner and four of his own coloured drawings of vaccine pustules. One wall is covered with all manner of caricatures and other prints published when first the question of vaccination began to agitate the public mind. In one case there is the brevet by which Alexander Aspénny was promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant because he was the first to consent to be vaccinated. This original document bears the signature of Catherine II. and the date of 1768. Jenner’s answer, written in 1802, to a letter which he had received from the Empress Maria Feodorowa is likewise shown, as is a collection of medals struck in oommemoration of important events in regard to vaccination. There are many drawings and wax models of healthy and of abnormal pustules, and though most of these things are purely historical the latest innovations are also exhibited. Thus what constitutes an entire room is devoted in the main to relics recalling the great work done by Jenner, and these, which have been collected by a Russian, form part of the Russian section’. Nowhere in the British sanitary section is any sort of honour rendered to any one of the many Englishmen who, like Jenner, have largely contributed to benefit humanity by initiating some important sanitary reform. Paris, Oct. 29th.
as
No doubt the memory of the formation of this movement and the criticisms connected with it are still fresh in theminds of many of the profession. The first report of the committee was presented at the annual meeting held on Oct. 29th. The institution, it was stated, was established to lessen. the strain on hospital charity by providing on terms within, and under conditions suitable to, their pecuniary means andposition medical and surgical aid to those who would other-wise seek it gratuitout-ly, or be unduly taxed by paying the usual consultation fees. The committee state that during the 21 weeks which had elapsed since the opening of’ the consulting rooms in May 222 patients consulted the consulting physician, Dr. H. Ward Irvine, 148 being men and 74 women. The various occupationsof the patients are given and the committee go on to say that they consider this result very satisfactory notwithstanding the organised hostility of certain members of the medical profession. They moreover consider that the need for such an institution was both real and wide-spread. They look forward sanguinely to increased results for’ the future. When we read further we read that the financial result can hardly be regarded with the same amount of satisfaction, for the income and expenditure account shows a, deficiency of R343 13s. 6d. on the working of the institution to date-that is, 21 weeks. The committee, however, believethat before long the debit balance will disappear and that the institution will become self-supporting. e
Oct. 30th.
BIRMINGHAM. (FROM
OUR OWN
CORRESPONDENT.)
MANCHESTER. The
Hospital Sunday
Fund.
(FROM
OUR OWN
CORRESPONDENT.)
than 40 years a special appeal has been made annually at the various places of worship in Birmingham and Black Smoke. its suburbs on behalf of the hospitals and allied institutions for the relief of suffering. It has been customary since the A STEP forward on suitable lines is being taken by the movement was started to present the full amount collected Salford Corporation in dealing with the smoke nuisance. to the General Hospital one year, the next year to the ] knows that manufacturers all over the country pose Everyone Queen’s Hospital, and the third to the amalgamated charities,as martyrs in a good cause-i.e., their own-if any attempt some 16 in number. Sunday, Oct 28th, gave an opportunityis made to lessen the nuisance which so many of them are In spite of adverse1 of repeating this valuable effort. busily engaged in producing. But Mr. C. H. Tattersall, weather and so many outside calls upon the pockets of thethe medical officer of health, thinks that there is no benevolent it is satisfactory to record a ready response to] for any black smoke, and that the condi-necessity the appeals made. Up to the present time the amounttions which lead to its prevention are . advantageous collected has reached the sum of £ 4000 odd. to the manufacturers. The Health Committee of the ’ corporation have therefore instructed him to issue a The Hospital 8aturday Fund. circular warning manufacturers and advising them as A worthy sister of the above movement, one which has regards the prevention of black smoke. Deficient boiler exceeded it considerably in dimensions and to some extentaccommodation is one of the chief causes of its occurrence, in interest also, is the Hospital Saturday Fund. A meeting and bad stoking is another. In the former case the Health of the delegates was held on Oct. 23rd when cheques were Committee recommend the use of mechanical appliances distributed by the Lord Mayor to the various medical which they say are necessary, and state that "if the boilercharities participating in the proceeds. It was announced accommodation is adequate the firemen and not the manuthat the collections up to date amounted to £ 18.204 12s. 8d., facturers will be prosecuted." The committee wish it to be beating the record of last year by £ 73. The chairman clearly understood by the manufacturers that ’’they must, stated that they would like to increase the amount of theeither provide adequate boiler accommodation or be responcheques to the various institutions, but that they had othersible for the emission of black smoke." It is stated that in liabilities which had to be met. They had made improve- an ordinary Lancashire boiler, 30 feet by seven and a half ments alone costing £ 4000 at the Tyn-y-Coed Convalescent feet, with a proper draught, the amount of coal used ought Home. The systematic collections made from the manu- not to exceed 20 tons per week where band-nring obtain?. factories enabled this method to assume large proportions; Where this quantity is exceeded mechanical appliances are and to be so successful. Cheques amounting to 10,000) considered to be necessary. It is also stated that sufficient were then distributed to different medical charities in pro- boiler accommodation together with firing by competent portion to their size and needs and votes of thanks were men give the most satisfactory results. The committee will passed to those who had given so much time and labour to) prosecute the firemen, and not their employers, should the details connected with the scheme. an offence take place where the boiler accommodation is sufficient. The medical officer of health will be glad to The Midland Medical Society. confer with owners or managers of works in the The inaugural meeting of this society for the sessioni borough as to the abatement of the smoke nuisance. 1900-1901 was held at the Grand Hotel on Oct. 26th. A It is quite fair to make the firemen bear their share of large number of members and visitors assembled to hear ani responsibility, for in many cases the masters have been at address given by Professor Alexander R. Simpson on thea their mercy as regards emission of smoke. These men have Invention and Evolution of the Midwifery Forceps. Asa thought it less troublesome to throw a quantity of coal-
FOR
more
,
.
.
.
Finally, I noticed a closet pump for yachts and other ships, THE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION OF PARIS. where the force of the pump is arranged so that the contents drawn from the pan of the closet are propelled to, (FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT.) some distance from the ship. (Continued from p. 1139.) Another large exhibit is that of the Etablissements Porcherwhich have the monopoly for the sale in France of the sanitary hardware manufactured by Messrs. Brown, WestTHE FOREIGN AND BRITISH SANITARY SECTIONS. head, t Moore, and Co. This exhibit is interesting because The British Sanitary Section. it shows us that some 20 years ago there were practiIN the British section there is only one stove, that of cally no French manufacturers who produced sanitary closets. Nothing that was then made could prevent the Messrs. Musgrave, the well-known Belfast firm. In view of passage of sewer air or automatically insure anything the numerous accidents that have happened this firm will approaching to cleanliness. Such closet pans as existed had not consent to manufacture a portable stove, and further to be cleaned with the aid of a brush ; an effective flush was they have now a special air inlet so that fresh air may be unknown. Therefore, the few really sanitary closets that mixed with the products of combustion and thus help to were placed in French houses had at first to be imported from England. Hence to this day the French Porcher oxidise them. It is in the artistic decoration of the stoves import largely English goods and therefore exhibit Company rather than in any very recent improvement of construction their closets in the British section, for in the main they are of that this exhibit has made its mark. Further, it is sati3fac- British manufacture though some of the fittings are of Frenchtory to note that these British stoves are much appreciated make. The chief feature in the latter is that they have and largely sold in France, where the method of economic contrived to attach the wooden seat and even the wooden lid warming by means of stoves instead of open fires has been to the hardware pan instead of being fixed to the wall! much more studied and utilised than in England. The largest behind the pan. One pan is provided with a double syphon of all the exhibits is that of Messrs. Doulton and Co. who as and this when the water is discharged produces a momenmembers of thejury are hors coneours. They have two very tary vacuum between the two syphons, so that the water is. artistic fire-places made of Doulton ware with slow combus- drawn by suction instead of being merely propelled out of tion grates. So much has already been done in respect to the the pan. It would require a lengthy series of experiments to construction of closets and urinals that it is difficult to judge whether this is an advantage. improve upon the models that are almost perfect, yet in The Dutch and Austriccn Sections. respect to urinals there is a new method of draining them in an open glazed channel which is only covered over with Leaving the British section there is a small compartment. b’ass grating. There are, therefore, no small pipes and pipe close to the German section where the Dutch give some fittings. This means less labour and less chance of a stoppage information as to the sanitary administration of Holland. and consequent nuisance. The water travels in the open till For instance, there are photographs of all the sanitary offices it, reaches the gully or trap at the end of the row of urinals. at Amsterdam, of the system of disinfecting, and showing Everything can thus be readily cleaned and those bugbears of how a house is declared to be infected by a notice affixed to urinals, cigar ends, can be dealt with in a summary fashion. the door so that no one can enter unaware of the danger Also, instead of the water being delivered all round the top incurred. Then comes the Austrian section which though of the urinal it is now discharged in the centre of very small attracts some attention because there is a wax The model, life-size, of a calf during the process of collecting a spreader or disc placed in front of the pipe. water is equally and well distributed and this is’ a vaccine lymph. The precautions taken and the sterilised simplification in regard to fittings. An asylum closet dressing to protect the vaccinated parts are all displayed is shown where there is no sharp edge, angle, or hook, and in a manner that should dispel whatever apprehension may no chain or string, by which the patient might injure himstill remain in regard to vaccination. Very fine coloured’
Then there is a bath with a rim around it so contrived maps indicate the distribution of diseases in different parts of that water cannot splash out of it. The outside also as well the Austrian Empire and there are the exhibits of various as the inside is enamelled, and this preserves the metal institutions and sanatoria, especially for children, but there which is apt to be injured by the action of the atmosphere, is nothing in regard to drainage, ventilation, or sanitary especially at the seaside. For a hospital washstand and to engineering. prevent the risk of overflow the water is turned on by presTlte Russian Section and the Jenner Memorial. sing a pedal with the f ot, but after a moment a selfoff If valve shuts the water. more is The Russian required regulating sanitary section occupies a very large space, the pedal must be pressed again. Then to a hospital bottle a great portion of which is taken up by wax models. Some and pan-washer a glass lid is affixed, which when raised of these come from the St. Petersburg Museum of First Help. produces a flash that automatically washes out the pan. Also They are life-size models of accidents to various parts of thethere is a gulley which can be opened for cleansing purposes body and they show how haemorrhage may be stopped and by removing only two screws and access is then gained to temporary dressings made in the absence of, or while waiting the top of the trap for, surgical aid. This is a somewhat ghastly display; it does exhibits there are Messrs. Doulton’s Blackman’s not fail to attract a large crowd and calls forth many exOpposite well-known ventilating screw fans and Boyle’s equally well- pressions of commiseration. The question is whether many known exhaust cowls. Close by Jeyes’s Perfect Purifier is the people try to engrave upon their minds the indications only disinfectant shown in this section. given and will remember what to do under similar emerMr. George Jennings who has received the highest award- gencies. Under the auspices of the Russian Society for the namely, the "Grand Prix"-also makes a very large display of Protection of Public Health, which is patronised by the his well-known and excellent sanitary apparatus. He has like- Government, a public culinary school has been formed and it wise public urinals with no piping but open channels instead. exhibits wax models of various sorts of meat and of vegetables Then there is a very ingenious urinal for domestic purposes in both healthy and unhealthy conditions. There are also which is closed over by a door ; when the door is opened it many other articles, such as coffee and every substitute used for coffee, torrefied maize, wheat, chicory, &c. ; in fact,. causes a flush of water, and when closed it looks like an ornamental cupboard. There are some special closets for there is here a complete museum of domestic economy. asylums and railway stations, so contrived that the flushing Close by there is a large exhibit of the Russian Red It consists of a field ambulance which gear cannot be injured by mischievous or rough treatment. Cross Society. Close by there is a closet pan the porcelain part of which rise8has not only a hospital tent, an operating tent, a portable about a foot above the back of the seat. The latter has a pharmacy, and sterilisers for bandages and instruments, counter-weight so that it is always raised unless purposely but also a kitchen with all the cooking utensils and pressed down. When the seat is raised the pan forms at onceall the tools necessary for mending any object belonging to the ambulance. Only a very small compartment of the a urinal and a receptacle for slops. Of course, the same may, be said of any closet where the seat can be raised, but iri Russian section is reserved to private exhibitors. Here this case the risk of spilling water on the floor is less likel3r there is a sort of cupboard with wire arrangements for to occur as the back of the pan rises considerably above thEkeeping books open so that they may be disinfected. level of the seat. There are also some washstands which ori Then there is a domestic filter, just a simple sandstone tilting the basin disclose a urinal underneath and at thEto clarify the water, but below inside the pedestal on same time the raising of the basin flushes the urinal the filter is placed is an electric pile, the electrolytic.
self.
,
,
.
which
1311 gases on
produced thereby being said to exert a purifying
professor of midwifery in the University of Edinburgh and as one having exercised much care to, and shown ingenuity in, the perfection of the axis traction forceps Dr. Simpson spoke as an authority upon the subject. Many of his former pupils joined in the thanks accorded to him at the close of the address, testifying to the interesting and clear manner-in which the subject had been placed before them. The Consultative Medical and Surgical Institution.
action
the water.
What, however, will interest English visitors most is a handsomely decorated compartment which may be described the Jenner exhibit. This has been the work of Professor Hubert, physician for the children of the poor and secretary of the Russian Society for the Protection of Public Health. This exhibit is a veritable history of vaccination, especially in so far as Jenner himself was concerned. In the centre there is a picture of one of Jenner’s first experiments in vaccination ; then there are several manuscript letters written by Jenner and four of his own coloured drawings of vaccine pustules. One wall is covered with all manner of caricatures and other prints published when first the question of vaccination began to agitate the public mind. In one case there is the brevet by which Alexander Aspénny was promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant because he was the first to consent to be vaccinated. This original document bears the signature of Catherine II. and the date of 1768. Jenner’s answer, written in 1802, to a letter which he had received from the Empress Maria Feodorowa is likewise shown, as is a collection of medals struck in oommemoration of important events in regard to vaccination. There are many drawings and wax models of healthy and of abnormal pustules, and though most of these things are purely historical the latest innovations are also exhibited. Thus what constitutes an entire room is devoted in the main to relics recalling the great work done by Jenner, and these, which have been collected by a Russian, form part of the Russian section’. Nowhere in the British sanitary section is any sort of honour rendered to any one of the many Englishmen who, like Jenner, have largely contributed to benefit humanity by initiating some important sanitary reform. Paris, Oct. 29th.
as
No doubt the memory of the formation of this movement and the criticisms connected with it are still fresh in theminds of many of the profession. The first report of the committee was presented at the annual meeting held on Oct. 29th. The institution, it was stated, was established to lessen. the strain on hospital charity by providing on terms within, and under conditions suitable to, their pecuniary means andposition medical and surgical aid to those who would other-wise seek it gratuitout-ly, or be unduly taxed by paying the usual consultation fees. The committee state that during the 21 weeks which had elapsed since the opening of’ the consulting rooms in May 222 patients consulted the consulting physician, Dr. H. Ward Irvine, 148 being men and 74 women. The various occupationsof the patients are given and the committee go on to say that they consider this result very satisfactory notwithstanding the organised hostility of certain members of the medical profession. They moreover consider that the need for such an institution was both real and wide-spread. They look forward sanguinely to increased results for’ the future. When we read further we read that the financial result can hardly be regarded with the same amount of satisfaction, for the income and expenditure account shows a, deficiency of R343 13s. 6d. on the working of the institution to date-that is, 21 weeks. The committee, however, believethat before long the debit balance will disappear and that the institution will become self-supporting. e
Oct. 30th.
BIRMINGHAM. (FROM
OUR OWN
CORRESPONDENT.)
MANCHESTER. The
Hospital Sunday
Fund.
(FROM
OUR OWN
CORRESPONDENT.)
than 40 years a special appeal has been made annually at the various places of worship in Birmingham and Black Smoke. its suburbs on behalf of the hospitals and allied institutions for the relief of suffering. It has been customary since the A STEP forward on suitable lines is being taken by the movement was started to present the full amount collected Salford Corporation in dealing with the smoke nuisance. to the General Hospital one year, the next year to the ] knows that manufacturers all over the country pose Everyone Queen’s Hospital, and the third to the amalgamated charities,as martyrs in a good cause-i.e., their own-if any attempt some 16 in number. Sunday, Oct 28th, gave an opportunityis made to lessen the nuisance which so many of them are In spite of adverse1 of repeating this valuable effort. busily engaged in producing. But Mr. C. H. Tattersall, weather and so many outside calls upon the pockets of thethe medical officer of health, thinks that there is no benevolent it is satisfactory to record a ready response to] for any black smoke, and that the condi-necessity the appeals made. Up to the present time the amounttions which lead to its prevention are . advantageous collected has reached the sum of £ 4000 odd. to the manufacturers. The Health Committee of the ’ corporation have therefore instructed him to issue a The Hospital 8aturday Fund. circular warning manufacturers and advising them as A worthy sister of the above movement, one which has regards the prevention of black smoke. Deficient boiler exceeded it considerably in dimensions and to some extentaccommodation is one of the chief causes of its occurrence, in interest also, is the Hospital Saturday Fund. A meeting and bad stoking is another. In the former case the Health of the delegates was held on Oct. 23rd when cheques were Committee recommend the use of mechanical appliances distributed by the Lord Mayor to the various medical which they say are necessary, and state that "if the boilercharities participating in the proceeds. It was announced accommodation is adequate the firemen and not the manuthat the collections up to date amounted to £ 18.204 12s. 8d., facturers will be prosecuted." The committee wish it to be beating the record of last year by £ 73. The chairman clearly understood by the manufacturers that ’’they must, stated that they would like to increase the amount of theeither provide adequate boiler accommodation or be responcheques to the various institutions, but that they had othersible for the emission of black smoke." It is stated that in liabilities which had to be met. They had made improve- an ordinary Lancashire boiler, 30 feet by seven and a half ments alone costing £ 4000 at the Tyn-y-Coed Convalescent feet, with a proper draught, the amount of coal used ought Home. The systematic collections made from the manu- not to exceed 20 tons per week where band-nring obtain?. factories enabled this method to assume large proportions; Where this quantity is exceeded mechanical appliances are and to be so successful. Cheques amounting to 10,000) considered to be necessary. It is also stated that sufficient were then distributed to different medical charities in pro- boiler accommodation together with firing by competent portion to their size and needs and votes of thanks were men give the most satisfactory results. The committee will passed to those who had given so much time and labour to) prosecute the firemen, and not their employers, should the details connected with the scheme. an offence take place where the boiler accommodation is sufficient. The medical officer of health will be glad to The Midland Medical Society. confer with owners or managers of works in the The inaugural meeting of this society for the sessioni borough as to the abatement of the smoke nuisance. 1900-1901 was held at the Grand Hotel on Oct. 26th. A It is quite fair to make the firemen bear their share of large number of members and visitors assembled to hear ani responsibility, for in many cases the masters have been at address given by Professor Alexander R. Simpson on thea their mercy as regards emission of smoke. These men have Invention and Evolution of the Midwifery Forceps. Asa thought it less troublesome to throw a quantity of coal-
FOR
more
,
.
.
.