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The US Federal policy for inspecting and operating pipelines: an overview
N DT Abstracts
Patel, H.B.; Cook, A.W. Acoustic emission leak m o n i t o r i n g in pressurized piping
41888
Journal of Acoustic Emission, Vol. 8, Nos. 1-2, pp. 5101-5102 (Jan. - Jun. 1989). Special Supplement - Extended Summaries of papers to be presented at the World Meeting on Acoustic Emission, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, 20-23 Mar. 1989 Acoustic emission (AE) is a promising technique for leak detection in pressurized pipes such as gas pipe lines and heat transport piping in power stations. Objectives of the present work were to determine the leak detection threshold by measuring AE voltages and frequency spectra, to examine the effects of temperature and pressure on generation of sound from a leak, and to look for any unique frequencies (signatures) characterizing a leak at a given temperature and/or pressure. AE was measured with two types of piezoelectric, differential transducers (narrow and wide band) located on the outer surface of the pipe specimen. Experimental procedures are described and results presented. 41757 Griffiths, R. O v e r v i e w o f oil refinery corrosion monitoring Non-Destructive Testing Australia, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 8-11 (Jan./Feb. 1989) Methods of and reasons for corrosion monitoring in Australian oil refineries are discussed in this paper. Oil refineries are large, complex arrays of equipment which process potentially highly corrosive fluids. The consequences of failure may be severe. Crude oil corrosion results from its salt, sulphur and nitrogen content and only an intimate knowledge of the refinery process permits corrosion black spots to he predicted. Flow diagrams are used to categorize the equipment. Process monitoring techniques include corrosion probes and coupons, monitoring pH of water removed from the process streams or other corrodants. Digital thickness meters for piping employ ultrasonic and radiographic techniques. 41745 Zhang, B.Q. Acoustic emission on-line monitoring for petrochemical plants Materials Evaluation, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 351-355 (Mar. 1989) To check whether there is a defect growth in the reinforced plate of the feed nozzle of a thermal cracking tower and in the weld seams of high-pressure-reforming pipeline of a synthetic ammonia plant and to assess the safety of equipment under operating conditions, acoustic emission (AE) on-lioe monitoring was conducted by use of a two-channel AE analyzer, a two-channel transient waveform recorder, and acoustic waveguides. The results showed only minor defect growth in a reinforced plate of the feed nozzle. As a result, it was possible to continue safe operation of the tower of the thermal cracking plant, avoiding unplanned shutdowns. In the pipeline, some discrete hydrogen- embrittled micro-cracks were found in the weld seams. In this case, it was not possible to ensure safe operation, and it was necessary to repair the welds during a planned shutdown. AE on-line monitoring as very satisfactory as it avoided some unplanned shutdowns, an obvious economic benefit. 41551
Berdonosov, V.A.; Boiko, D.A.; Lapshin, B.M.; Chakhlov,
V.L. N o n d e s t r u c t i v e inspection of the condition of oil pipeline
cleaning units Soviet Journal o f Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 428-431 (Feb. 1989) A reduction in downtime in main oil pipelines can be achieved using a combination acoustic and radiographic method. Stoppage of the cleaning units is very common. These are located using acoustic means i.e. increased acoustic noise at the point of stoppage. Inspection of the condition of the cleaning unit is conducted radiographic.ally. This device makes it possible to prevent emergency situations without dismantling the pipeline. 41170 Ulrich, L.W. The US Federal policy for inspecting and operating pipelines: an overview Pipes and Pipelines International, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 10-15 (Mar./Apr. 1989) The Department of Transportation (DOT) has safety authority over virtually every pipeline involving interstate commerce in the United States transporting natural gas and hazardous liquids. Safety regulations covering the design, construction, inspection, initial testing, operation, and maintenance of these pipelines have been established by DOT and are administered by the Research and Special Programmes Administration (RSPA). The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) is located within the RSPA. The operation and maintenance of existing pipelines is one of our greatest
384
concerns and that on which we are expending considerable resources in OPS. This is because the oil and gas pipelines in the US are aging. The economics in the oil and gas industry today make it more attractive to continue operating older pipelines rather than to replace them. Therefore, for the immediate future at least, the industry is faced with operating its existing pipeline system and utilizing the best methods it can develop in inspection and maintenance procedures to assure that the excellent safety record of this pipeline system is preserved. 40743 Nikiforova, Z.S.; Seregin, E.L O n the necessity for certification of nondestructive testing means and m e t h o d s Proceedings o f the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands) 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. I, pp. 537-538. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989 Nondestructive testing means are often employed for revealing critical states of machines, engines, special equipment systems to establish their safety. It is extremely important in atomic energy, air. water and railway transport, oil and gas pipelines, etc. In such conditions it is necessary to have complete conviction that the means and procedures used for the testing ensure the accuracy and control reliability of the equipment. 40556 Shannon, R.W.E.; Argent, C.J. Case studies aid choice among quantitative conditionm o n i t o r i n g strategies Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 87, No. 8, pp. 42-44 (20 Feb. 1989) Condition monitoring is used to demonstrate fitness for purpose and safety in pipelines. This paper presents two case studies of two condition monitoring packages, one a 40 year programme for a new pipeline and the other an 'on-off exercise on a 50 year old pipeline. Appraisal of these case studies can aid engineers decisions about pipeline monitoring. It is found that a failure risk remains even after conventional magnetic-flux-leakage pig inspection despite the elimination of corrosion effects. Repairs and failure costs must he added to the costs of condition monitoring programmes in estimating the overall expense involved. 40356 Scherbinin, V.E.; Shur, M.L. Experience gained in the use of the m a g n e t o g r a p h i c m e t h o d of NDT o f butt welds in oil a n d gas pipelines Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, London (United Kingdom), 13-17 Sep. 1987. Vol. 2, pp. I 110-1116. Pergamon Press, 3173 pp. (1988). This report is devoted to the problem of inspection of circumferential butt welds in tubular products. The advantages and limitations of the magnetographic method are discussed. It is shown that the magnetographic method possesses sufficient sensitivity to ensure reliable control of circumferential welds in pipes with wall thickness of up to 20 ram. 40005 Osborne, P.; Sonomatic Ltd. 'Time-of-flight diffraction' for ultrasonic inspection Underwater Systems Design, Vol. I 1, No. 1, pp. 22-23 (Jan. 1989) Following a comparative onshore trial of various ultrasonic inspection methods carried out by a major oil company early in 1988, a Sonomatic Zipscan 3 ultrasonic imaging system has been used to perform the first ultrasonic inspection of underwater pipe welds using the 'time-of- flight diffraction' (TOFD) principle. The object of the onshore trials was to establish a suitable method for monitoring weld root condition on subsea pipes. The TOFD technique proved to be the most accurate. 39941 Anon. Assessing the coating condition of buried pipelines Process Engineering, Vol. 69, No. 12, p. 47 (Dec. 1988) An electromagnetic survey technique developed to monitor crosscountry pipelines has been modified to suit plant situations. 39696 Shannon, R.W.E.; Jackson, L. Flux leakage testing applied to operational pipelines Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 12, pp. 1516-1524 (Nov. 1988) The successful results of a study of non destructive testing of high pressure gas and liquid transmission pipelines by ultrasonic and flux leakage methods is presented. On line condition monitoring, both externally and internally, using intelligent pigs, is necessary. The inspection problem is outlined in some detail. The shortcomings of ultrasonic inspection are complemented by using magnetic flux leakage techniques in addition, and this good performance under the extreme conditions imposed by both the product and the pipeline.
Patel, H.B.; Cook, A.W. Acoustic emission leak m o n i t o r i n g in pressurized piping
41888
Journal of Acoustic Emission, Vol. 8, Nos. 1-2, pp. 5101-5102 (Jan. - Jun. 1989). Special Supplement - Extended Summaries of papers to be presented at the World Meeting on Acoustic Emission, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, 20-23 Mar. 1989 Acoustic emission (AE) is a promising technique for leak detection in pressurized pipes such as gas pipe lines and heat transport piping in power stations. Objectives of the present work were to determine the leak detection threshold by measuring AE voltages and frequency spectra, to examine the effects of temperature and pressure on generation of sound from a leak, and to look for any unique frequencies (signatures) characterizing a leak at a given temperature and/or pressure. AE was measured with two types of piezoelectric, differential transducers (narrow and wide band) located on the outer surface of the pipe specimen. Experimental procedures are described and results presented. 41757 Griffiths, R. O v e r v i e w o f oil refinery corrosion monitoring Non-Destructive Testing Australia, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 8-11 (Jan./Feb. 1989) Methods of and reasons for corrosion monitoring in Australian oil refineries are discussed in this paper. Oil refineries are large, complex arrays of equipment which process potentially highly corrosive fluids. The consequences of failure may be severe. Crude oil corrosion results from its salt, sulphur and nitrogen content and only an intimate knowledge of the refinery process permits corrosion black spots to he predicted. Flow diagrams are used to categorize the equipment. Process monitoring techniques include corrosion probes and coupons, monitoring pH of water removed from the process streams or other corrodants. Digital thickness meters for piping employ ultrasonic and radiographic techniques. 41745 Zhang, B.Q. Acoustic emission on-line monitoring for petrochemical plants Materials Evaluation, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 351-355 (Mar. 1989) To check whether there is a defect growth in the reinforced plate of the feed nozzle of a thermal cracking tower and in the weld seams of high-pressure-reforming pipeline of a synthetic ammonia plant and to assess the safety of equipment under operating conditions, acoustic emission (AE) on-lioe monitoring was conducted by use of a two-channel AE analyzer, a two-channel transient waveform recorder, and acoustic waveguides. The results showed only minor defect growth in a reinforced plate of the feed nozzle. As a result, it was possible to continue safe operation of the tower of the thermal cracking plant, avoiding unplanned shutdowns. In the pipeline, some discrete hydrogen- embrittled micro-cracks were found in the weld seams. In this case, it was not possible to ensure safe operation, and it was necessary to repair the welds during a planned shutdown. AE on-line monitoring as very satisfactory as it avoided some unplanned shutdowns, an obvious economic benefit. 41551
Berdonosov, V.A.; Boiko, D.A.; Lapshin, B.M.; Chakhlov,
V.L. N o n d e s t r u c t i v e inspection of the condition of oil pipeline
cleaning units Soviet Journal o f Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 428-431 (Feb. 1989) A reduction in downtime in main oil pipelines can be achieved using a combination acoustic and radiographic method. Stoppage of the cleaning units is very common. These are located using acoustic means i.e. increased acoustic noise at the point of stoppage. Inspection of the condition of the cleaning unit is conducted radiographic.ally. This device makes it possible to prevent emergency situations without dismantling the pipeline. 41170 Ulrich, L.W. The US Federal policy for inspecting and operating pipelines: an overview Pipes and Pipelines International, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 10-15 (Mar./Apr. 1989) The Department of Transportation (DOT) has safety authority over virtually every pipeline involving interstate commerce in the United States transporting natural gas and hazardous liquids. Safety regulations covering the design, construction, inspection, initial testing, operation, and maintenance of these pipelines have been established by DOT and are administered by the Research and Special Programmes Administration (RSPA). The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) is located within the RSPA. The operation and maintenance of existing pipelines is one of our greatest
384
concerns and that on which we are expending considerable resources in OPS. This is because the oil and gas pipelines in the US are aging. The economics in the oil and gas industry today make it more attractive to continue operating older pipelines rather than to replace them. Therefore, for the immediate future at least, the industry is faced with operating its existing pipeline system and utilizing the best methods it can develop in inspection and maintenance procedures to assure that the excellent safety record of this pipeline system is preserved. 40743 Nikiforova, Z.S.; Seregin, E.L O n the necessity for certification of nondestructive testing means and m e t h o d s Proceedings o f the 12th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Amsterdam (Netherlands) 23-28 Apr. 1989, Vol. I, pp. 537-538. Edited by J. Boogaard and G.M. van Dijk, Elsevier, 1989 Nondestructive testing means are often employed for revealing critical states of machines, engines, special equipment systems to establish their safety. It is extremely important in atomic energy, air. water and railway transport, oil and gas pipelines, etc. In such conditions it is necessary to have complete conviction that the means and procedures used for the testing ensure the accuracy and control reliability of the equipment. 40556 Shannon, R.W.E.; Argent, C.J. Case studies aid choice among quantitative conditionm o n i t o r i n g strategies Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 87, No. 8, pp. 42-44 (20 Feb. 1989) Condition monitoring is used to demonstrate fitness for purpose and safety in pipelines. This paper presents two case studies of two condition monitoring packages, one a 40 year programme for a new pipeline and the other an 'on-off exercise on a 50 year old pipeline. Appraisal of these case studies can aid engineers decisions about pipeline monitoring. It is found that a failure risk remains even after conventional magnetic-flux-leakage pig inspection despite the elimination of corrosion effects. Repairs and failure costs must he added to the costs of condition monitoring programmes in estimating the overall expense involved. 40356 Scherbinin, V.E.; Shur, M.L. Experience gained in the use of the m a g n e t o g r a p h i c m e t h o d of NDT o f butt welds in oil a n d gas pipelines Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, London (United Kingdom), 13-17 Sep. 1987. Vol. 2, pp. I 110-1116. Pergamon Press, 3173 pp. (1988). This report is devoted to the problem of inspection of circumferential butt welds in tubular products. The advantages and limitations of the magnetographic method are discussed. It is shown that the magnetographic method possesses sufficient sensitivity to ensure reliable control of circumferential welds in pipes with wall thickness of up to 20 ram. 40005 Osborne, P.; Sonomatic Ltd. 'Time-of-flight diffraction' for ultrasonic inspection Underwater Systems Design, Vol. I 1, No. 1, pp. 22-23 (Jan. 1989) Following a comparative onshore trial of various ultrasonic inspection methods carried out by a major oil company early in 1988, a Sonomatic Zipscan 3 ultrasonic imaging system has been used to perform the first ultrasonic inspection of underwater pipe welds using the 'time-of- flight diffraction' (TOFD) principle. The object of the onshore trials was to establish a suitable method for monitoring weld root condition on subsea pipes. The TOFD technique proved to be the most accurate. 39941 Anon. Assessing the coating condition of buried pipelines Process Engineering, Vol. 69, No. 12, p. 47 (Dec. 1988) An electromagnetic survey technique developed to monitor crosscountry pipelines has been modified to suit plant situations. 39696 Shannon, R.W.E.; Jackson, L. Flux leakage testing applied to operational pipelines Materials Evaluation, Vol. 46, No. 12, pp. 1516-1524 (Nov. 1988) The successful results of a study of non destructive testing of high pressure gas and liquid transmission pipelines by ultrasonic and flux leakage methods is presented. On line condition monitoring, both externally and internally, using intelligent pigs, is necessary. The inspection problem is outlined in some detail. The shortcomings of ultrasonic inspection are complemented by using magnetic flux leakage techniques in addition, and this good performance under the extreme conditions imposed by both the product and the pipeline.