- Email: [email protected]
The Use of Alkaliphilic Bacteria-based Repair Solution for Porous Network Concrete Healing Mechanism
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0
7KHXVHRIDONDOLSKLOLFEDFWHULDEDVHGUHSDLUVROXWLRQIRU SRURXVQHWZRUNFRQFUHWHKHDOLQJPHFKDQLVP 6HQRW6DQJDGMLD 9LUJLQLH:LNWRUE+HQN-RQNHUVE(ULN6FKODQJHQE a
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia b Section of Materials & Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherland
$EVWUDFW %DFWHULDLQGXFHGFDOFLXPFDUERQDWHSUHFLSLWDWLRQEDVHGRQPHWDEROLFFRQYHUVLRQRIQXWULHQWVKDVEHHQDFNQRZOHGJHGIRUKDYLQJ SRWHQWLDOVLQVHOIKHDOLQJFHPHQWEDVHGPDWHULDOV5HFHQWVWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIEDFWHULDEDVHGUHSDLUVROXWLRQ OLTXLG IRU FRQFUHWH VXUIDFH UHSDLU 7KLV DUWLFOH GHPRQVWUDWHV WKH IHDVLEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH VROXWLRQ DV KHDOLQJ DJHQW WR EH LQMHFWHGLQWRSRURXVQHWZRUNFRQFUHWH 31& 7KLVW\SHRIFRQFUHWHKDVDSRURXVFRUHZKLFKFDQEHXVHGDVDPHGLDWRWUDQVSRUW KHDOLQJ DJHQWV LQWR WKH IUDFWXUH ]RQH 7KH UHSDLU FDSDFLW\ RI WKH VROXWLRQ KDYH EHHQ DVVHVVHG E\ PRQLWRULQJ WKH ELRPLQHUDO SUHFLSLWDWLRQLQWKHSRURXVF\OLQGHUFRUHV7KH;UD\WRPRJUDSK\DQGSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWVDWFHUWDLQWLPHLQWHUYDOZHUHFDUULHGRXW EHIRUH DQG DIWHU LQMHFWLRQ RI WKH VROXWLRQ 3ROLVKHG VHFWLRQV ZHUH SUHSDUHG DQG H[DPLQHG XQGHU (6(0 DIWHU KHDOLQJ SHULRG WR LQYHVWLJDWHKHDOLQJFDSDFLW\7KHKHDOLQJSRWHQWLDOZDVWKHQWHVWHGE\LQMHFWLQJWKHVROXWLRQLQWR31&7KHLQMHFWLRQRIWDSZDWHU DQGEDFWHULDEDVHGVROXWLRQZDVSHUIRUPHGWKURXJKSRURXVQHWZRUNXQWLOLWUHDFKHGDQGIOHZRXWWKURXJKWKHFUDFNZKLFKZDV IRUPHGE\WKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJORDGLQJ7KHKHDOLQJHIILFLHQF\ZDVPHDVXUHGE\ZDWHUSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWEHIRUHDQGDIWHULQMHFWLRQ DWVHYHUDOWLPHLQWHUYDOV7KHVSHFLPHQVLQMHFWHGZLWKEDFWHULDEDVHGVROXWLRQDQGFXUHGLQZHWFRQGLWLRQVKRZHGKLJKHUKHDOLQJ HIILFLHQF\FRPSDUHGWRGU\FXUHGVSHFLPHQV 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016. Keywords:6HOIKHDOLQJFRQFUHWH %LREDVHGKHDOLQJDJHQW
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:VVDQJDGML#IWXQVDFLG
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.387
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
607
,QWURGXFWLRQ )RUPDQ\SHRSOHQRWZHOOWUDLQHGLQELRORJ\WKHZRUGµEDFWHULD¶PHDQVVRPHWKLQJQRWVRIULHQGO\WRKXPDQ7KH\ DVVRFLDWHEDFWHULDZLWKpathogen –DJHQWWKDWFDXVHGLVHDVHDQGLQIHFWLRQ7KRXJKWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOGHDGO\EDFWHULD WKH JUHDW QXPEHU RI EDFWHULDO FRPPXQLWLHV KDYH QR FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK KXPDQ 5HFHQW VWXGLHV VKRZ WKDW EDFWHULDO HFRV\VWHPLQKDELWVLQKHDOWK\KXPDQVNLQPRXWKJHQLWDODUHDVDQGLQWHVWLQH7KLVKXPDQPLFURELRPH±a complex mutualism symbiotic of host-microbe±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±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acteria based repair solution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
608
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
2.2. Porous core and Porous Network Concrete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
)LJ&RQFHSWXDOZRUNLQJSULQFLSOHRIKHDOLQJDJHQWWUDQVSRUWLQWKH3RURXV1HWZRUN&RQFUHWH
)LJVKRZVDVHPLWUDQVSDUHQWSLFWXUHGHSLFWLQJ31&ZLWKSRURXVFRQFUHWHFRUHLQVLGHRIGHQVHFRQFUHWHEHDP 7KH V\VWHP VKRZV KHDOLQJ DJHQW VWDUW IORZLQJ WKURXJK WKH SRURXV FRUH ZKLFK HYHQWXDOO\ ZLOO UHDFK WKH FUDFN DQG VHDOLQJLWLQVLGHRXW ,QWKLVUHVHDUFKSURJUDP31&ZDVSUHSDUHGDVGHVFULEHGE\6DQJDGMLDQG6FKODQJHQ> @DVFRQFUHWHSULVPVZLWK GLPHQVLRQRIîîPP31&VSHFLPHQ(DFKVSHFLPHQFHQWHULQWHULRULVîîPPSRURXVFRQFUHWHDQG PP WKUHDGHG VWHHO UHEDU ZDV LQVWDOOHG XQGHU WKH FRUH %DFWHULD EDVHG VROXWLRQ ZDV LQMHFWHG IURP SRLQW RI LQMHFWLRQ 5HVHDUFKPHWKRGV 3.1. Calcite precipitation in the porous core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µ$¶ 6HULHV ' ZHUH WUHDWHG DV VHULHV µ$¶ EXW RQO\ IRRG VROXWLRQ LV LQMHFWHG ZLWKRXW EDFWHULD $QG ODVWO\ &RQWURO VHULHV ZHUHLQMHFWHGZLWKWDSZDWHURQO\
609
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
)LJ6HTXHQFHRIWKHWHVW
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rack sealing in the main body $ UHVHDUFK SURJUDP KDV EHHQ GHYLVHG WR LPSOHPHQW LQMHFWLRQ RI EDFWHULD EDVHG VROXWLRQ LQWR 3RURXV 1HWZRUN &RQFUHWH 31& SULVP7ZRW\SHRIWUHDWPHQWVZHUHLPSOHPHQWHGZLWKUHSOLFDWHV7KHµFRQWURO¶VHULHVUHFHLYHG LQMHFWLRQRIWDSZDWHUDQGµEDFWHULD¶VHULHVUHFHLYHGLQMHFWLRQRIEDFWHULDEDVHGVROXWLRQ7ZRGLIIHUHQWFXULQJZHUH FRQGXFWHGLQZKLFKµZHW¶VHULHVZHUHFXUHGLQ 5+DQG&FXULQJFKDPEHUZKLOHµGU\¶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µFRQWURO¶VHULHVDQGµEDFWHULD¶VHULHVVSHFLPHQVZHUHLQMHFWHGZLWKVROXWLRQ$DQG% LQWR $IWHUZDUGV VSHFLPHQ ZHUH FXUHG XQGHU ODE FRQGLWLRQ DQG LQ WKH KXPLG IRJ URRP SULRU WR DIWHUKHDOLQJ SHUPHDELOLW\WHVWDQGVHFRQGPHFKDQLFDOWKUHHSRLQWORDGLQJ
)LJD)DOOLQJKHDGSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWEVWUDLQFRQWUROOHGWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJ
610
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
&UDFN FORVXUH KDV EHHQ PRQLWRUHG EHIRUH DQG DQG GD\V DIWHU LQMHFWLRQ XQGHU VWHUHRPLFURVFRSH 4XDQWLILFDWLRQRIFUDFNKHDOLQJKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWXVLQJWKHPHWKRGDVGHVFULEHGE\:LNWRUDQG-RQNHUV>@ GD\VSRVWKHDOLQJSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWZDVH[HFXWHGWRPHDVXUHSHUPHDELOLW\UHGXFWLRQ 5HVXOW 4.1. Repair capacity of bacteria-based solution in the porous core 7KHUHLVDGLYHUVHGDWDREVHUYHGIURPZDWHUSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWLQSRURXVFRQFUHWHEHIRUHDQGDIWHUEDFWHULDEDVHG VROXWLRQLQMHFWLRQZLWKVHWXSDVGHSLFWHGLQSDQHO)LJ7KHUHDVRQLVWKDWWKHVSHFLPHQVDUHYHU\SRURXVZLWK DYHUDJHYRLGGLDPHWHURI±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¶VUHSDLUFDSDFLW\ZLWKLQSRURXVFRUH
)LJD&DEDVHGFU\VWDOIRUPDWLRQZLWKLQWKHVSHFLPHQ6HULHV$DWGD\VDIWHULQMHFWLRQE&D&2IRUPDWLRQLQWKHSRURXVFRUHZKHUH EDFWHULDLPSULQWVLQGLFDWHWKDWLWHQWRPEHGDIWHUFU\VWDOIRUPDWLRQJURZVLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHEDFWHULD
2EVHUYLQJSRURXVFRUHSROLVKHGVHFWLRQXQGHU(6(0KRZHYHULWZDVIRXQGVHYHUDOFDYLW\EHWZHHQHSR[\DQG WKH SRURXV FRUH PDWUL[ LQ VHULHV FRQWDLQLQJ QXWULHQWV EXW QRW LQ µFRQWURO¶ VHULHV LQMHFWHG ZLWK WDS ZDWHU RQO\ 7KH UHDVRQZDVWKHQXWULHQWVHQWUDSSHGGLVVROYHGZKHQWKHSROLVKHGVSHFLPHQVZHUHJURXQGRQWRSRIVDQGSDSHUIRU PLQXWHV ZLWK ZDWHU
611
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
DFKLHYHGOHDGLQJWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRI&D&2$VQXWULHQWVGLVVROYHGLQWKHVHULHV'PDQ\FDYLWLHVDUHREVHUYHGLQ WKHVSHFLPHQVEXWQREDFWHULDPHGLDWHGFDOFLWHSUHFLSLWDWLRQLVREVHUYHG ,WLVGHGXFHGIURPWKHH[SHULPHQWWKDWWKHUHLVSRWHQWLDORIKHDOLQJFDSDFLW\E\PHDQVRI&D&IRUPDWLRQZKHUH DONDOLSKLOLFEDFWHULDDUHDQLQGLVSHQVDEOHHOHPHQWRIWKHV\VWHP1HYHUWKHOHVVPRUHH[WHUQDO&DVDOWLVQHHGHGLQWKH V\VWHPWRSURGXFHPRUH&D&2IRUPDWLRQDPRXQWQHFHVVDU\WRVHDOFUDFNIRUPDWLRQ 4.2. Self-healing capacity in PNC prism )RU31&SULVPVWKHUHVXOWVRILQLWLDOSHUPHDELOLW\VKRZHGWKDWSRURXVFRUHLVSHUYLRXVDQGDIWHUFUDFNIRUPDWLRQ LQWKHPLGVSDQWKHUHZDVZDWHUOHDNDJHIURPWKHFUDFNRSHQLQJ)LJDDQGFVKRZWKHFUDFNSDWKLQWKHERWWRP RI WKH 31& VSHFLPHQ DIWHU WKUHHSRLQW EHQGLQJ WHVW )URP WKLV FUDFN IRUPDWLRQ OLTXLG FDQ IORZ RXW RU LQ WR WKH FRQFUHWHPDWUL[
)LJD&UDFNRILQWKH31&SULVPDIWHUWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJWHVW GD\ E&D&2IRUPDWLRQLQWKHFUFDNRIGU\FXUHG31&F&UDFNRILQWKH 31&SULVPDIWHUWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJWHVW GD\ GSUHFLSLWDWLRQRIELRPLQHUDOVLQWKHFUDFN]RQHIRUZHWFXUHG31&
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
612
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
)LJD/RDGFUDFNPRXWKRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQW &02) JUDSKVRIEDFWHULDEDVHGKHDOLQJVSHFLPHQ E/RDGLQJF\FOHJUDSKVRIFRQWUROVSHFLPHQ
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²$5HYLHZ0DWHULDOVYROSS
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 –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
613
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0
7KHXVHRIDONDOLSKLOLFEDFWHULDEDVHGUHSDLUVROXWLRQIRU SRURXVQHWZRUNFRQFUHWHKHDOLQJPHFKDQLVP 6HQRW6DQJDGMLD 9LUJLQLH:LNWRUE+HQN-RQNHUVE(ULN6FKODQJHQE a
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia b Section of Materials & Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherland
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© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016. Keywords:6HOIKHDOLQJFRQFUHWH %LREDVHGKHDOLQJDJHQW
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:VVDQJDGML#IWXQVDFLG
1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.387
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
607
,QWURGXFWLRQ )RUPDQ\SHRSOHQRWZHOOWUDLQHGLQELRORJ\WKHZRUGµEDFWHULD¶PHDQVVRPHWKLQJQRWVRIULHQGO\WRKXPDQ7KH\ DVVRFLDWHEDFWHULDZLWKpathogen –DJHQWWKDWFDXVHGLVHDVHDQGLQIHFWLRQ7KRXJKWKHUHDUHVHYHUDOGHDGO\EDFWHULD WKH JUHDW QXPEHU RI EDFWHULDO FRPPXQLWLHV KDYH QR FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWK KXPDQ 5HFHQW VWXGLHV VKRZ WKDW EDFWHULDO HFRV\VWHPLQKDELWVLQKHDOWK\KXPDQVNLQPRXWKJHQLWDODUHDVDQGLQWHVWLQH7KLVKXPDQPLFURELRPH±a complex mutualism symbiotic of host-microbe±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±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acteria based repair solution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
608
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
2.2. Porous core and Porous Network Concrete 2QHLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWWRPDNHFRQFUHWHVHOIKHDOLQJLVWKHWUDQVSRUWRIKHDOLQJDJHQWLQWRWKHGDPDJHLHIUDFWXUH RUFUDFN]RQH,QRUJDQLVPVQXWULHQWVWUDQVSRUWDSSHDUDWPLFUROHYHOE\PHDQVRIFHOOXODUWUDQVSRUWDQGYLDYDVFXODU V\VWHPLQWKHPDFUROHYHO,QFRQFUHWHWUDQVSRUWRIVXEVWDQFHLVLQIOXHQFHGE\VHYHUDOIDFWRUV VXFKDVJUDGLHQWVRI WHPSHUDWXUH SUHVVXUH KXPLGLW\ RU VROXWLRQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ :LWKRXW H[WHUQDO GULYLQJ IRUFH WKHVH LQWULQVLF IDFWRUV KRZHYHUPLJKWQRWHQRXJKWRWUDQVIHUKHDOLQJDJHQWWRWKHIUDFWXUH]RQH ,PLWDWLQJERQHVKDSH3RURXV1HWZRUN&RQFUHWHZDVGHVLJQHGE\6DQJDGMLDQG6FKODQJHQ>@E\HPEHGGLQJWKLV SRURXV FRQFUHWH FRUH DV LQWHULRU RI FRQYHQWLRQDO FRQFUHWH 31& FRQVLVW RI WZR W\SH RI FRQFUHWH QRUPDO GHQVH FRQFUHWH DQG SHUYLRXV FRQFUHWH DV SRURXV FRUH %RWK FRQFUHWHV DUH PDGH RI FHPHQW ZDWHU DQG DJJUHJDWH ZKHUH VRPH DGPL[WXUHV PD\ EH DGGHG WR DFKLHYH VSHFLILHG FULWHULD ,QSHUYLRXV FRQFUHWH ILQH DJJUHJDWH LV QRW XVHG DQG QDUURZGLVWULEXWLRQRIFRDUVHDJJUHJDWHLVHPSOR\HG7KHSRURXVFRUHZKLFKKDVLQWHUFRQQHFWHGYRLGWKXVOLTXLGWR FHUWDLQOHYHORIYLVFRVLW\FDQIORZHDVLO\LVXVHGDVDFKDQQHOIRUKHDOLQJDJHQW
)LJ&RQFHSWXDOZRUNLQJSULQFLSOHRIKHDOLQJDJHQWWUDQVSRUWLQWKH3RURXV1HWZRUN&RQFUHWH
)LJVKRZVDVHPLWUDQVSDUHQWSLFWXUHGHSLFWLQJ31&ZLWKSRURXVFRQFUHWHFRUHLQVLGHRIGHQVHFRQFUHWHEHDP 7KH V\VWHP VKRZV KHDOLQJ DJHQW VWDUW IORZLQJ WKURXJK WKH SRURXV FRUH ZKLFK HYHQWXDOO\ ZLOO UHDFK WKH FUDFN DQG VHDOLQJLWLQVLGHRXW ,QWKLVUHVHDUFKSURJUDP31&ZDVSUHSDUHGDVGHVFULEHGE\6DQJDGMLDQG6FKODQJHQ> @DVFRQFUHWHSULVPVZLWK GLPHQVLRQRIîîPP31&VSHFLPHQ(DFKVSHFLPHQFHQWHULQWHULRULVîîPPSRURXVFRQFUHWHDQG PP WKUHDGHG VWHHO UHEDU ZDV LQVWDOOHG XQGHU WKH FRUH %DFWHULD EDVHG VROXWLRQ ZDV LQMHFWHG IURP SRLQW RI LQMHFWLRQ 5HVHDUFKPHWKRGV 3.1. Calcite precipitation in the porous core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µ$¶ 6HULHV ' ZHUH WUHDWHG DV VHULHV µ$¶ EXW RQO\ IRRG VROXWLRQ LV LQMHFWHG ZLWKRXW EDFWHULD $QG ODVWO\ &RQWURO VHULHV ZHUHLQMHFWHGZLWKWDSZDWHURQO\
609
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
)LJ6HTXHQFHRIWKHWHVW
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rack sealing in the main body $ UHVHDUFK SURJUDP KDV EHHQ GHYLVHG WR LPSOHPHQW LQMHFWLRQ RI EDFWHULD EDVHG VROXWLRQ LQWR 3RURXV 1HWZRUN &RQFUHWH 31& SULVP7ZRW\SHRIWUHDWPHQWVZHUHLPSOHPHQWHGZLWKUHSOLFDWHV7KHµFRQWURO¶VHULHVUHFHLYHG LQMHFWLRQRIWDSZDWHUDQGµEDFWHULD¶VHULHVUHFHLYHGLQMHFWLRQRIEDFWHULDEDVHGVROXWLRQ7ZRGLIIHUHQWFXULQJZHUH FRQGXFWHGLQZKLFKµZHW¶VHULHVZHUHFXUHGLQ 5+DQG&FXULQJFKDPEHUZKLOHµGU\¶VHULHVZHUHFXUHG XQGHUODEFRQGLWLRQZLWK5+DQGWHPSHUDWXUH& ,QLWLDOSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWZDVSHUIRUPHGE\IORZLQJZDWHUIURPSRLQWRILQMHFWLRQ D WRWKHRSSRVLWHSRLQWRXWIORZ E SULRUWRFUDFNIRUPDWLRQDVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJD7KHQFUDFNIRUPDWLRQLQWKHSULVPPLGVSDQZDVFDUULHGRXWE\ PHDQVRIVWUDLQFRQWUROOHGWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJDVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJE,QLWLDOFUDFNZLGWKLQWKHEHDPERWWRPVLGH ZDV DFKLHYHG DURXQG P 7KH SUHKHDOLQJ SHUPHDELOLW\ WHVW WKH ZDV SHUIRUPHG E\ EORFNLQJ SRLQW E WKHUHIRUHZDWHUOHDNHGRXWIURPFUDFNRSHQLQJ$IWHUWKHFRUHDFKLHYHGVDWXUDWHGVXUIDFHGU\WKHQ31&SULVPZDV LQMHFWHGZLWKPORIZDWHUIRUµFRQWURO¶VHULHVDQGµEDFWHULD¶VHULHVVSHFLPHQVZHUHLQMHFWHGZLWKVROXWLRQ$DQG% LQWR $IWHUZDUGV VSHFLPHQ ZHUH FXUHG XQGHU ODE FRQGLWLRQ DQG LQ WKH KXPLG IRJ URRP SULRU WR DIWHUKHDOLQJ SHUPHDELOLW\WHVWDQGVHFRQGPHFKDQLFDOWKUHHSRLQWORDGLQJ
)LJD)DOOLQJKHDGSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWEVWUDLQFRQWUROOHGWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJ
610
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
&UDFN FORVXUH KDV EHHQ PRQLWRUHG EHIRUH DQG DQG GD\V DIWHU LQMHFWLRQ XQGHU VWHUHRPLFURVFRSH 4XDQWLILFDWLRQRIFUDFNKHDOLQJKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWXVLQJWKHPHWKRGDVGHVFULEHGE\:LNWRUDQG-RQNHUV>@ GD\VSRVWKHDOLQJSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWZDVH[HFXWHGWRPHDVXUHSHUPHDELOLW\UHGXFWLRQ 5HVXOW 4.1. Repair capacity of bacteria-based solution in the porous core 7KHUHLVDGLYHUVHGDWDREVHUYHGIURPZDWHUSHUPHDELOLW\WHVWLQSRURXVFRQFUHWHEHIRUHDQGDIWHUEDFWHULDEDVHG VROXWLRQLQMHFWLRQZLWKVHWXSDVGHSLFWHGLQSDQHO)LJ7KHUHDVRQLVWKDWWKHVSHFLPHQVDUHYHU\SRURXVZLWK DYHUDJHYRLGGLDPHWHURI±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¶VUHSDLUFDSDFLW\ZLWKLQSRURXVFRUH
)LJD&DEDVHGFU\VWDOIRUPDWLRQZLWKLQWKHVSHFLPHQ6HULHV$DWGD\VDIWHULQMHFWLRQE&D&2IRUPDWLRQLQWKHSRURXVFRUHZKHUH EDFWHULDLPSULQWVLQGLFDWHWKDWLWHQWRPEHGDIWHUFU\VWDOIRUPDWLRQJURZVLQWKHYLFLQLW\RIWKHEDFWHULD
2EVHUYLQJSRURXVFRUHSROLVKHGVHFWLRQXQGHU(6(0KRZHYHULWZDVIRXQGVHYHUDOFDYLW\EHWZHHQHSR[\DQG WKH SRURXV FRUH PDWUL[ LQ VHULHV FRQWDLQLQJ QXWULHQWV EXW QRW LQ µFRQWURO¶ VHULHV LQMHFWHG ZLWK WDS ZDWHU RQO\ 7KH UHDVRQZDVWKHQXWULHQWVHQWUDSSHGGLVVROYHGZKHQWKHSROLVKHGVSHFLPHQVZHUHJURXQGRQWRSRIVDQGSDSHUIRU PLQXWHV ZLWK ZDWHU
611
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
DFKLHYHGOHDGLQJWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRI&D&2$VQXWULHQWVGLVVROYHGLQWKHVHULHV'PDQ\FDYLWLHVDUHREVHUYHGLQ WKHVSHFLPHQVEXWQREDFWHULDPHGLDWHGFDOFLWHSUHFLSLWDWLRQLVREVHUYHG ,WLVGHGXFHGIURPWKHH[SHULPHQWWKDWWKHUHLVSRWHQWLDORIKHDOLQJFDSDFLW\E\PHDQVRI&D&IRUPDWLRQZKHUH DONDOLSKLOLFEDFWHULDDUHDQLQGLVSHQVDEOHHOHPHQWRIWKHV\VWHP1HYHUWKHOHVVPRUHH[WHUQDO&DVDOWLVQHHGHGLQWKH V\VWHPWRSURGXFHPRUH&D&2IRUPDWLRQDPRXQWQHFHVVDU\WRVHDOFUDFNIRUPDWLRQ 4.2. Self-healing capacity in PNC prism )RU31&SULVPVWKHUHVXOWVRILQLWLDOSHUPHDELOLW\VKRZHGWKDWSRURXVFRUHLVSHUYLRXVDQGDIWHUFUDFNIRUPDWLRQ LQWKHPLGVSDQWKHUHZDVZDWHUOHDNDJHIURPWKHFUDFNRSHQLQJ)LJDDQGFVKRZWKHFUDFNSDWKLQWKHERWWRP RI WKH 31& VSHFLPHQ DIWHU WKUHHSRLQW EHQGLQJ WHVW )URP WKLV FUDFN IRUPDWLRQ OLTXLG FDQ IORZ RXW RU LQ WR WKH FRQFUHWHPDWUL[
)LJD&UDFNRILQWKH31&SULVPDIWHUWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJWHVW GD\ E&D&2IRUPDWLRQLQWKHFUFDNRIGU\FXUHG31&F&UDFNRILQWKH 31&SULVPDIWHUWKUHHSRLQWEHQGLQJWHVW GD\ GSUHFLSLWDWLRQRIELRPLQHUDOVLQWKHFUDFN]RQHIRUZHWFXUHG31&
7KHH[SHULPHQWVKRZHGWKDWZHWFXUHGEDFWHULDVHULHVH[KLELWHGFRPSOHWHSHUPHDELOLW\UHGXFWLRQDVLWFDQEHVHHQ IURPWKH)LJGZKHUHSUHFLSLWDWLRQRIELRPLQHUDOVEORFNVWKHFUDFNSDWKWKHUHIRUHQRZDWHUFDQQRWIORZRXWIURP SHUPHDELOLW\ WHVW 0HDQZKLOH GU\ FXUHG VSHFLPHQ VKRZV OLPLWHG UHGXFWLRQ DV VHHQ LQ )LJ E ,W FDQ EH GHGXFHG IURP WKH H[SHULPHQW DQG YLVXDO REVHUYDWLRQ XQGHU PLFURVFRSH WKDW WKH OLTXLG WLJKWQHVV RI WKH KHDOHG VSHFLPHQ LV REWDLQIXOO\XVLQJEDFWHULDEDVHGVROXWLRQLQMHFWHGSURYLGHGHQRXJKKXPLGLW\IRUWKHELRPLQHUDOL]DWLRQSURFHVV
612
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 – 613
)LJD/RDGFUDFNPRXWKRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQW &02) JUDSKVRIEDFWHULDEDVHGKHDOLQJVSHFLPHQ E/RDGLQJF\FOHJUDSKVRIFRQWUROVSHFLPHQ
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²$5HYLHZ0DWHULDOVYROSS
Senot Sangadji et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 606 –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
613