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The Use of Cottonseed Meal in the Chick Starting Ration*
T h e Use of Cottonseed Meal in the Chick Starting 7 Ration* R . C. RlNGROSE AND C. L. MORGAN Poultry Department, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, South Carolina (Presented at Annual Meeting, August 1937; received for publication August 13, 1937)
XTENSIVE studies have been made relative to the use of cottonseed meal in rations for laying hens. The majority of these studies indicate that for egg production cottonseed meal may be satisfactorily used to replace part of the animal protein (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 17). On the other hand, when the eggs produced on such a ration are placed in storage, there develops a characteristic darkening of the yolk which renders the eggs unfit for sale (6, 13, 14, 16, 18). Because of this effect on the storage quality of the eggs the poultryman has not been able to utilize cottonseed meal to any great extent in laying rations. The possibility of using this product in a ration for growing chicks is thus suggested. Hartwell and Lichtenthaeler (5) in one of the earliest experiments with cottonseed meal for chicks recognized the need for additional mineral supplements. When these supplements were supplied and the chicks limited to the same nitrogen intake, the gains were not very different whether cottonseed meal or beef scraps formed the chief source of nitrogen. Bethke and coworkers (4) compared cottonseed and linseed meal as sources of protein for growing chicks with results definitely in favor of the cottonseed meal. Mussehl and Ackerson (10) found cottonseed meal to be less satisfactory for growth than soybean meal * Technical Contribution No. 50. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Published by permission of the Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.
or the animal protein concentrates tested, except blood meal. Berry (3) found that in a ration containing 10 percent dried buttermilk, cottonseed meal supplied the additional protein necessary for satisfactory growth just as efficiently as meat and bone scrap. Sherwood and Couch (IS) and Morgan and Sowell (9) report satisfactory results when part of the animal protein was replaced by cottonseed meal protein. In view of present knowledge regarding the high requirement of chicks for riboflavin (vitamin G) it appears that the growth obtained on cottonseed meal in some of the earlier experiments may have been limited by this vitamin (11). In addition, the substitution of cottonseed meal for meat scrap alters the amount of this vitamin in the ration (11, 19), although meat scrap is not considered to be a particularly good source of riboflavin. It appeared desirable, therefore, to conduct additional experiments with cottonseed meal giving special attention to the amount of riboflavin supplied. EXPERIMENTAL
Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series was run in duplicate using 25 S. C. White Leghorn chicks in each pen. The chicks were brooded four weeks in a battery brooder and then transferred to wire floored pens in a heated room. Weekly individual weighings and feed consumption records were kept. Sufficient feed for each series of rations was secured before the experiment began and
[109]
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110
R. C. RlNGROSE AND C. L . MORGAN TABLE 1.—Cottonseed meal experiment No. 1 rations and growth results
Ingredient
Pen 2 Percent
Pen 3 Percent
Pen 4 Percent
Pen 5 Percent
49.77 25.00 18.48 — 3.00 — 3.00 — 50 .25 18.00
42.01 25.00 19.74
41.13 25.00 14.81 5.81
38.89 25.00 10.04 11.82
36.65 25.00 5.08 18.02
7.50 5.00
7.50 5.00
—
.50 .25 18.00
—
.50 .25 18.00
7.50 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
7.50 5.00 2.00 .50 .25 18.00
560.9 15.17 3.52 1
543.4 14.93 3.80 2
617.8 15.34 3.48 0
597.7 26.16 3.68 0
584.7 26.57 3.84 0
Yellow corn meal Wheat middlings Meat scraps (50% protein) Cottonseed meal Dried skim milk Dried whey Alfalfa leaf meal (dehydrated) Steamed bone meal Salt Cod-liver oil (concentrate) Per cent protein Wtd. ave.—8 wks Standard error Gms. feed per gm. gain Mortality—number
the necessary chemical analyses made. The same lot of cottonseed meal was used throughout the experiments. It was a prime quality meal containing approximately 41 percent of protein. In the first series of experiments cottonseed meal was use to replace one-fourth, one-half and three-fourths of the meat scrap protein. Mineral additions were made, on the basis of average analyses, to adjust to 1.5 percent calcium and 1.0 percent of phosphorus and 7.5 percent of dried whey and 5 percent of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal were used as sources of riboflavin.
—
A relatively high level of riboflavin was used in order to offset any reduction which might occur through the replacement of the meat scrap with cottonseed meal (19). As a check on the control ration for the experiment, a ration containing meat scrap, dried skimmilk and dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal was also fed. This ration has given quite uniform results over a period of time. The rations used and the results obtained from the duplicate experiments are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The data obtained in the duplicate trials show fairly uniform results for growth, feed
TABLE 2.—Cottonseed meal experiment No. 2 rations and growth results
Ingredient Yellow corn meal Wheat middlings Meat scraps (50% protein) Cottonseed meal Dried skim milk Dried whey Alfalfa leaf meal (dehydrated) Steamed bone meal Salt :.. Cod-liver oil (concentrate) Percent protein Wtd. ave.—8 wks Standard error Gms. feed per gm. gain Mortality—number
Pen 6 Percent
Pen 7 Percent
Pen 8 Percent
Pen 9 Percent
Pen 10 Percent
49.77 25.00 18.48 — 3.00 — 3.00 — 50 .25 18.00
42.01 25.00 19.74
—
41.13 25.00 14.81 5.81
38.89 25.00 10.04 11.82
36.65 25.00 5.08 18.02
7.50 5.00
7.50 5.00
—
.50 .25 18.00
—
.50 .25 18.00
7.50 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
7.50 5.00 2.00 .50 .25 18.00
569.4 13.13 3.50 1
522.6 15.47 3.71 0
622.8 15.93 3.47 0
601.6 16.89 3.81 0
555.3 15.23 4.12 2
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on June 19, 2015
Pen 1 Percent
T H E USE OF COTTONSEED MEAL IN THE CHICK STARTING RATION
111
TABLE 3.—Cottonseed tneal experiment No. 3 rations and growth results Pen 6 Pen 5 Percent Percent
Pen 7 Percent
Pen 1 Percent
Pen 2 Percent
Pen 3 Percent
Pen 4 Percent
Yellow corn meal Wheat middlings Meat scraps (50% protein) Cottonseed meal Dried skim milk Dried whey Alfalfa leaf meal (dehydrated)... Oyster shell meal Salt Cod-liver oil (concentrate) Per cent protein
45.38 25.00 13.87 — 10.00 — 5.00 — 50 .25 18.00
50.22 25.00 10.72 12.31
46.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
44.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
42.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
41.07 25.00 9.86 11.32
39.07 25.00 9.86 11.32
1.00 .50 .25 18.00
5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
2.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
4.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
6.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
8.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
487.9 26.24 3.61 0
603.4 20.54 3.42 1
590.6 28.44 3.48 1
616.5 25.54 3.37 0
645.3 18.02 3.44 1
600.5 18.53 3.79 0
Wtd. ave.—8 wks
. . . . 664.0
Gms. feed per gm. gain
....
3.15 0
_ —
consumption and mortality. With one exception the mortality all occurred within the first three weeks. Analysis of the data from the first experiment, using the difference divided by its standard error as the criterion for significance shows that pen 3 was significantly better than pen 2 (control), but no better than pen 1. The difference between pens 1 and 2 may be only the normal variation, but since a greater difference in the same direction occurred in the duplicate trial it is possible that there was a small growth effect due to the difference in the milk protein. Pens 4
and 5 did not prove to be significantly better than pen 2. In the duplicate experiment, Table 2, pens 8 and 9 were significantly better than pen 7 (control), but no better than pen 6. Pen 8 was also bordering on statistical significance when compared to pen 10. Since the level of riboflavin used in the first series of experiments was relatively high, it seemed desirable to carry out a second series using graded levels of riboflavin with one protein combination. This series would also yield additional data for the particular protein combination selected.
TABLE 4.—Cottonseed meal experiment No. 4 rations and growth results
Ingredient
Penl Percent
Pen 2 Percent
Pen 3 Percent
Pen 4 Percent
Pen 5 Percent
Pen 6 Percent
Pen 7 Percent
Yellow corn meal Wheat middlings Meat scraps (50% protein) Cottonseed meal Dried skim milk Dried whey Alfalfa leaf meal (dehydrated)... Oyster shell meal Salt Cod-liver oil (concentrate) Per cent protein
45.38 25.00 13.87 — 10.00 — 5.00 — 50 .25 18.00
50.22 25.00 10.72 12.31
46.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
44.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
42.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
41.07 25.00 9.86 11.32
39.07 25.00 9.86 11.32
—
1.00 .50 .25 18.00
5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
2.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
4.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
6.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
8.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
614:2 15.13 3.57 0
405.5 28.58 4.37 0
513.9 23.66 3.88 0
558.8 17.69 3.68 0
569.1 17.31 3.73 0
578.8 19.08 3.79 0
591.8 18.72 4.07 2
Wtd. ave.—8 wks Standard error Gms. feed per gm. gain Mortality—number
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on June 19, 2015
Ingredient
112
R. C. RlNGROSE AND C. L. MORGAN SUMMARY
Two series of experiments have been conducted using prime quality cottonseed meal (41 percent) as a protein supplement. The results indicate that cottonseed meal may be used satisfactorily in a starting ration for chicks when properly supplemented. In the first series of duplicate experiments cottonseed meal was used to replace up to three-fourths of the meat scrap protein. Mineral additions were made where necessary and 7.5 percent of dried whey and 5 percent of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal were used as sources of riboflavin. Growth on the cottonseed meal rations was equal to that on the control ration which was composed of yellow corn meal, wheat middlings, meat scrap, dried whey and alfalfa meal. In the second series of experiments a combination of equal parts of protein from cottonseed meal and meat scrap was supplemented with dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal and dried whey in order to determine the quantity of these supplements needed to supply riboflavin. The sample of meat scrap used was relatively potent in this vitamin since a ration containing 5 percent of alfalfa meal with this protein combination gave growth equal to rations in which 5 percent of alfalfa meal and 2 percent or more of dried whey were used as sources of riboflavin. REFERENCES
1. Ahrens, B. A., 1917. A study of the effect of cottonseed meal vs. beef scrap upon the egg production, fertility, and vitality of poultry. Oklahoma Sta. Bull. 112. 2. Berry, L. N., 1930. The relative value of cottonseed meal and tankage for egg production. New Mexico Sta. Bull. 183. 3. Berry, L. N., 1934. A comparison of the nutritive value of cottonseed meal, alfalfa meal, and meat and bone scraps in a ration for growing
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on June 19, 2015
In keeping with the general recommendation that one-half the animal protein may be replaced by protein of vegetable origin, and in view of the results obtained in the first series of experiments, it was decided to use a combination of equal parts of protein from meat scrap and cottonseed meal for the second series. The second series of experiments was conducted in much the same manner as the first, except that the two experiments were spaced six weeks apart. Twenty chicks per pen were used in experiment 3 and 25 were used in experiment 4. Dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal and dried whey were selected for use as the riboflavin supplements. A ration containing liberal quantities of meat scrap, dried skimmilk and dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal was used as the control. The rations used and results obtained from the two experiments are v presented in Tables 3 and 4. The growth results of experiment 4 were somewhat less than for experiment 3 due to the onset of warmer weather particularly during the last three weeks of the experiment. The mortality was again confined to the early weeks of the experiments. Eliminating from consideration pen 2 in each experiment the only statistical significance found was between pens 1 and 3 of experiment 4. Since the results obtained in these experiments represent the use of only one sample of cottonseed meal it would seem desirable to secure additional information on the variability of this product. From the writers' knowledge of the method of processing the cottonseed, there appears to be considerable variation among the mills regarding the temperature and length of time the seed is cooked. It is possible that these factors would result in the production of meals with varying nutritive properties.
T H E U S E OF COTTONSEED M E A L I N T H E C H I C K STARTING RATION
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. 18.
&
The vitamin G requirement of poultry. Cornell Sta. Bull. 660. Sherwood, R. M., 1924. Comparative influences of various protein feeds on laying hens. Texas Sta. Bull. 317. Sherwood, R. M., 1928. The effect of various rations on the storage quality of eggs. Texas Sta. Bull. 376. Sherwood, R. M., 1931. The effect of cottonseed meal and other feeds on the storage quality of eggs. Texas Sta. Bull. 429. Sherwood, R. M., and J. R. Couch, 1933. Feeding for efficient growth and prevention of slipped tendons in chickens. Texas Sta. Bull. 476. Smith, R. M., 1937. The influence of some factors on the storage quality of eggs. Arkansas Sta. Bull. 341. Thompson, R. B., 1918. Poultry feeding experiment. New Mexico Sta. Bull. 117. Walker, A. L., L. N. Berry, and E. E. Anderson, 1929. New Mexico egg storage studies. Part I. New Mexico Sta. Bull. 177. Whitsitt, May L., 1933. Vitamin B (Bi) and G (B2) content of cottonseed products. Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chem. 25:1169.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on June 19, 2015
chicks. New Mexico Sta. Bull. 221. 4. Bethke, R. M., G. Bohstedt, H. L. Lassman, D. C. Kennard, and B. H. Edington, 1928. The comparative nutritive value of the proteins of linseed meal and cottonseed meal for different animals. Jour. Agr. Res. 36:855. 5. Hartwell, B. L., and R. A. Lichtenthaeler, 1914. The availability of the nitrogen of cottonseed meal and of beef scrap for chicks. Rhode Island Sta. Bull. 156. 6. Kempster, H. L., 1930. The influence of various protein concentrates on egg production. Missouri Sta. Bull. 288. 7. Kennard, D. C , 1924. A simple mineral mixture for chickens. Ohio Sta. Monthly Bull. 9:159. 8. Morgan, C. L., 1931. Poultry feeding experiments. South Carolina Sta. Bull. 273. 9. Morgan, C. L., and D. F. Sowell, 1935. Fortyeighth annual report of the South Carolina Experiment Station, p. 68. 10. Mussehl, F. E., and C. W. Ackerson, 1931. Utilization of proteins by the growing chick. Nebraska Sta. Res. Bull. 55. 11. Norris, L. C , H. S. Wilgus, Jr., A. T. Ringrose, V. Heiman, and G. F. Heuser, 1936./
113
XTENSIVE studies have been made relative to the use of cottonseed meal in rations for laying hens. The majority of these studies indicate that for egg production cottonseed meal may be satisfactorily used to replace part of the animal protein (1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 12, 17). On the other hand, when the eggs produced on such a ration are placed in storage, there develops a characteristic darkening of the yolk which renders the eggs unfit for sale (6, 13, 14, 16, 18). Because of this effect on the storage quality of the eggs the poultryman has not been able to utilize cottonseed meal to any great extent in laying rations. The possibility of using this product in a ration for growing chicks is thus suggested. Hartwell and Lichtenthaeler (5) in one of the earliest experiments with cottonseed meal for chicks recognized the need for additional mineral supplements. When these supplements were supplied and the chicks limited to the same nitrogen intake, the gains were not very different whether cottonseed meal or beef scraps formed the chief source of nitrogen. Bethke and coworkers (4) compared cottonseed and linseed meal as sources of protein for growing chicks with results definitely in favor of the cottonseed meal. Mussehl and Ackerson (10) found cottonseed meal to be less satisfactory for growth than soybean meal * Technical Contribution No. 50. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Published by permission of the Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station.
or the animal protein concentrates tested, except blood meal. Berry (3) found that in a ration containing 10 percent dried buttermilk, cottonseed meal supplied the additional protein necessary for satisfactory growth just as efficiently as meat and bone scrap. Sherwood and Couch (IS) and Morgan and Sowell (9) report satisfactory results when part of the animal protein was replaced by cottonseed meal protein. In view of present knowledge regarding the high requirement of chicks for riboflavin (vitamin G) it appears that the growth obtained on cottonseed meal in some of the earlier experiments may have been limited by this vitamin (11). In addition, the substitution of cottonseed meal for meat scrap alters the amount of this vitamin in the ration (11, 19), although meat scrap is not considered to be a particularly good source of riboflavin. It appeared desirable, therefore, to conduct additional experiments with cottonseed meal giving special attention to the amount of riboflavin supplied. EXPERIMENTAL
Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series was run in duplicate using 25 S. C. White Leghorn chicks in each pen. The chicks were brooded four weeks in a battery brooder and then transferred to wire floored pens in a heated room. Weekly individual weighings and feed consumption records were kept. Sufficient feed for each series of rations was secured before the experiment began and
[109]
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on June 19, 2015
E
110
R. C. RlNGROSE AND C. L . MORGAN TABLE 1.—Cottonseed meal experiment No. 1 rations and growth results
Ingredient
Pen 2 Percent
Pen 3 Percent
Pen 4 Percent
Pen 5 Percent
49.77 25.00 18.48 — 3.00 — 3.00 — 50 .25 18.00
42.01 25.00 19.74
41.13 25.00 14.81 5.81
38.89 25.00 10.04 11.82
36.65 25.00 5.08 18.02
7.50 5.00
7.50 5.00
—
.50 .25 18.00
—
.50 .25 18.00
7.50 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
7.50 5.00 2.00 .50 .25 18.00
560.9 15.17 3.52 1
543.4 14.93 3.80 2
617.8 15.34 3.48 0
597.7 26.16 3.68 0
584.7 26.57 3.84 0
Yellow corn meal Wheat middlings Meat scraps (50% protein) Cottonseed meal Dried skim milk Dried whey Alfalfa leaf meal (dehydrated) Steamed bone meal Salt Cod-liver oil (concentrate) Per cent protein Wtd. ave.—8 wks Standard error Gms. feed per gm. gain Mortality—number
the necessary chemical analyses made. The same lot of cottonseed meal was used throughout the experiments. It was a prime quality meal containing approximately 41 percent of protein. In the first series of experiments cottonseed meal was use to replace one-fourth, one-half and three-fourths of the meat scrap protein. Mineral additions were made, on the basis of average analyses, to adjust to 1.5 percent calcium and 1.0 percent of phosphorus and 7.5 percent of dried whey and 5 percent of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal were used as sources of riboflavin.
—
A relatively high level of riboflavin was used in order to offset any reduction which might occur through the replacement of the meat scrap with cottonseed meal (19). As a check on the control ration for the experiment, a ration containing meat scrap, dried skimmilk and dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal was also fed. This ration has given quite uniform results over a period of time. The rations used and the results obtained from the duplicate experiments are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The data obtained in the duplicate trials show fairly uniform results for growth, feed
TABLE 2.—Cottonseed meal experiment No. 2 rations and growth results
Ingredient Yellow corn meal Wheat middlings Meat scraps (50% protein) Cottonseed meal Dried skim milk Dried whey Alfalfa leaf meal (dehydrated) Steamed bone meal Salt :.. Cod-liver oil (concentrate) Percent protein Wtd. ave.—8 wks Standard error Gms. feed per gm. gain Mortality—number
Pen 6 Percent
Pen 7 Percent
Pen 8 Percent
Pen 9 Percent
Pen 10 Percent
49.77 25.00 18.48 — 3.00 — 3.00 — 50 .25 18.00
42.01 25.00 19.74
—
41.13 25.00 14.81 5.81
38.89 25.00 10.04 11.82
36.65 25.00 5.08 18.02
7.50 5.00
7.50 5.00
—
.50 .25 18.00
—
.50 .25 18.00
7.50 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
7.50 5.00 2.00 .50 .25 18.00
569.4 13.13 3.50 1
522.6 15.47 3.71 0
622.8 15.93 3.47 0
601.6 16.89 3.81 0
555.3 15.23 4.12 2
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on June 19, 2015
Pen 1 Percent
T H E USE OF COTTONSEED MEAL IN THE CHICK STARTING RATION
111
TABLE 3.—Cottonseed tneal experiment No. 3 rations and growth results Pen 6 Pen 5 Percent Percent
Pen 7 Percent
Pen 1 Percent
Pen 2 Percent
Pen 3 Percent
Pen 4 Percent
Yellow corn meal Wheat middlings Meat scraps (50% protein) Cottonseed meal Dried skim milk Dried whey Alfalfa leaf meal (dehydrated)... Oyster shell meal Salt Cod-liver oil (concentrate) Per cent protein
45.38 25.00 13.87 — 10.00 — 5.00 — 50 .25 18.00
50.22 25.00 10.72 12.31
46.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
44.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
42.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
41.07 25.00 9.86 11.32
39.07 25.00 9.86 11.32
1.00 .50 .25 18.00
5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
2.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
4.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
6.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
8.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
487.9 26.24 3.61 0
603.4 20.54 3.42 1
590.6 28.44 3.48 1
616.5 25.54 3.37 0
645.3 18.02 3.44 1
600.5 18.53 3.79 0
Wtd. ave.—8 wks
. . . . 664.0
Gms. feed per gm. gain
....
3.15 0
_ —
consumption and mortality. With one exception the mortality all occurred within the first three weeks. Analysis of the data from the first experiment, using the difference divided by its standard error as the criterion for significance shows that pen 3 was significantly better than pen 2 (control), but no better than pen 1. The difference between pens 1 and 2 may be only the normal variation, but since a greater difference in the same direction occurred in the duplicate trial it is possible that there was a small growth effect due to the difference in the milk protein. Pens 4
and 5 did not prove to be significantly better than pen 2. In the duplicate experiment, Table 2, pens 8 and 9 were significantly better than pen 7 (control), but no better than pen 6. Pen 8 was also bordering on statistical significance when compared to pen 10. Since the level of riboflavin used in the first series of experiments was relatively high, it seemed desirable to carry out a second series using graded levels of riboflavin with one protein combination. This series would also yield additional data for the particular protein combination selected.
TABLE 4.—Cottonseed meal experiment No. 4 rations and growth results
Ingredient
Penl Percent
Pen 2 Percent
Pen 3 Percent
Pen 4 Percent
Pen 5 Percent
Pen 6 Percent
Pen 7 Percent
Yellow corn meal Wheat middlings Meat scraps (50% protein) Cottonseed meal Dried skim milk Dried whey Alfalfa leaf meal (dehydrated)... Oyster shell meal Salt Cod-liver oil (concentrate) Per cent protein
45.38 25.00 13.87 — 10.00 — 5.00 — 50 .25 18.00
50.22 25.00 10.72 12.31
46.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
44.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
42.60 25.00 10.08 11.57
41.07 25.00 9.86 11.32
39.07 25.00 9.86 11.32
—
1.00 .50 .25 18.00
5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
2.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
4.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
6.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
8.00 5.00 1.00 .50 .25 18.00
614:2 15.13 3.57 0
405.5 28.58 4.37 0
513.9 23.66 3.88 0
558.8 17.69 3.68 0
569.1 17.31 3.73 0
578.8 19.08 3.79 0
591.8 18.72 4.07 2
Wtd. ave.—8 wks Standard error Gms. feed per gm. gain Mortality—number
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on June 19, 2015
Ingredient
112
R. C. RlNGROSE AND C. L. MORGAN SUMMARY
Two series of experiments have been conducted using prime quality cottonseed meal (41 percent) as a protein supplement. The results indicate that cottonseed meal may be used satisfactorily in a starting ration for chicks when properly supplemented. In the first series of duplicate experiments cottonseed meal was used to replace up to three-fourths of the meat scrap protein. Mineral additions were made where necessary and 7.5 percent of dried whey and 5 percent of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal were used as sources of riboflavin. Growth on the cottonseed meal rations was equal to that on the control ration which was composed of yellow corn meal, wheat middlings, meat scrap, dried whey and alfalfa meal. In the second series of experiments a combination of equal parts of protein from cottonseed meal and meat scrap was supplemented with dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal and dried whey in order to determine the quantity of these supplements needed to supply riboflavin. The sample of meat scrap used was relatively potent in this vitamin since a ration containing 5 percent of alfalfa meal with this protein combination gave growth equal to rations in which 5 percent of alfalfa meal and 2 percent or more of dried whey were used as sources of riboflavin. REFERENCES
1. Ahrens, B. A., 1917. A study of the effect of cottonseed meal vs. beef scrap upon the egg production, fertility, and vitality of poultry. Oklahoma Sta. Bull. 112. 2. Berry, L. N., 1930. The relative value of cottonseed meal and tankage for egg production. New Mexico Sta. Bull. 183. 3. Berry, L. N., 1934. A comparison of the nutritive value of cottonseed meal, alfalfa meal, and meat and bone scraps in a ration for growing
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Northern Arizona University on June 19, 2015
In keeping with the general recommendation that one-half the animal protein may be replaced by protein of vegetable origin, and in view of the results obtained in the first series of experiments, it was decided to use a combination of equal parts of protein from meat scrap and cottonseed meal for the second series. The second series of experiments was conducted in much the same manner as the first, except that the two experiments were spaced six weeks apart. Twenty chicks per pen were used in experiment 3 and 25 were used in experiment 4. Dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal and dried whey were selected for use as the riboflavin supplements. A ration containing liberal quantities of meat scrap, dried skimmilk and dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal was used as the control. The rations used and results obtained from the two experiments are v presented in Tables 3 and 4. The growth results of experiment 4 were somewhat less than for experiment 3 due to the onset of warmer weather particularly during the last three weeks of the experiment. The mortality was again confined to the early weeks of the experiments. Eliminating from consideration pen 2 in each experiment the only statistical significance found was between pens 1 and 3 of experiment 4. Since the results obtained in these experiments represent the use of only one sample of cottonseed meal it would seem desirable to secure additional information on the variability of this product. From the writers' knowledge of the method of processing the cottonseed, there appears to be considerable variation among the mills regarding the temperature and length of time the seed is cooked. It is possible that these factors would result in the production of meals with varying nutritive properties.
T H E U S E OF COTTONSEED M E A L I N T H E C H I C K STARTING RATION
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. 18.
&
The vitamin G requirement of poultry. Cornell Sta. Bull. 660. Sherwood, R. M., 1924. Comparative influences of various protein feeds on laying hens. Texas Sta. Bull. 317. Sherwood, R. M., 1928. The effect of various rations on the storage quality of eggs. Texas Sta. Bull. 376. Sherwood, R. M., 1931. The effect of cottonseed meal and other feeds on the storage quality of eggs. Texas Sta. Bull. 429. Sherwood, R. M., and J. R. Couch, 1933. Feeding for efficient growth and prevention of slipped tendons in chickens. Texas Sta. Bull. 476. Smith, R. M., 1937. The influence of some factors on the storage quality of eggs. Arkansas Sta. Bull. 341. Thompson, R. B., 1918. Poultry feeding experiment. New Mexico Sta. Bull. 117. Walker, A. L., L. N. Berry, and E. E. Anderson, 1929. New Mexico egg storage studies. Part I. New Mexico Sta. Bull. 177. Whitsitt, May L., 1933. Vitamin B (Bi) and G (B2) content of cottonseed products. Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chem. 25:1169.
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