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The use of dried poultry waste in diets for fry and young tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)
Bioresou rce Technology 45 ( 1993 ) 153-155
Short Communication Nambi et al., 1992). However, the magnitude of response of various species to the level of DPW in the diets was variable. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and gold fish (Carassius auratus) were found to grow successfully on diets heavily supplemented with DPW (Lu & Kevern, 1975; Kern & Roelofs, 1977). On the contrary, common carp (Cyprinus ~:arpio) and blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) demonstrated decreasing rates of growth as a function of increasing DPW levels in the experimental diets (Kern & Roelofs, 1977; Stickhey & Simmons, 1977). The objective of this study was to assess the growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of O. aureus fed on diets containing varying levels of DPW as a substitute for fish meal.
The Use of Dried Poultry Waste in Diets for Fry and Young Tilapia
( Oreochromis aureus) Abstract
Five isonitrogenous diets containing 35% protein made up offish meal, dried poultry waste (DPW), or mixtures of the two, were fed to fry and young tilapia. Maximum ,growth and feed utilization efficiency were obtained with the fish-meal diet and over 5% DPW markedly decrea~sed growth and feed utilization. Key words: Tilapia, poultry waste, feed utilization, growth performance.
METHODS
Five isonitrogenous diets were prepared containing 35% protein in which the fish-meal protein was substituted at a rate of 0% (control), 5°/,, (5 DPW), 15% (15 DPW), 25% (25 D P W ) a n d 35% (35 DPW) by protein in dried poultry waste. Compositions and analyses of the experimental diets are shown in Table 1. Two weight groups of blue tilapia (O. aureus) were used for the study. Fry with an average weight of 0"523 + 0.028 g were randomly stocked in 15 indoor
INTRODUCTION Dried poultry waste (DPW) has been investigated as a less expensive dietary source of protein for cultured fish species. It contains nitrogen, minerals, vitamins, and energy which can be utilized when the material is recycled through feeding. These nutrients arise from undigested feed, metabolic excretory products and residues of microbial synthesis (Sheng & Yang, 1989;
Table 1. Compositions and chemical analyses of the experimental diets
Constituents ~"~,)
Fish meal Poultry waste Corn starch Corn oil Mineral and vitamin mix Binder (gelatin)
Diets Control
5 DPW
15 DPW
25 DPW
35 DPW
53"05 -36.42 6"53 3-00
50"40 7.34 31.71 6"55 3-00
49"09 22.04 18.27 6-60 3-00
39-79 36.73 12.83 6-65 3-00
34"48 51"42 3.40 6.70 3.00
1.00
1-00
1.00
1-00
1.00
95"30 36"58 10'19 4-27 12"15 32'11
96"63 34'78 10'74 5"54 13'68 31"89
96"75 36'01 10"52 4"85 15"87 29-50
94"89 35"92 9"71 4'23 16'83 28"00
95"11 36-80 8'87 4'72 17'44 27"28
Nutrient analysis (% DM basis) Dry matter Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber Ash NFE
Bioresource Technology 0960-8524/93/S06.00 © 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England. Printed in Great Britain 153
154
O. M. Yousif, G. A. Alhadhrami
~
u
20-liter fiberglass tanks at a rate of 2 fish/liter. Young tilapia with an average weight of 41.484 _+3"473 g were stocked in 15 indoor 70-liter fiberglass tanks. Both rearing systems were part of the recirculating systems in the Fish Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, U A E University, A1-Ain. Fry and young tilapia were fed six days a week at a rate of 5 and 3% body weight, respectively. Feed was offered in three equal portions (08.00, 13.00 and 18 h). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of fry and young tilapia for a 12-week period. Fish from each tank were bulk-weighed weekly and feed offered was adjusted accordingly. At the initiation and end of the experiment, 10 fry and three young tilapia were retained from each treatment for carcass analysis. Per cent weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent nitrogen utilization (ANU) were determined by the methods described by Olvera-Novoa et al. (1990). The standard AOAC (1984) methods were used to determine the chemical composition of feed ingredients, experimental diets and fish carcass. Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) was applied to test the mean differences between treatments for significance (P < 0.05).
u
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RESULTS
tt')
V o~
°~
t~
'2 o
.,=
~'~ -~,~
•
-- .~
~ ~
.~
~
~
~ ~a.=
~
~
~
AND DISCUSSION
Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency for both age groups are shown in Table 2. No mortalities were recorded during the experimental period. Both fish groups attained higher maximum growth and better feed utilization efficiency with the control diet containing no DPW. Young tilapia fed the control and 5% DPW gave final weight, weight gain (g/day) and feed intake which were not significantly different (P<0"05). However, higher inclusions (15, 25 and 35%) markedly affected the growth and feed utilization efficiency. For the fry, all levels of DPW in the experimental diets (5, 15, 25 and 35%) significantly (P< 0"05) reduced the growth and other nutritional parameters (SGR, FCR, PER and ANU). These results are in accordance with the earlier study of Stickney and Simmons (1977) who reported that growth and feed conversion were inversely related to the level of DPW in the diet of O. aureus. Kern and Reolofs (1977) reached the same conclusion with C. carpio. Thus, the results of this study and previous work of Stickney and Simmons (1977) indicate that DPW could be used only to a limit of 5-10% in diets for O. aureus.
t~ 0)
..= ~-~
~D
Z~
REFERENCES
AOAC (1984). Official Methods of Analysis (14th edn), ed. S. Williams. AOAC, Washington, DC.
Use of dried p o u l t ~ waste in tilapia diet Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11, 1-42. Kerns, C. L. & Roelofs, E. W. (1977). Poultry waste in the diet of Israeli carp. Bamidgeh, 29 (4), 125-35. Lu, J. D. & Kevern, N. R. (1975). The feasibility of using waste materials as supplemental fish feed. Progressive Fish Cult., 37 (4), 241-4. Nambi, J., Mbugua, P. N. & Mitaru, B. N. (1992). The nutritive evaluation of dried poultry excreta as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. TechnoL, 37, 99-109. Olvera-Novoa, M. A., Campos, G. S., Sabido, G. M. & Martinez Palacios, C. A. (1990). The use of alfalfa leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in diets for tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ). Aquaculture, 90, 291- 302. Sheng, Y. & Yang, H. (1989). Application of chicken manure protein feed in fish culture. Fish Mach. Instrum./Yuye Jixie Yigi, 79 (2), 10-13.
155
Stickney, R. R. & Simmons, H. B. (1977). Growth responses of Tilapia aurea to feed supplemented with dried poultry waste. The TexasJ. of Sc., 29 (1, 2), 93-9.
O. M. Yousif & G. A. Alhadhrami Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, U A E University, PO Box 17555 A1-Ain, United Arab Emirates (Received 6 January 1993; revised version received 5 February 1993; accepted 9 February 1993)
Short Communication Nambi et al., 1992). However, the magnitude of response of various species to the level of DPW in the diets was variable. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and gold fish (Carassius auratus) were found to grow successfully on diets heavily supplemented with DPW (Lu & Kevern, 1975; Kern & Roelofs, 1977). On the contrary, common carp (Cyprinus ~:arpio) and blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) demonstrated decreasing rates of growth as a function of increasing DPW levels in the experimental diets (Kern & Roelofs, 1977; Stickhey & Simmons, 1977). The objective of this study was to assess the growth performance and feed utilization efficiency of O. aureus fed on diets containing varying levels of DPW as a substitute for fish meal.
The Use of Dried Poultry Waste in Diets for Fry and Young Tilapia
( Oreochromis aureus) Abstract
Five isonitrogenous diets containing 35% protein made up offish meal, dried poultry waste (DPW), or mixtures of the two, were fed to fry and young tilapia. Maximum ,growth and feed utilization efficiency were obtained with the fish-meal diet and over 5% DPW markedly decrea~sed growth and feed utilization. Key words: Tilapia, poultry waste, feed utilization, growth performance.
METHODS
Five isonitrogenous diets were prepared containing 35% protein in which the fish-meal protein was substituted at a rate of 0% (control), 5°/,, (5 DPW), 15% (15 DPW), 25% (25 D P W ) a n d 35% (35 DPW) by protein in dried poultry waste. Compositions and analyses of the experimental diets are shown in Table 1. Two weight groups of blue tilapia (O. aureus) were used for the study. Fry with an average weight of 0"523 + 0.028 g were randomly stocked in 15 indoor
INTRODUCTION Dried poultry waste (DPW) has been investigated as a less expensive dietary source of protein for cultured fish species. It contains nitrogen, minerals, vitamins, and energy which can be utilized when the material is recycled through feeding. These nutrients arise from undigested feed, metabolic excretory products and residues of microbial synthesis (Sheng & Yang, 1989;
Table 1. Compositions and chemical analyses of the experimental diets
Constituents ~"~,)
Fish meal Poultry waste Corn starch Corn oil Mineral and vitamin mix Binder (gelatin)
Diets Control
5 DPW
15 DPW
25 DPW
35 DPW
53"05 -36.42 6"53 3-00
50"40 7.34 31.71 6"55 3-00
49"09 22.04 18.27 6-60 3-00
39-79 36.73 12.83 6-65 3-00
34"48 51"42 3.40 6.70 3.00
1.00
1-00
1.00
1-00
1.00
95"30 36"58 10'19 4-27 12"15 32'11
96"63 34'78 10'74 5"54 13'68 31"89
96"75 36'01 10"52 4"85 15"87 29-50
94"89 35"92 9"71 4'23 16'83 28"00
95"11 36-80 8'87 4'72 17'44 27"28
Nutrient analysis (% DM basis) Dry matter Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber Ash NFE
Bioresource Technology 0960-8524/93/S06.00 © 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England. Printed in Great Britain 153
154
O. M. Yousif, G. A. Alhadhrami
~
u
20-liter fiberglass tanks at a rate of 2 fish/liter. Young tilapia with an average weight of 41.484 _+3"473 g were stocked in 15 indoor 70-liter fiberglass tanks. Both rearing systems were part of the recirculating systems in the Fish Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, U A E University, A1-Ain. Fry and young tilapia were fed six days a week at a rate of 5 and 3% body weight, respectively. Feed was offered in three equal portions (08.00, 13.00 and 18 h). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of fry and young tilapia for a 12-week period. Fish from each tank were bulk-weighed weekly and feed offered was adjusted accordingly. At the initiation and end of the experiment, 10 fry and three young tilapia were retained from each treatment for carcass analysis. Per cent weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent nitrogen utilization (ANU) were determined by the methods described by Olvera-Novoa et al. (1990). The standard AOAC (1984) methods were used to determine the chemical composition of feed ingredients, experimental diets and fish carcass. Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) was applied to test the mean differences between treatments for significance (P < 0.05).
u
°~ u
°~
°~
RESULTS
tt')
V o~
°~
t~
'2 o
.,=
~'~ -~,~
•
-- .~
~ ~
.~
~
~
~ ~a.=
~
~
~
AND DISCUSSION
Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency for both age groups are shown in Table 2. No mortalities were recorded during the experimental period. Both fish groups attained higher maximum growth and better feed utilization efficiency with the control diet containing no DPW. Young tilapia fed the control and 5% DPW gave final weight, weight gain (g/day) and feed intake which were not significantly different (P<0"05). However, higher inclusions (15, 25 and 35%) markedly affected the growth and feed utilization efficiency. For the fry, all levels of DPW in the experimental diets (5, 15, 25 and 35%) significantly (P< 0"05) reduced the growth and other nutritional parameters (SGR, FCR, PER and ANU). These results are in accordance with the earlier study of Stickney and Simmons (1977) who reported that growth and feed conversion were inversely related to the level of DPW in the diet of O. aureus. Kern and Reolofs (1977) reached the same conclusion with C. carpio. Thus, the results of this study and previous work of Stickney and Simmons (1977) indicate that DPW could be used only to a limit of 5-10% in diets for O. aureus.
t~ 0)
..= ~-~
~D
Z~
REFERENCES
AOAC (1984). Official Methods of Analysis (14th edn), ed. S. Williams. AOAC, Washington, DC.
Use of dried p o u l t ~ waste in tilapia diet Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11, 1-42. Kerns, C. L. & Roelofs, E. W. (1977). Poultry waste in the diet of Israeli carp. Bamidgeh, 29 (4), 125-35. Lu, J. D. & Kevern, N. R. (1975). The feasibility of using waste materials as supplemental fish feed. Progressive Fish Cult., 37 (4), 241-4. Nambi, J., Mbugua, P. N. & Mitaru, B. N. (1992). The nutritive evaluation of dried poultry excreta as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. TechnoL, 37, 99-109. Olvera-Novoa, M. A., Campos, G. S., Sabido, G. M. & Martinez Palacios, C. A. (1990). The use of alfalfa leaf protein concentrates as a protein source in diets for tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ). Aquaculture, 90, 291- 302. Sheng, Y. & Yang, H. (1989). Application of chicken manure protein feed in fish culture. Fish Mach. Instrum./Yuye Jixie Yigi, 79 (2), 10-13.
155
Stickney, R. R. & Simmons, H. B. (1977). Growth responses of Tilapia aurea to feed supplemented with dried poultry waste. The TexasJ. of Sc., 29 (1, 2), 93-9.
O. M. Yousif & G. A. Alhadhrami Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, U A E University, PO Box 17555 A1-Ain, United Arab Emirates (Received 6 January 1993; revised version received 5 February 1993; accepted 9 February 1993)