The Use of Unextracted Soybeans for Chicks

The Use of Unextracted Soybeans for Chicks 1. COMPARISON OF INFRA-RED COOKED, AUTOCLAVED AND EXTRUDED SOYBEANS C. L. WHITE, 1 D. E. GREENE, 2 P. W. WALDROUP AND E. L. STEPHENSON

Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayettevile, Arkansas 72701 (Received for publication February 28, 1967)

diets. However, a great deal of interest has developed in recent years in the use of unextracted soybeans to take advantage of the energy contribution of the oil and eliminate the cost of extraction. Studies to date have been concerned with heating conditions (Stephenson and Tollett, 1959; Renner and Hill, 1960) and the use of mechanical pressure or flaking to maximize performance of chicks fed unextracted soybeans (Carew et al., 1959, 1961; Renner and Hill, 1963; Carew and Nesheim, 1962). More recently, infra-red cooking has been evaluated as a means of processing unextracted soybeans for poultry (Featherston and Rogler, 1966). Chicks fed infrared heated beans grew as rapidly as those fed a corn-soybean meal diet. However, when soybean oil was added to the cornsoybean meal diet to maintain diets isocaloric, the heated beans did not support a comparable rate of growth. The use of an extrusion process to prepare full-fat soybean flour for human consumption has been described by Mustakas et al. (1964). Such a product was described as being superior to a good quality, commercial, full-fat soybean flour both in promoting growth and in efficiency of feed utilization. The studies reported herein were initiat1 Present Address: Marbut Milling Company, Augusta, Georgia. 2 Present Address: Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri.

ed to evaluate several methods of processing unextracted soybeans for use in broiler diets. Processing methods selected were autoclaving, extrusion, and infra-red cooking. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Unextracted raw soybeans, unextracted raw soybean flakes, and dehulled extracted soybean meal were obtained from a local soybean processing plant. The unextracted beans and flakes came from the same sample as did the processed meal. One portion of the whole beans was held for autoclaving, one portion extruded and one portion cooked by infra-red heating. The infra-red cooked beans were prepared in a cooker which utilized electromagnetic waves, generated by burning LP (liquified petroleum) gas on the surface of an inconel metal screen. The soybeans were fed into a revolving perforated cylinder which contained flights to cascade the soybeans, thus exposing them to intermittent infra-red rays released by the generator. The temperature created by the infra-red generator was 1500-1800°F. and 4-6 minutes were required to produce beans which had a minimum exit temperature of 235°F. (which was the goal). In the extrusion process, ground soybeans were preconditioned at 212°F. to 18-21% moisture, raised in 60-90 seconds to high pressure by a screw revolving in a closed tapered barrel, extruded through \inch die openings, cooled, and dried. Temperature just prior to extrusion reached 240 180

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meal has long been used as a S OYBEAN primary protein source in poultry

PROCESSING OF UNEXTRACTED SOYBEANS FOR CHICKS TABLE 1.—Protein, ether extract, and urease values of various soybean products

%

Product

Protein1

1. Solvent extracted soybean meal 2. Soybean flakes, unextracted 3. Autoclaved soybeans, unextracted 4, Extruded soybeans 5, Infra-red cooked soybeans

% Ether extract

Urease value

47.06

1.03

0.180

36.23

19.01

2.030

36.08 36.27

20.19 20.07

0.000 0.007

36.25

20.05

0.020

i NX6.25.

Data collected in all trials were subjected to analysis of variance as outlined by Steel and Torrie (1960) with significant differences between treatment means determined by the multiple range test of Duncan (1955). Experiment 1. Four replicate groups of 10 chicks were fed each experimental diet from 7-28 days of age. The birds were reared in electrically heated battery brooders. Body weights and feed consumption were determined at weekly intervals. The composition of the diets is shown in Table

TABLE 2.—Composition of diets Percent of Diet Ingredient Ground corn Soybean meal Soybean oil Soybean hulls Raw flakes Autoclaved flakes Raw soybeans Autoclaved soybeans Extruded soybeans Infra-red soybeans Fish meal (65% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Corn gluten meal (41% protein) Salt Vitamin premix1 Trace mineral mix2 Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate DL-Methionine

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

54.00 23.60 5.92 1.28

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

54.00

— —

— — —

30.80

— — — —

— — — — —

— — — — — —

— — — — — — —

— — — — — — — —

- T -

— — —

7.00 2.00 4.00 0.40 0.50 0.05 0.86 0.45 0.05

— — — — —

7.00 2.00 4.00 0.40 0.50 0.05 0.86 0.41 0.05

30.80

—

30.80

— •

—

— —

— —

7.00 2.00 4.00 0.40 0.50 0.05 0.86 0.41 0.05

•

7.00 2.00 4.00 0.40 0.50 0.05 0.86 0.41 0.05

30.80

— —

7.00 2.00 4.00 0.40 0.50 0.05 0.86 0.41 0.05

30.80

—

7.00 2.00 4.00 0.40 0.50 0.05 0.86 0.41 0.05

30.80 7.00 2.00 4.00 0.40 0.50 0.05 0.86 0.41 0.05

1 Supplies per kg. of diet: Vit. A. 4,400 I.U., vit. D 3 1,320 I.C.U., riboflavin 4.4 mg., niacin 22 mg., Ca pantothenate 8.8 mg., choline 440 mg., vit. B12 5 meg. 2 Supplies per kg. of diet: manganese 51 mg., iron 51 mg., copper 5 mg., zinc 51 mg., iodine 1.7 mg.

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to 290°F., but the high pressure prevented boiling. The high pressure followed by sharp reduction expanded the beans and released a portion of the oil. However, the free oil was reabsorbed immediately. Raw flakes and ground raw beans were autoclaved for 30 minutes at 6 pounds of pressure with 30 percent of water added and air dried back to their original weight. All soybean samples were ground before incorporation into the diets. Each of the soybean products was analyzed for protein and fat content (Table 1). Urease values (Table 1) were determined following the A.O.A.C. (1960) method. Sexed broiler-type chicks (Hubbard X Ledbrest) used in these trials were weighed and randomly assigned to pens on the basis of body weight. Equal numbers of males and females were placed in each experimental pen. The age at which the birds were started and the number of birds per treatment varied and is described under the individual experiments. Experimental diets and tap water were supplied ad libitum.

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C. L. WHITE, D. E. GREENE, P. W. WALDROUP AND E. L. STEPHENSON

Experiment 2. Chicks for this experiment were grown to 28 days of age on the standard chick starter diet used at the University of Arkansas, and then randomly assigned to the experimental diets. The experimental outline used in this trial was similar to that of Experiment 1, except that the protein level in the diets of Experiment 2 was lowered by 3 percent due to the increased age of the chicks at the start of the

trial. This was accomplished by reducing the amount of the soybean products. Each diet was fed to 4 groups of 10 chicks in unheated finishing batteries. Body weights and feed consumption were determined weekly through 56 days of age. During the last week fat digestibility was determined in the same manner as in Experiment 1. Experiment 3. Day-old chicks were randomly assigned to pens in battery brooders with 4 groups of 8 chicks fed each experimental diet. The treatments compared in this trial were: (1) control diet, (2) autoclaved beans, (3) extruded beans, and (4) infra red cooked beans. Each of the above diets was fed in both pelleted (crumbled for first three weeks) and mash form for a total of 8 treatments. The same formulas used in Trial 1 (Table 2) were used for this study. The duration of this trial was 51 days. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Experiment 1. Diets containing raw unextracted soybean flakes and ground, raw, unextracted soybeans produced significantly lower body weight of chicks fed from 7-28 days than did similar beans that had been autoclaved (Table 3). Ground raw soybeans

TABLE 3.—Effect of soybean treatment on body/weight gain, feed utilization, pancreas weight, and fat digestibility of broiler chicks (Experiment 1)

Diet

Control Raw flakes Autoclaved flakes Ground raw beans Ground autoclaved beans Extruded beans Infra-red cooked beans 1

Ave. wt. gain (grams)2 7-28 days 467* 324* 428>> 356° 447ab 444»b 429b

Feed/gain 2 7-28 days 1.61" 2.35d 1.77 b

2.12" 1.58* 1.59"b 1.70"

28-day pancreas wt. (mg.)1

Fat digestibility

1,900 3,800'' 1,970° 3,210" 1,880" 1,750" 1,970"

87.02 83.89 87.52 80.05* 81.48* 84.85 84.60

All diets were fed in mash form. Means bearing the same superscript do not differ significantly (P<.05). * Asterisk indicates those differing significantly from control diet.

2

(%)3

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2. Soybean oil and soybean hulls were added to the basal diet at levels equivalent to those supplied by the unextracted products. During the last week of the trial 0.3 percent chromic oxide was added to the diets as a marker for determining fat digestibility. A 50-gram sample of excreta was collected from each group of birds on each of 3 days. The 3 samples were pooled, homogenized, and analyzed for fat and chromic oxide content. Chromic oxide content was determined by the method of Seburch (1950). At the conclusion of this experiment 3 chicks from each pen were sacrificed to determine the degree of pancreatic hypertrophy. The pancreas of each bird was excised and wet-weighed immediately upon removal.

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PROCESSING OF UNEXTRACTED SOYBEANS FOR CHICKS

Experiment 2. Results of this test indicate that raw flakes and ground raw soybeans supported significantly lower body weight gain from 28 to 56 days of age than did

TABLE 4.—Effect of soybean treatment on body weight gain, feed utilization and fat digestibility of broiler chicks {Experiment 2)

Diet

Control Raw flakes Autoclaved flakes Raw beans Autoclaved beans Extruded beans Intra-red cooked beans

Ave. wt. gain (grams) 1 4-8 wks.

Feed/ gain 4-8 wks.

Fat digestibility

(%)2

893^ 905d

2.20 2.55" 2.25" 2.58 b 2.20* 2.17*

85.13 78.40* 82.12 78.84* 83.42 84.66

898od

2.18*

83.99

924" 781" 1

QUO* 822b

1 Means bearing the same superscript do not differ significantly (P<.05). 2 Asterisk indicates those differing significantly from control diet.

similar diets in which the soybeans had been autoclaved (Table 4). No significant differences were noted between body weight gains of chicks fed diets containing autoclaved flakes, autoclaved beans, extruded beans, and infra-red cooked beans. None of the experimentally processed beans supported body weight gains equal to those of chicks fed the control diet with commercial soybean meal. This is in contrast to the results observed in the first feeding trial in which diets with autoclaved and extruded beans supported weight gains statistically equal to those obtained with a diet which contained commercial soybean meal and soybean oil. Digestibility of fat in the diets containing raw flakes and raw beans was significantly less than in the other diets tested (Table 4). This is in contrast to the report of Nesheim et al. (1961) indicating that most of the effect on digestibility caused by raw soybean meal disappeared by the time the chicks reached four weeks of age. However, Bornstein and Lipstein (1963) found that age had no effect on the degree of sensitivity to the inhibitory properties of raw soybean meals. Chicks fed diets with raw flakes or raw

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supported significantly greater weight gains than did the unextracted raw flakes. Autoclaved whole beans did not differ significantly from autoclaved flakes in supporting weight gain and feed utilization. These observations differ from the report of Carew et al. (1961), who demonstrated a growth stimulation in chicks resulting from the flaking of heated soybeans. These workers related this growth stimulation to an increase in the absorption of the oil, a factor that was noted in the present studies. Autoclaved whole beans and extruded beans did not differ significantly from the control diet in supporting body weight gain and feed utilization. Infra-red cooked beans and autoclaved flakes were significantly less effective in supporting gains when compared to the control diet, but did not differ from the autoclaved or extruded beans. Pancreatic hypertrophy was noted only in birds fed the raw flakes and raw beans, indicating that the processing of the other products was sufficient to destroy the trypsin inhibitor. Digestibility of the fat in the soybean products differed from that of soybean oil in the control diet only in the case of the ground raw and autclaved beans. Grinding of the beans appears to be less effective than flaking in rendering the oil available to the young chick. The results of this study indicate that autoclaving, extruding and infra-red cooking improve the feeding value of unextracted soybeans. Soybeans processed by these methods approach the nutritional value of extracted soybean meal and oil in isocaloric-isonitrogenous diets.

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C. L. WHITE, D. E. GREENE, P. W. WALDROUP AND E. L. STEPHENSON

TABLE 5.—Effect of soybean treatment on body weight gain and feed utilization of broiler chicks {Experiment 3)

Diet

1242b° 1231b°b 12l7* 1174* 1297° 1160* 1197*" 1209"b

1.87" 1.90»b 1.85" 1.98b° 1.83" 1.00° 1.82" 1 91abc

1 Means bearing the same superscript do not differ significantly (P<.05). 2 Diets were fed crumbilized for first 3 weeks.

ground beans required significantly more feed to produce a unit of gain than did the other diets tested (Table 4). No differences were noted between the other treatments. Experiment 3. The pelleted, extruded soybean diet produced the greatest weight gains over the 51 day period, and rate of growth did not differ significantly from that on the control mash or control pelleted diet (Table 5). Chicks fed the control mash diet gained significantly faster than those fed the extruded beans in mash form. Since extrusion is basically an expansion process the marked improvement in performance due to pelleting the extruded product may be explained by the increase in dietary density. No differences were observed between chicks fed the extruded mash, autoclaved mash, autoclaved pelleted, infrared cooked mash and infra-red cooked, pelleted diets. With the exception of the infra-red cooking, pelleted diets supported greater weight gains than similar diets fed in mash form. The difference in gains was significant, however, only when the beans were extruded. Feed to gain ratios generally followed the weight gain trends. Pelleted diets pro-

SUMMARY

Studies were conducted with broiler-type chicks to compare methods of processing unextracted soybeans for use in diets for chicks. Treatments were evaluated over feeding periods of 7-28 days, 28-56 days, and 0-51 days of age. Processing methods compared were infra-red cooking, extrusion and autoclaving. All three processes significantly improved the feeding value of the raw soybeans with the material produced by extruding and pelleting supporting gains and efficiencies of feed utilization that were equal to those obtained with the control diet. The control diet contained commercially processed soybean meal and was made isocaloric by the addition of soybean oil. Pelleting the diets generally improved the performance of chicks fed the processed whole beans. This was especially true with the extruded product. These processing methods offer means by which "full-fat" soybeans may be incorporated into chick diets without adversely affecting performance. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish to express their thanks to the Consumer's Cooperative Association, Kansas City, Missouri, for a grant-in-aid in support of this project; to Wenger Mixer Manufacturing Company, Sabetha, Kansas, and Harry Truax and Sons, Inc., Mooresville, Indiana for processing the soybeans; and to Mrs. Janice Floyd for technical assistance. REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1960. Official Methods of Analysis (9th Ed.), Washington, D.C. Bornstein, S., and B. Lipstein, 1963. The influence

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Control pelleted2 Control mash Autoclaved pelleted2 Autoclaved mash 2 Extruded pelleted Extruded mash 2 Infra-red pelleted Infra-red mash

Av. wt. gain Feed/gain (grams) 1 (0-51 days) (0-51 days)

duced lower feed to gain ratios than their non-pelleted counterparts.

PROCESSING OF UNEXTEACTED SOYBEANS FOR CHICKS

evaluation of extrusion-cooked full fat soybean flour. J. Am. Oil Chemists Soc. 4 1 : 597-614. Nesheim, M. C , S. Brambila and D. T. Hopkins, 1961. The effect of raw soybeans on fat digestibility in the young chick. Fed. Proc. 20: 368373. Renner, R., and F. W. Hill, 1960. Studies of the effect of heat treatment on the metabolizable energy value of soybeans and extracted soybean flakes for the chick. J. Nutrition, 70: 219-225. Renner, R., and F. W. Hill, 1963. Effects of heat treatment on the metabolizable energy value of soybeans and extracted soybean flakes for the hen. J. Nutrition, 78: 375-380. Seburch, A. F., 1950. The use of chromic oxide as an index for determination of the digestibility of a diet. J. Nutrition, 4 1 : 629-635. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York City, New York. Stephenson, E. L., and L. Toilet, 1959. Processing of soybeans for broiler feeding. Feedstuffs, 3 1 : 8 .

Absorption and Protein Biosynthesis of Threonine in the Chick R. A. TEEKELL, E. N. KNOX AND A. B. WATTS Department of Poultry Science, Louisiana State University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (Received for publication 'March 1, 1967)

T

HE observation that a lysine deficiency increased threonine in the plasma of chicks has been reported (Richardson et al., 1965; Hill et al., 1961; and Gray et al, 1960). Charkey et al. (1954) suggested that threonine increased in plasma when tissue synthesis did not occur. Richardson et al. (1965) further stated that free threonine accumulated in the plasma and liver but negligible amounts accumulated in the muscle of chicks fed a protein free diet. The dietary requirement for this amino acid has been given for chicks (Krautman et al., 1958). This report deals with the absorption of

threonine-UL-C14 from sites along the gastrointestinal tract and the biosynthesis and deposition of the labeled threonine in the liver, kidney and muscle tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Absorption—In order to check the sites and rates of absorption of the threonineUL-C14, anesthesized chicks in the 700 gram weight range were used. The birds were fasted for 18 hours and were anesthesized using sodium pentobarbital injections in the wing veins. Surgical means were used in order to get to the various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The particular site

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of age of chicks on their sensitivity to raw soybean oil meal. Poultry Sci. 42: 61-69. Carew, L. B., Jr., R. Renner and F. W. Hill, 19S9. Growth stimulating effect of soybean oil and unextracted soybean flakes in chick rations. Poultry Sci. 38: 1183-1184. Carew, L. B., Jr., F. W. Hill and M. C. Nesheim, 1961. The comparative value of ground unextracted soybeans and heated dehulled soybean flakes as a source of soybean oil and energy for the chick. J. Am. Oil Chemists Soc. 38: 249-253. Carew, L. B., Jr., and M. C. Nesheim, 1962. The effect of pelleting on the nutritional value of ground soybeans for the chick. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 161-168. Duncan, B . B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-24. Featherston, W. R., and J. C. Rogler, 1966. A comparison of processing conditions of unextracted soybeans for utilization by the chick. Poultry Sci. 45 : 330-336. Mustakas, G. C , E. L. Griffin, Jr., L. E. Allen and O. B. Smith, 1964. Production and nutritional

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