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The Utilization of Food Elements by Growing Poults
The Utilization of Food Elements by Growing Poults 2. A COMPARISON OF DIETS CONTAINING 25 AND 30 PERCENT PROTEIN* C . W . ACKERSON AND F . E . MuSSEHL Departments of Agricultural Chemistry and Poultry Husbandry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Received for publication February 23, 1953)
T
TABLE 1.—Ingredients of the rations Lot
A
B
Ingredients Yellow corn Soybean meal Wheat shorts Alfalfa meal Meat scraps Fish meal Dried whey Vitamin concentrate Sodium chloride Calcium carbonate Steamed bone meal Manganese sulfate Potassium iodide, stabilized
lbs. 47.5 27.0 2.5 5.0 8.0 3.0 3.0 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.03 0.0003
lbs. 28.5 37.8 1.5 7.0 11.2 4.2 4.2 1.40 1.39 1.39 1.39 0.03 0.0003
Protein, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Ratio, Ca:P
24.2 1.83 0.84 2.18
30.4 2.55 1.04 2.45
than the level usually fed. In order to extend the original data to rations containing higher levels two diets were mixed to contain 24 and 30 percent crude protein as shown on Table 1. The increase in protein was accomplished by reducing the corn while increasing the soybean, alfalfa, meat scraps, fish meal and dried whey. No * Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 600 Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
new protein concentrates were introduced so quantitative differences only appear in the protein furnished. The experimental feeding was carried out as described by Ackerson, Blish and Mussehl (1938). In computing the percentage utilization of the various elements the values of 1.28, 0.18, and 0.15 g. of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus respectively obtained by Ackerson and Mussehl (1947) were used to represent the average amounts in the newly hatched poult. These values were subtracted from the amounts found in the poults at slaughter to give the composition of the gain. Since the amount of each in the feed was determined by analysis the percentage retention could be calculated. Day-old "Beltsville White" poults were used to compare the rates of gain on rations containing 24 and 30 percent of protein. The rations were mixed as shown in Table 1. They were pelleted and hand fed to the poults in individual cages until each had consumed 900 g. of feed. Assignment of poults to the cages was made at random. Unsexed poults were used which resulted in an uneven distribution of sexes in the lots. After each poult had consumed 900 g. of feed it was held overnight and then killed by chloroforming. The contents of the gizzard and intestinal tract were removed and the net weight and sex of the poult noted. Each poult of the first run was digested in concentrated HCI on a steam bath. Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were run on this digest. Each lot
958
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 3, 2015
HE utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus by newly hatched turkeys was studied by Ackerson and Mussehl (1947) who found that 42 percent of the nitrogen, 23 percent of the calcium and 31 percent of the phosphorus were retained. The ration used contained 18.6 percent of crude protein which is lower
UTILIZATION OF FOOD ELEMENTS TABLE 2.—Growth and analytical data for poults Lot Sex
A—24% protein Male
Female
Male 22 506 462 900 0.51 10.5 3.29 0.92 0.62 1.48 3.33 0.98 0.65 1.50 3.26 43.83 15.38 35.09 22.95 4.49 19.56 9.36 3.00 32.05
Female 10 476 433 900 0.48
9.9 3.33 0.98 0.65 1.51 3.36 1.03 0.68 1.53 3.15 43.83 14.57 33.24 22.95 4.47 19.48 9.36 2.93 31.30
contained 32 poults and no deaths occurred. The growth and analytical data are shown in Table 2 as averages for lot and sex. Gains were uniform for the sexes in each lot. The variation in weight of poults of like sex in each lot was on the order of 10 percent of the top weight of the group. The standard deviation varied from 3.3 to 4.9, which is an index of the small variation within groups. It may be noted in Table 1 that the vitamin concentrate, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, and steamed bone meal are higher in ration B than in A. This resulted from the way the base and concentrate portions of the ration were combined. Rations made from the same formulas were mixed and the feeding trial repeated at a later date to note the effect of this factor. The details of the ration are not repeated but a comparison of the growth data for the two trials is given in Table 3. Included as a matter of interest is the average number of days required to eat 900 g. of feed. The figures show that the feed was eaten in 5 to 8 days sooner in the higher protein lots. The differences in gains between lots were on the same order in both trials, indicating that
growth was not affected by the differences in salt and vitamin content of the rations used in the first trial. The slightly higher weights recorded in the second trial are explained by the fact that no analyses were made on the poults at the close of the run. Therefore empty weights were not obtained so the weights recorded include the contents of the intestinal tract. The differences in gain in favor of the TABLE 3.—Comparison of growth on high
and low protein rations Lot
24% protein
30% protein
First trial Average weight, g., males and females 477+3.33 Days taken to eat 900 g. feed 36
512±3.62 31
Second trial Average weight, g., males and females 513 + 5.18 Days taken to eat 900 g. feed 41
534±4.74 33
higher protein diet were statistically significant. DISCUSSION In earlier work at this Station, Ackerson and Mussehl (1947), the diet carried 18.6 percent protein. At this level gains were slightly lower than those obtained at the 24 and 30 percent levels fed in this trial. At the lowest level the gain per g. fed was 0.42 g.; and at the higher levels they were 0.47 and 0.50 g. respectively. The amounts of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were slightly lower in the poults fed in the earlier trial. With respect to nitrogen fed, 42.6 percent was retained at the 18.6 percent protein level. At the 24 and 30 percent levels the average retention of nitrogen by males and females was 39.9 and 34.1 percent respectively. This indicated that as the protein level increased the percentage retention of nitrogen decreased. In the case of calcium, 23.4 percent of the amount fed was retained by the poults in the earlier work. In this trial the average retention was 25.7 and 19.5 percent
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 3, 2015
No. of poults 14 18 Net weight, g. 472 454 Gain in weight, g. 426 410 Ration fed, g. 900 900 Gain per g. fed, g. 0.47 0.46 Gain per g. N fed, g. 12.2 11.8 Nitrogen in poults, % 3.25 3.32 Calcium in poults, % 0.96 0.96 Phosphorus in poults, % 0.63 0.64 Ratio, Ca:P in poults 1.51 1.50 Nitrogen in gain, % 3.30 3.36 Calcium in gain, % 1.02 1.02 Phosphorus in gain, % 0.67 0.67 Ratio, Ca: P in gain 1.52 1.52 Ether extract, % 4.07 4.26 Nitrogen intake, g. 34.86 34.86 Nitrogen in gain, g. 14.04 13.77 Nitrogen retained, % 40.27 39.50 Calcium intake, g. 16.47 16.47 Calcium in gain, g. 4.33 4.15 Calcium retained, % 26.29 25.20 Phosphorus intake, g. 7.60 7.60 Phosphorus in gain, g. 2.84 2.73 Phosphorus retained, % 37.37 36.97
B—30% protein
959
960
R. L. REAGAN, W. C. DAY AND A. L. BRUECKNER
respectively for the 24 and 30 percent protein lots. In case of phosphorus more was retained by the poults reported on in this paper. SUMMARY
REFERENCES Ackerson, C. W., M. J. Blish and F. E. Mussehl' 1938. The utilization of food elements by growing chicks. V. A comparison of cottonseed meal and linseed oil meal as portions of the protein concentrate. Univ. of Nebraska Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 100. Ackerson, C. W., and F. E. Mussehl, 1947. The utilization of food elements by growing poults. Univ. of Nebraska Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 151.
Electron Microscopy Studies of Four Strains of Chronic Respiratory Agent R. L. REAGAN, W. C. D A Y AND A. L. BRUECKNER Live Stock Sanitary Service Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (Received for publication February 23. 1953)
I
N PREVIOUS electron micrographs of the virus of chronic respiratory disease in chickens (Tucker strain) it was demonstrated by Reagan et al. (1951) that this strain contained virus-like filaments which had an average width of 53 millimicrons. The morphological characteristics of this strain of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens appeared to be similar in size and shape to the causative agent of infectious sinusitis of turkeys. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether the causative agents of different strains of chronic respiratory disease differ morphologically and whether more than one agent could be detected by electron microscopy. METHODS AND MATERIALS
The four strains of CRD were obtained from the following men: Dr. Henry Van Roekel of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Massachusetts, (strains A and B); Dr. Harold E. Moses of the
Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Indiana, (strain No. B706)*; and Dr. James A. Bivins of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey, (Kassenoff strain). These strains were proven by the above-mentioned investigators to cause CRD in fowl. All strains were stored in the — 40°C. dry ice cabinet upon arrival. Each strain was subjected to two additional egg passages at this laboratory. Five- to sevenday embryonating White Leghorn chicken eggs taken from an unvaccinated, Newcastle disease and chronic respiratory disease free flocks were employed. In all cases * Strain B706 was obtained from Dr. Harold E. Moses of the Agricultural Experimental Station, Lafayette, Indiana. This strain was designated as strain B706. This agent was shown to produce sinusitis in turkeys by Dr. Moses, sinusitis and aerosacculitis in chickens, and death of chicken embryos; it was quite resistant to penicillin (1,000 O. U. per ml) and sensitive to streptomycin (0.781 mg. per ml).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 3, 2015
1. Two lots of day-old "Beltsville White" poults were individually fed equal amounts of rations containing 24 and 30 percent of protein. 2. The lot fed the diet with 30 percent protein showed a greater gain in a shorter period while consuming equal amounts of feed. 3. The percentage utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus was higher
in the poults fed the 24 percent protein ration. 4. The average nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus content of five-week-old poults was 3.30, 0.96 and 0.63 percent respectively.
T
TABLE 1.—Ingredients of the rations Lot
A
B
Ingredients Yellow corn Soybean meal Wheat shorts Alfalfa meal Meat scraps Fish meal Dried whey Vitamin concentrate Sodium chloride Calcium carbonate Steamed bone meal Manganese sulfate Potassium iodide, stabilized
lbs. 47.5 27.0 2.5 5.0 8.0 3.0 3.0 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.03 0.0003
lbs. 28.5 37.8 1.5 7.0 11.2 4.2 4.2 1.40 1.39 1.39 1.39 0.03 0.0003
Protein, % Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Ratio, Ca:P
24.2 1.83 0.84 2.18
30.4 2.55 1.04 2.45
than the level usually fed. In order to extend the original data to rations containing higher levels two diets were mixed to contain 24 and 30 percent crude protein as shown on Table 1. The increase in protein was accomplished by reducing the corn while increasing the soybean, alfalfa, meat scraps, fish meal and dried whey. No * Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 600 Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
new protein concentrates were introduced so quantitative differences only appear in the protein furnished. The experimental feeding was carried out as described by Ackerson, Blish and Mussehl (1938). In computing the percentage utilization of the various elements the values of 1.28, 0.18, and 0.15 g. of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus respectively obtained by Ackerson and Mussehl (1947) were used to represent the average amounts in the newly hatched poult. These values were subtracted from the amounts found in the poults at slaughter to give the composition of the gain. Since the amount of each in the feed was determined by analysis the percentage retention could be calculated. Day-old "Beltsville White" poults were used to compare the rates of gain on rations containing 24 and 30 percent of protein. The rations were mixed as shown in Table 1. They were pelleted and hand fed to the poults in individual cages until each had consumed 900 g. of feed. Assignment of poults to the cages was made at random. Unsexed poults were used which resulted in an uneven distribution of sexes in the lots. After each poult had consumed 900 g. of feed it was held overnight and then killed by chloroforming. The contents of the gizzard and intestinal tract were removed and the net weight and sex of the poult noted. Each poult of the first run was digested in concentrated HCI on a steam bath. Nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were run on this digest. Each lot
958
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 3, 2015
HE utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus by newly hatched turkeys was studied by Ackerson and Mussehl (1947) who found that 42 percent of the nitrogen, 23 percent of the calcium and 31 percent of the phosphorus were retained. The ration used contained 18.6 percent of crude protein which is lower
UTILIZATION OF FOOD ELEMENTS TABLE 2.—Growth and analytical data for poults Lot Sex
A—24% protein Male
Female
Male 22 506 462 900 0.51 10.5 3.29 0.92 0.62 1.48 3.33 0.98 0.65 1.50 3.26 43.83 15.38 35.09 22.95 4.49 19.56 9.36 3.00 32.05
Female 10 476 433 900 0.48
9.9 3.33 0.98 0.65 1.51 3.36 1.03 0.68 1.53 3.15 43.83 14.57 33.24 22.95 4.47 19.48 9.36 2.93 31.30
contained 32 poults and no deaths occurred. The growth and analytical data are shown in Table 2 as averages for lot and sex. Gains were uniform for the sexes in each lot. The variation in weight of poults of like sex in each lot was on the order of 10 percent of the top weight of the group. The standard deviation varied from 3.3 to 4.9, which is an index of the small variation within groups. It may be noted in Table 1 that the vitamin concentrate, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, and steamed bone meal are higher in ration B than in A. This resulted from the way the base and concentrate portions of the ration were combined. Rations made from the same formulas were mixed and the feeding trial repeated at a later date to note the effect of this factor. The details of the ration are not repeated but a comparison of the growth data for the two trials is given in Table 3. Included as a matter of interest is the average number of days required to eat 900 g. of feed. The figures show that the feed was eaten in 5 to 8 days sooner in the higher protein lots. The differences in gains between lots were on the same order in both trials, indicating that
growth was not affected by the differences in salt and vitamin content of the rations used in the first trial. The slightly higher weights recorded in the second trial are explained by the fact that no analyses were made on the poults at the close of the run. Therefore empty weights were not obtained so the weights recorded include the contents of the intestinal tract. The differences in gain in favor of the TABLE 3.—Comparison of growth on high
and low protein rations Lot
24% protein
30% protein
First trial Average weight, g., males and females 477+3.33 Days taken to eat 900 g. feed 36
512±3.62 31
Second trial Average weight, g., males and females 513 + 5.18 Days taken to eat 900 g. feed 41
534±4.74 33
higher protein diet were statistically significant. DISCUSSION In earlier work at this Station, Ackerson and Mussehl (1947), the diet carried 18.6 percent protein. At this level gains were slightly lower than those obtained at the 24 and 30 percent levels fed in this trial. At the lowest level the gain per g. fed was 0.42 g.; and at the higher levels they were 0.47 and 0.50 g. respectively. The amounts of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus were slightly lower in the poults fed in the earlier trial. With respect to nitrogen fed, 42.6 percent was retained at the 18.6 percent protein level. At the 24 and 30 percent levels the average retention of nitrogen by males and females was 39.9 and 34.1 percent respectively. This indicated that as the protein level increased the percentage retention of nitrogen decreased. In the case of calcium, 23.4 percent of the amount fed was retained by the poults in the earlier work. In this trial the average retention was 25.7 and 19.5 percent
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 3, 2015
No. of poults 14 18 Net weight, g. 472 454 Gain in weight, g. 426 410 Ration fed, g. 900 900 Gain per g. fed, g. 0.47 0.46 Gain per g. N fed, g. 12.2 11.8 Nitrogen in poults, % 3.25 3.32 Calcium in poults, % 0.96 0.96 Phosphorus in poults, % 0.63 0.64 Ratio, Ca:P in poults 1.51 1.50 Nitrogen in gain, % 3.30 3.36 Calcium in gain, % 1.02 1.02 Phosphorus in gain, % 0.67 0.67 Ratio, Ca: P in gain 1.52 1.52 Ether extract, % 4.07 4.26 Nitrogen intake, g. 34.86 34.86 Nitrogen in gain, g. 14.04 13.77 Nitrogen retained, % 40.27 39.50 Calcium intake, g. 16.47 16.47 Calcium in gain, g. 4.33 4.15 Calcium retained, % 26.29 25.20 Phosphorus intake, g. 7.60 7.60 Phosphorus in gain, g. 2.84 2.73 Phosphorus retained, % 37.37 36.97
B—30% protein
959
960
R. L. REAGAN, W. C. DAY AND A. L. BRUECKNER
respectively for the 24 and 30 percent protein lots. In case of phosphorus more was retained by the poults reported on in this paper. SUMMARY
REFERENCES Ackerson, C. W., M. J. Blish and F. E. Mussehl' 1938. The utilization of food elements by growing chicks. V. A comparison of cottonseed meal and linseed oil meal as portions of the protein concentrate. Univ. of Nebraska Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 100. Ackerson, C. W., and F. E. Mussehl, 1947. The utilization of food elements by growing poults. Univ. of Nebraska Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 151.
Electron Microscopy Studies of Four Strains of Chronic Respiratory Agent R. L. REAGAN, W. C. D A Y AND A. L. BRUECKNER Live Stock Sanitary Service Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland (Received for publication February 23. 1953)
I
N PREVIOUS electron micrographs of the virus of chronic respiratory disease in chickens (Tucker strain) it was demonstrated by Reagan et al. (1951) that this strain contained virus-like filaments which had an average width of 53 millimicrons. The morphological characteristics of this strain of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens appeared to be similar in size and shape to the causative agent of infectious sinusitis of turkeys. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether the causative agents of different strains of chronic respiratory disease differ morphologically and whether more than one agent could be detected by electron microscopy. METHODS AND MATERIALS
The four strains of CRD were obtained from the following men: Dr. Henry Van Roekel of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Massachusetts, (strains A and B); Dr. Harold E. Moses of the
Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Indiana, (strain No. B706)*; and Dr. James A. Bivins of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, New Jersey, (Kassenoff strain). These strains were proven by the above-mentioned investigators to cause CRD in fowl. All strains were stored in the — 40°C. dry ice cabinet upon arrival. Each strain was subjected to two additional egg passages at this laboratory. Five- to sevenday embryonating White Leghorn chicken eggs taken from an unvaccinated, Newcastle disease and chronic respiratory disease free flocks were employed. In all cases * Strain B706 was obtained from Dr. Harold E. Moses of the Agricultural Experimental Station, Lafayette, Indiana. This strain was designated as strain B706. This agent was shown to produce sinusitis in turkeys by Dr. Moses, sinusitis and aerosacculitis in chickens, and death of chicken embryos; it was quite resistant to penicillin (1,000 O. U. per ml) and sensitive to streptomycin (0.781 mg. per ml).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on May 3, 2015
1. Two lots of day-old "Beltsville White" poults were individually fed equal amounts of rations containing 24 and 30 percent of protein. 2. The lot fed the diet with 30 percent protein showed a greater gain in a shorter period while consuming equal amounts of feed. 3. The percentage utilization of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus was higher
in the poults fed the 24 percent protein ration. 4. The average nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus content of five-week-old poults was 3.30, 0.96 and 0.63 percent respectively.