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The Value of Pasture in the Production of Goose Broilers
PASTURE FOR GOOSE BROILERS
REFERENCES Ackert, J. E., 1930. Recent developments in the importance and control of the intestinal roundworm, Ascaridia lineata (Schneider) of chickens. Proc. World's Poultry Congr., London, Conf. Papers, Sec. C: 494-500.
Ackert, J. E., 1942. Natural resistance to helminthic infections. J. Parasitol. 28: 1-24. Ackert, J. E., L. L. Eisenbrandt, J. H. Wilmoth, B. Glading, and I. Pratt, 1935. Comparative resistance of five breeds of chickens to the nematode Ascaridia lineata (Schneider). J. Agr. Res. 50: 607-624. American Poultry Association, 1947. The American Standard of Perfection. American Poultry Association, Davenport, Iowa. Dardiry, A. H., 1945. Studies on avian spirochaetosis in Egypt. Ministry Agr. Tech. Sci. Service Bull. No. 243. Gaafar, S. M., 1952. Incidence of infection with the fowl nematode Ascaridia galli in Egyptian chickens. J. Parasitol. 38:.84-85. Reid, W. M. 1953. Parasite problems of standard breeds of poultry in Egypt. World's Poultry Sci. J. 9: 97-101. Reid, W. M., and A. H. Dardiry, 1953. The native Egyptian hatchery in a poultry improvement program. Foreign Agr. 17(5): 99-103.
The Value of Pasture in the Production of Goose Broilers E. S. SNYDER, W. F. PEPPER, S. J. SLINGER AND H. L. ORR Department of Poultry Husbandry, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Received for publication March 17, 1954)
M
ODERN consumer preference together with the economy of production have been major factors in advancing sales of broiler and frier sized chickens and turkeys. For these reasons also, ducklings have gained in favor as compared with mature ducks. In each instance profitable production of these products is possible only under conditions which allow for rapid growth and early marketing. Synder and Orr (1953) reported that geese may be marketed with good consumer acceptance when from 8 to 14 weeks of age. Such goslings were found to have good fleshing and satisfactory finish. The highest percentage of total drawn weight occurred at 10 weeks of age and the highest percentage of total edible meat
of the total drawn weight at 12 weeks of age, being superior in these respects to birds from the same groups slaughtered at 19 to 21 weeks of age. Recent interest in the commerical possibilities of goose broilers has served to emphasize the lack of information on feeding such birds. That geese are superior foragers to other domestic poultry and that they do reasonably well from the baby gosling stage to maturity on a diet consisting mainly of grass are well established facts. However, no reports appear to have been published comparing the range and confinement methods of rearing goose broilers. An experiment was therefore made to determine the effect of pasture on growth, economy of production and market quality of goose broilers.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 25, 2015
parasite where the standard breeds cannot. The fallacious reasoning indicated in this first hypothesis, as well as field experience makes this following broader generalization highly questionable: that standard breeds of chicks cannnot survive under Egyptain farm conditions. This generalization lacks substantiating experimental evidence. 3. Control measures for this parasite problem in Egypt are similar to those found in other countries and do not present a radically different approach.
35
36
E. S. SNYDER, W. F. PEPPER, S. J. SLINGER AND H. L. ORR
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All lots received the same diet of pelleted mash, grain and insoluble grit fed ad libitum, while drinking water was constantly available. The percentage composition of the pellets used was as follows: ground wheat 30, ground yellow corn 25, ground barley 10, ground oats 10, dehydrated alfalfa meal 3, meat meal (50% protein) 2.5, fish meal (65% protein) 1, dried buttermilk 2, soybean oil meal (44% protein) 12.75, ground limestone 1, steamed bone meal 2, iodized salt 0.25, fish oil (300 I.C.U., D—1,500 I.U., A/gm.) 0.25. In addition, to each 100 pounds the following were added, in grams: riboflavin 0.15, vitamin B12 and penicillin supplement (3 mg. B12 and 2 grams procaine penicillin G per pound) 22.7, niacin 0.5 and manganese sulfate (feed grade) 8.5. The grain mixture used consisted of equal parts by weight of wheat and oats. The goslings were weighed in groups
(males and females separately) at 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age and individually at 14 weeks of age. Feed consumption was recorded at the time of each weighing. At 14 weeks of age, 3 average-weight males and 3 average-weight females were selected from each duplicate group of each treatment for studies on dressing percentage and carcass quality. These birds were housed in a well bedded pen overnight and allowed water but no feed after 5 o'clock p.m. The following morning each bird was again weighed, killed by severing the jugulars, steamed, rough picked and waxed. After removal of the wax they were cleanly pinned, weighed to determine dressing shrink, chilled in ice water, following which they were eviscerated and weighed to ascertain the evisceration shrink. Observations were made in regard to pinniness, skin colour, fleshing and finish. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The weight and feed efficiency data are presented in Table 1. It is apparent that the birds reared in confinement weighed more than the pasture-reared groups on every occasion. The weight difference at 14 weeks of age proved to be highly significant according to the " t " test (Snedecor, 1946). On the other hand, the goslings reared on pasture required considerably less feed per unit gain in weight than did the groups reared without access to pasture. No mortality occurred in any of the lots but two goslings were taken by owls shortly after being placed on range. The consumption of grain and mash by periods and the figures for total feed consumption are presented in Table 2. These results demonstrate clearly the marked influence of pasture on the pellet:grain ratio. Birds reared in confinement consumed very little grain in relation to pellets and showed a pellet:grain ratio for
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 25, 2015
Two hundred White Chinese cfcfX Emden 9 9 sexed goslings were brooded together for the first 3 weeks after hatching. During this period they received a complete diet. At the end of this time the goslings were randomized according to sex and weight into four lots of 50 birds each. Two groups were placed on range, each having access to about one and onequarter acres of an excellent mixed grass and clover pasture during the daytime and each being placed on approximately three-quarters of an acre of well grassed land, tightly fenced, and thus affording protection from predators, at night. Pasture growth was palatable and abundant throughout the course of the experiment. Two groups of confinement reared goslings were housed in roomy, well-bedded, ground-level pens in a barn, with free access to moderate sized straw-covered outside yards.
37
PASTURE FOR GOOSE BROILERS TABLE 1.—Effect
of pasture on the growth and feed efficiency of goose broilers Treatment No pasture
Age (wks.) c?
Pasture
Average weight (lbs.) 9
Feed/ gain
o*
Average weight (lbs.) 9
Feed/ gain
8.77(25) 8.46(25) 8.62(50)
7.72(25) 7.56(25) 7.64(50)
8.25 (50) 8.01 (50) 8.13(100)
2.62 2.71 2.67
8.48(25) 8.27(24) 8.38(49)
7.32(25) 7.02(24) 7.17(49)
7.90(50) 7.65(48) 7.78(98)
1.69 1.85 1.77
R, Av.
RI
11.62(25) 11.52(25) 11.57(50)
10.22(25) 9.90(25) 10.06(50)
10.92 (50) 10.71 (50) 10.82(100)
4.09 4.14 4.12
10.84(25) 11.33(24) 11.09(49)
9.24(25) 9.13 (24) 9.19 (49)
10.04(50) 10.23(48) 10.14 (98)
2.21 2.31 2.26
12
Ri R. Av.
13.10(25) 13.22(25) 13.16(50)
11.48(25) 11.32(25) 11.40(50)
12.29 (50) 12.27 (50) 12.28(100)
4.88 4.86 4.87
12.54(25) 12.73(24) 12.64(49)
10.54(25) 10.40(24) 10.47(49)
11.54(50) 11.57(48) 11.56(98)
3.16 3.24 3.20
14
Ri Rs Av.
13.78(25) 13.66(25) 13.72(50)
12.08(25) 11.64(25) 11.86(50)
12.93 (50) 12.65 (50) 12.79(100)
5.48 5.59 5.54
12.90(25) 13.08(24) 12.99(49)
10.72(25) 10.56(24) 10.64(49)
11.81(50) 11.82(48) 11.82(98)
3.99 4.02 4.01
9
R*= Replicate. ( ) =Number of birds surviving.
the whole period of about 40:1. In contrast to this the goslings having access to pasture consumed almost as much grain as mash. In Table 3 are shown the dressing percentages of males and females from the two treatments. I t would appear that with goslings reared on pasture there was a somewhat greater loss of feathers and/or blood than in the case of confinementreared birds. However, on the basis of total loss due to dressing there was little or no difference between the two groups. All carcasses from both treatments were moderately well fleshed and there was little difference between treatments. The confinement-reared birds were well finished and definitely superior in this respect as compared with the birds reared on TABLE 2.—Effect
range. The pastured birds also showed considerably more pinniness than did confinement-reared birds. In addition the confinement-reared birds dressed out an attractive creamy white in skin colour in contrast to a decidedly yellow colour—in some cases almost flinty yellow—of the pastured birds. This difference was accentuated when the carcasses were frozen. The results of this experiment indicate that goslings of satisfactory market quality can be produced at 14 weeks of age either with or without pasture. While the confinement-reared birds proved to be heavier and of somewhat superior market quality their advantage was gained through a markedly greater consumption of pelleted mash. This being the case the economy of producing goose broilers with-'
of pasture on consumption of pellets and grain by goose broilers Treatment No pasture
Period (wks.)
3-6 6-9 9-12 12-14 3-14
Pasture
Pellets (lbs.)
Grain (lbs.)
Pellets/ grain
Pellets (lbs.)
Grain (lbs.)
Pellets/ grain
1,192.50 1,755.00 1,212.00 801.50 4,961.00
14.75 5.50 49.50 53.25 123.00
80.85 319.09 24.48 15.05 40.33
485.75 514.25 491.50 286.00 1,777.50
234.75 207.75 552.25 450.50 1,445.25
2.07 2.48 0.89 0.63 1.23
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 25, 2015
Ri* R. Av.
6
38
NEWS AND NOTES TABLE 3.—Effect
of pasture on dressing percentage of goose broilers Dressing percentage
Average weight in pounds Treatment
No. of birds
Live
Starved
Hot dressed
Eviscerated
Males
6
13.66
12.75
10.79
9.03
84.64
70.84
Females
6
12.03
11.25
9.58
7.98
85.18
70.96
Males
6
13.03
12.08
9.93
8.53
82.20
70.62
Females
6
10.62
9.87
8.17
7.13
82.77
72.29
Sex
Hot Eviscerated dressed of of starved starved weight weight
No Pasture
out the aid of pasture may be questioned. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Duplicate groups of White Chinese X Emden goslings were reared from 3 to 14 weeks of age on a diet of pelleted mash and grain both with and without access to pasture. The groups reared in confinement without access to pasture were significantly heavier in weight and of somewhat superior market quality at 14 weeks of age as compared with the pastured groups. On the other hand, the pasture-reared groups required less feed per unit gain in weight and consumed a great deal less pelleted mash in relation to grain than did the groups receiving no pasture. It would appear possible to produce goose broilers of satisfactory weight and
market quality at 14 weeks of age either with or without pasture. Under the conditions of this experiment the economy of such production was materially enhanced through the use of pasture. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We wish to thank Brother Julius Kubassek and other members of the Community Farm of Brethren at Bright, Ontario, who afforded the necessary facilities, materials and technical assistance to make this experiment possible. REFERENCES Snedecor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State College Press, Fourth Edition, pp. 8 1 82. Snyder, E. S., and H. L. Orr, 1953. Market possibilities and yield of goslings dressed at various ages. Poultry Sci. 32: 181-182.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 29) breeding for egg and meat production, factors affecting the quality of eggs and meat, incubation, nutrition, and physiology. Dr. Jull has published a number of papers, bulletins and circulars, both scientific and popular, which have established a world-wide reputation for him. Two articles, published in the 'National Geographic Magazine, "The Races of Domestic Fowl" in 1927, and "Fowls of Forest and Stream Tamed by Man" in 1930, attracted much attention. He has
also written articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the World Book Encyclopedia. He is author of four widely used textbooks—Poultry Husbandry, Successful Poultry Management, Poultry Breeding, and Raising Turkeys, Ducks, Geese and Game Birds. As a teacher, Dr. Jull has also made a reputation for himself. In 1950 he was presented with a teaching award certificate as the most outstanding teacher in the College of Agriculture at the University of Maryland. In 1952 he received the Teaching Prize of
(Continued on page 54)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 25, 2015
Pasture
REFERENCES Ackert, J. E., 1930. Recent developments in the importance and control of the intestinal roundworm, Ascaridia lineata (Schneider) of chickens. Proc. World's Poultry Congr., London, Conf. Papers, Sec. C: 494-500.
Ackert, J. E., 1942. Natural resistance to helminthic infections. J. Parasitol. 28: 1-24. Ackert, J. E., L. L. Eisenbrandt, J. H. Wilmoth, B. Glading, and I. Pratt, 1935. Comparative resistance of five breeds of chickens to the nematode Ascaridia lineata (Schneider). J. Agr. Res. 50: 607-624. American Poultry Association, 1947. The American Standard of Perfection. American Poultry Association, Davenport, Iowa. Dardiry, A. H., 1945. Studies on avian spirochaetosis in Egypt. Ministry Agr. Tech. Sci. Service Bull. No. 243. Gaafar, S. M., 1952. Incidence of infection with the fowl nematode Ascaridia galli in Egyptian chickens. J. Parasitol. 38:.84-85. Reid, W. M. 1953. Parasite problems of standard breeds of poultry in Egypt. World's Poultry Sci. J. 9: 97-101. Reid, W. M., and A. H. Dardiry, 1953. The native Egyptian hatchery in a poultry improvement program. Foreign Agr. 17(5): 99-103.
The Value of Pasture in the Production of Goose Broilers E. S. SNYDER, W. F. PEPPER, S. J. SLINGER AND H. L. ORR Department of Poultry Husbandry, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Received for publication March 17, 1954)
M
ODERN consumer preference together with the economy of production have been major factors in advancing sales of broiler and frier sized chickens and turkeys. For these reasons also, ducklings have gained in favor as compared with mature ducks. In each instance profitable production of these products is possible only under conditions which allow for rapid growth and early marketing. Synder and Orr (1953) reported that geese may be marketed with good consumer acceptance when from 8 to 14 weeks of age. Such goslings were found to have good fleshing and satisfactory finish. The highest percentage of total drawn weight occurred at 10 weeks of age and the highest percentage of total edible meat
of the total drawn weight at 12 weeks of age, being superior in these respects to birds from the same groups slaughtered at 19 to 21 weeks of age. Recent interest in the commerical possibilities of goose broilers has served to emphasize the lack of information on feeding such birds. That geese are superior foragers to other domestic poultry and that they do reasonably well from the baby gosling stage to maturity on a diet consisting mainly of grass are well established facts. However, no reports appear to have been published comparing the range and confinement methods of rearing goose broilers. An experiment was therefore made to determine the effect of pasture on growth, economy of production and market quality of goose broilers.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 25, 2015
parasite where the standard breeds cannot. The fallacious reasoning indicated in this first hypothesis, as well as field experience makes this following broader generalization highly questionable: that standard breeds of chicks cannnot survive under Egyptain farm conditions. This generalization lacks substantiating experimental evidence. 3. Control measures for this parasite problem in Egypt are similar to those found in other countries and do not present a radically different approach.
35
36
E. S. SNYDER, W. F. PEPPER, S. J. SLINGER AND H. L. ORR
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All lots received the same diet of pelleted mash, grain and insoluble grit fed ad libitum, while drinking water was constantly available. The percentage composition of the pellets used was as follows: ground wheat 30, ground yellow corn 25, ground barley 10, ground oats 10, dehydrated alfalfa meal 3, meat meal (50% protein) 2.5, fish meal (65% protein) 1, dried buttermilk 2, soybean oil meal (44% protein) 12.75, ground limestone 1, steamed bone meal 2, iodized salt 0.25, fish oil (300 I.C.U., D—1,500 I.U., A/gm.) 0.25. In addition, to each 100 pounds the following were added, in grams: riboflavin 0.15, vitamin B12 and penicillin supplement (3 mg. B12 and 2 grams procaine penicillin G per pound) 22.7, niacin 0.5 and manganese sulfate (feed grade) 8.5. The grain mixture used consisted of equal parts by weight of wheat and oats. The goslings were weighed in groups
(males and females separately) at 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age and individually at 14 weeks of age. Feed consumption was recorded at the time of each weighing. At 14 weeks of age, 3 average-weight males and 3 average-weight females were selected from each duplicate group of each treatment for studies on dressing percentage and carcass quality. These birds were housed in a well bedded pen overnight and allowed water but no feed after 5 o'clock p.m. The following morning each bird was again weighed, killed by severing the jugulars, steamed, rough picked and waxed. After removal of the wax they were cleanly pinned, weighed to determine dressing shrink, chilled in ice water, following which they were eviscerated and weighed to ascertain the evisceration shrink. Observations were made in regard to pinniness, skin colour, fleshing and finish. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The weight and feed efficiency data are presented in Table 1. It is apparent that the birds reared in confinement weighed more than the pasture-reared groups on every occasion. The weight difference at 14 weeks of age proved to be highly significant according to the " t " test (Snedecor, 1946). On the other hand, the goslings reared on pasture required considerably less feed per unit gain in weight than did the groups reared without access to pasture. No mortality occurred in any of the lots but two goslings were taken by owls shortly after being placed on range. The consumption of grain and mash by periods and the figures for total feed consumption are presented in Table 2. These results demonstrate clearly the marked influence of pasture on the pellet:grain ratio. Birds reared in confinement consumed very little grain in relation to pellets and showed a pellet:grain ratio for
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 25, 2015
Two hundred White Chinese cfcfX Emden 9 9 sexed goslings were brooded together for the first 3 weeks after hatching. During this period they received a complete diet. At the end of this time the goslings were randomized according to sex and weight into four lots of 50 birds each. Two groups were placed on range, each having access to about one and onequarter acres of an excellent mixed grass and clover pasture during the daytime and each being placed on approximately three-quarters of an acre of well grassed land, tightly fenced, and thus affording protection from predators, at night. Pasture growth was palatable and abundant throughout the course of the experiment. Two groups of confinement reared goslings were housed in roomy, well-bedded, ground-level pens in a barn, with free access to moderate sized straw-covered outside yards.
37
PASTURE FOR GOOSE BROILERS TABLE 1.—Effect
of pasture on the growth and feed efficiency of goose broilers Treatment No pasture
Age (wks.) c?
Pasture
Average weight (lbs.) 9
Feed/ gain
o*
Average weight (lbs.) 9
Feed/ gain
8.77(25) 8.46(25) 8.62(50)
7.72(25) 7.56(25) 7.64(50)
8.25 (50) 8.01 (50) 8.13(100)
2.62 2.71 2.67
8.48(25) 8.27(24) 8.38(49)
7.32(25) 7.02(24) 7.17(49)
7.90(50) 7.65(48) 7.78(98)
1.69 1.85 1.77
R, Av.
RI
11.62(25) 11.52(25) 11.57(50)
10.22(25) 9.90(25) 10.06(50)
10.92 (50) 10.71 (50) 10.82(100)
4.09 4.14 4.12
10.84(25) 11.33(24) 11.09(49)
9.24(25) 9.13 (24) 9.19 (49)
10.04(50) 10.23(48) 10.14 (98)
2.21 2.31 2.26
12
Ri R. Av.
13.10(25) 13.22(25) 13.16(50)
11.48(25) 11.32(25) 11.40(50)
12.29 (50) 12.27 (50) 12.28(100)
4.88 4.86 4.87
12.54(25) 12.73(24) 12.64(49)
10.54(25) 10.40(24) 10.47(49)
11.54(50) 11.57(48) 11.56(98)
3.16 3.24 3.20
14
Ri Rs Av.
13.78(25) 13.66(25) 13.72(50)
12.08(25) 11.64(25) 11.86(50)
12.93 (50) 12.65 (50) 12.79(100)
5.48 5.59 5.54
12.90(25) 13.08(24) 12.99(49)
10.72(25) 10.56(24) 10.64(49)
11.81(50) 11.82(48) 11.82(98)
3.99 4.02 4.01
9
R*= Replicate. ( ) =Number of birds surviving.
the whole period of about 40:1. In contrast to this the goslings having access to pasture consumed almost as much grain as mash. In Table 3 are shown the dressing percentages of males and females from the two treatments. I t would appear that with goslings reared on pasture there was a somewhat greater loss of feathers and/or blood than in the case of confinementreared birds. However, on the basis of total loss due to dressing there was little or no difference between the two groups. All carcasses from both treatments were moderately well fleshed and there was little difference between treatments. The confinement-reared birds were well finished and definitely superior in this respect as compared with the birds reared on TABLE 2.—Effect
range. The pastured birds also showed considerably more pinniness than did confinement-reared birds. In addition the confinement-reared birds dressed out an attractive creamy white in skin colour in contrast to a decidedly yellow colour—in some cases almost flinty yellow—of the pastured birds. This difference was accentuated when the carcasses were frozen. The results of this experiment indicate that goslings of satisfactory market quality can be produced at 14 weeks of age either with or without pasture. While the confinement-reared birds proved to be heavier and of somewhat superior market quality their advantage was gained through a markedly greater consumption of pelleted mash. This being the case the economy of producing goose broilers with-'
of pasture on consumption of pellets and grain by goose broilers Treatment No pasture
Period (wks.)
3-6 6-9 9-12 12-14 3-14
Pasture
Pellets (lbs.)
Grain (lbs.)
Pellets/ grain
Pellets (lbs.)
Grain (lbs.)
Pellets/ grain
1,192.50 1,755.00 1,212.00 801.50 4,961.00
14.75 5.50 49.50 53.25 123.00
80.85 319.09 24.48 15.05 40.33
485.75 514.25 491.50 286.00 1,777.50
234.75 207.75 552.25 450.50 1,445.25
2.07 2.48 0.89 0.63 1.23
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 25, 2015
Ri* R. Av.
6
38
NEWS AND NOTES TABLE 3.—Effect
of pasture on dressing percentage of goose broilers Dressing percentage
Average weight in pounds Treatment
No. of birds
Live
Starved
Hot dressed
Eviscerated
Males
6
13.66
12.75
10.79
9.03
84.64
70.84
Females
6
12.03
11.25
9.58
7.98
85.18
70.96
Males
6
13.03
12.08
9.93
8.53
82.20
70.62
Females
6
10.62
9.87
8.17
7.13
82.77
72.29
Sex
Hot Eviscerated dressed of of starved starved weight weight
No Pasture
out the aid of pasture may be questioned. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Duplicate groups of White Chinese X Emden goslings were reared from 3 to 14 weeks of age on a diet of pelleted mash and grain both with and without access to pasture. The groups reared in confinement without access to pasture were significantly heavier in weight and of somewhat superior market quality at 14 weeks of age as compared with the pastured groups. On the other hand, the pasture-reared groups required less feed per unit gain in weight and consumed a great deal less pelleted mash in relation to grain than did the groups receiving no pasture. It would appear possible to produce goose broilers of satisfactory weight and
market quality at 14 weeks of age either with or without pasture. Under the conditions of this experiment the economy of such production was materially enhanced through the use of pasture. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We wish to thank Brother Julius Kubassek and other members of the Community Farm of Brethren at Bright, Ontario, who afforded the necessary facilities, materials and technical assistance to make this experiment possible. REFERENCES Snedecor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State College Press, Fourth Edition, pp. 8 1 82. Snyder, E. S., and H. L. Orr, 1953. Market possibilities and yield of goslings dressed at various ages. Poultry Sci. 32: 181-182.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 29) breeding for egg and meat production, factors affecting the quality of eggs and meat, incubation, nutrition, and physiology. Dr. Jull has published a number of papers, bulletins and circulars, both scientific and popular, which have established a world-wide reputation for him. Two articles, published in the 'National Geographic Magazine, "The Races of Domestic Fowl" in 1927, and "Fowls of Forest and Stream Tamed by Man" in 1930, attracted much attention. He has
also written articles in the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the World Book Encyclopedia. He is author of four widely used textbooks—Poultry Husbandry, Successful Poultry Management, Poultry Breeding, and Raising Turkeys, Ducks, Geese and Game Birds. As a teacher, Dr. Jull has also made a reputation for himself. In 1950 he was presented with a teaching award certificate as the most outstanding teacher in the College of Agriculture at the University of Maryland. In 1952 he received the Teaching Prize of
(Continued on page 54)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 25, 2015
Pasture