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The Veterinary Profession in Czechoslovakia
THE PROFESSION IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
305
as heretofore. At this time it was hoped tha t the l .niversity or th e Province of Quebec would ma terially aid Dr. McEachran in maintaining the Veterina ry College but unfortunately this was sqmewhat disappointing and fin ally h e decided to di scontinue rather th an continue the struggle under such a h eavy handicap, on his own · resources. While the McGill Veterina ry College did not at tract as large an a ttenda nce as some of the other Veterinary Colleges it must , however, always be to its credit that it maintained a definite entra nce requirement and was the first on th e Continent of Am erica to lengthen the course of instruction to three years. During the year 1895 a Veterina ry Department was established a t Kingst on, Ontario, as a part of the School of Mining and Agriculture a ffiliated with Queen 's University. Th e entrance requirement was not definitely establish ed a nd th e course was a short on e of two sessions of less than six m onths each. From the beginning this in stitution fai led to attract sufficient attendance ; as a result it was discontinued during the year 1899. There is now a Veterinary College atOka, near Montreal, known as the Montreal Veterinary College, which gives in struction in French. This in stitution was first established a t Montreal about the year 1869 by th e late V . T . Daubigny, D .V.Sc. It is still carry ing on and is designa ted " L 'Ecole de Med ecine Vet erin aire de Montreal," a nd while the a ttendance at present is not large, a t the same time this institution has every reason to b e proud of its record .
THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA. By Dr. ]AN HAMR, late Chief of the State Veterinary Service. TH E Czech oslovakian R epublic is formed partly from lands overruled formerly by Austrian laws (Bohemi a, Moravia-Silesia), and partly from lands overruled formerly by Hungari a n laws (Slovakia, Carpathian Russia) . It has a n a rea of 140,356 kilometres, 86,554 kilometres of which is a cultivated a rea. Administratively Czechoslovakia is divided in 4 lands with 264 counties, administered by the offices of the Austrian Jaws. The total number of communities is 15,422 , so that in one political di strict there is a n average of 58 communities owning an average a rea of 532 kilometres (328 kilom etres of wh ich is a cultivated area).
306
THE VETERI NARY JOURNAL
The number of farm animals according to the census fro m 31st December, 1925, was: 740,076 horses 4,690,355 cattle 2,1 05,355 goat and sheep 2,538,853 swine 17,938, 122 poultry The value of this live stock is certainly very g reat, and can be decreased if the fa rm a nimals suffe r from diseases, namely, of contagious character. The protection of this national property and the success in fa rming is the big job of theveterinary profession. In Czechoslovakia there a re a bout 1,130 veterinarians, 274 of them are State Veterinarians, 95 1 are district , municipal or private veterinarians, 93 army veterinaria ns ; 14 veterinarians are employed by Sta te institutes for horse breeding, 9 by agricultural councils and 35 by the Veterinary College in Bm o. As a rule there is in every district office a State Ve terinari an who is responsible for the veterinary se rvice. He is the State officer and belongs to the academic group. The District State Veterinarian is subordinated to the chief of the office of the Austria n ruling. Fo r instance, his salary is tha t of the Sta te officer and his necessary expenses in performing his official du ties a re paid by the State treasury. District State Veterina rians are subord inated in p rofessional and personal m atters to the veterina ry department of the Hungarian laws. A veterinarian may be appointed . as a State Veteri narian, provided that he has completed the High School studies and, fur ther, tha t he has completed the studies in the Ve teri nary College (four year course in veterina ry medicine) and passed the State examina tions leading to the ve terinary diploma. A further examination is requi red, which may be passed after a t least two years of veterinary practice or after one year of assistant work in the Veterinary College. The work of the State Vet erinarian in the control of contagious diseases of animals is guided by la ws and rules relating to the control and eradication of the contagious diseases of domestic animals. H e is allowed to unde rtake private practice and is the advise r on animal breeding. "The duties of coun ty and district veterinarians are simila r. Most cities employ veterina rians, whose responsibili ty is to insure the wholesomeness of the cities food s upply , with special reference t o the meat and milk supplies. The army veterina rians a nd those employed by State Institutes for horse breeding are allowed t o engage in priva te practice, but they a re not allowed to admit the diseased anima ls fo r examination or treatment to the military build ings or to buildings of the State Establishments for horse breeding.
PLATE III
DR . T RUC II E.
DR . GuERI'> .
Fra11ce.
F m uce.
I 'JWF. DR . V A LLi:E .
F ra11 ce .
l'I< OF. D R. l' AXISSET
.I 'JWF. Dll. L E CLA I :"'C II E
Fra11 re.
Fra11 rr·.
VETERINARY PROFESSION IN DENMARK 307 The treatment of diseased animals by private person·s (not veterinarians) is not forbidden, except as regards cases of contagious diseases sched uled by law, but unlicensed practice performed as a profession is punishable. The Veterinary College in Brno is designed to mee t the needs of the students who wish to secure a thorough foundation and knowledge in the veterinary medicine. It was established 1920- 1921. For the diagnosis of animal diseases and the production of vaccines and serums The State Serotherapeutic Veterinary Institute in I vanovice na Hane was founded ; 40 different vaccines and serums are manu- ' factured there. To enable the veterinary practitioners to increase their knowledge in the progress of the different fields of veterinary medicine, special courses are arranged periodically in the Veterinary College and in The St a te Veterinary Institute. In memory of the independence of Czechoslovakia the Czechoslovakian veterinarians held a Veterinary Congress in 1927. In two divisions (divided into six sections) there were discussed numerous questions concerning veterinary science and the veterinary profession. Communications, debates and conclusions adopted by the Congress have been published in the R eport which was issued in 1928. In the same year the Czechoslovakian veterinarians took part in a special Yeterinary Section of The Congress of Natural Philosophy, Medicine and Engineering.
THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN DENMARK. By PROF. DR. FOLMER NIELSEN, Copenhagen. THE Danish Veterinary School, as one of the first in the worid, was founded in 177 3 by P eter Christian A bildgaard. The considerable economical loss which ravaged under the form of · the cattle-plague in the 18th century, had given rise to the wish for having trained veterinaries, and the Danish Government therefore sent in 1763 the then existing medical student, P . C. Abildgaard, t o Lyons in order to study ve terinary m ethods at the Veterinary School, which Claude B ourgelat ha d opened the year before, as the first one of the· world.
Abildgaard studied for 2t years in Lyons, but as he returned home in 1766, his interest in the Veterinary System waned, as he had to provisionally study medicine. He then passed a doctor's examination and settled as a doctor in Copenhagen.
305
as heretofore. At this time it was hoped tha t the l .niversity or th e Province of Quebec would ma terially aid Dr. McEachran in maintaining the Veterina ry College but unfortunately this was sqmewhat disappointing and fin ally h e decided to di scontinue rather th an continue the struggle under such a h eavy handicap, on his own · resources. While the McGill Veterina ry College did not at tract as large an a ttenda nce as some of the other Veterinary Colleges it must , however, always be to its credit that it maintained a definite entra nce requirement and was the first on th e Continent of Am erica to lengthen the course of instruction to three years. During the year 1895 a Veterina ry Department was established a t Kingst on, Ontario, as a part of the School of Mining and Agriculture a ffiliated with Queen 's University. Th e entrance requirement was not definitely establish ed a nd th e course was a short on e of two sessions of less than six m onths each. From the beginning this in stitution fai led to attract sufficient attendance ; as a result it was discontinued during the year 1899. There is now a Veterinary College atOka, near Montreal, known as the Montreal Veterinary College, which gives in struction in French. This in stitution was first established a t Montreal about the year 1869 by th e late V . T . Daubigny, D .V.Sc. It is still carry ing on and is designa ted " L 'Ecole de Med ecine Vet erin aire de Montreal," a nd while the a ttendance at present is not large, a t the same time this institution has every reason to b e proud of its record .
THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA. By Dr. ]AN HAMR, late Chief of the State Veterinary Service. TH E Czech oslovakian R epublic is formed partly from lands overruled formerly by Austrian laws (Bohemi a, Moravia-Silesia), and partly from lands overruled formerly by Hungari a n laws (Slovakia, Carpathian Russia) . It has a n a rea of 140,356 kilometres, 86,554 kilometres of which is a cultivated a rea. Administratively Czechoslovakia is divided in 4 lands with 264 counties, administered by the offices of the Austrian Jaws. The total number of communities is 15,422 , so that in one political di strict there is a n average of 58 communities owning an average a rea of 532 kilometres (328 kilom etres of wh ich is a cultivated area).
306
THE VETERI NARY JOURNAL
The number of farm animals according to the census fro m 31st December, 1925, was: 740,076 horses 4,690,355 cattle 2,1 05,355 goat and sheep 2,538,853 swine 17,938, 122 poultry The value of this live stock is certainly very g reat, and can be decreased if the fa rm a nimals suffe r from diseases, namely, of contagious character. The protection of this national property and the success in fa rming is the big job of theveterinary profession. In Czechoslovakia there a re a bout 1,130 veterinarians, 274 of them are State Veterinarians, 95 1 are district , municipal or private veterinarians, 93 army veterinaria ns ; 14 veterinarians are employed by Sta te institutes for horse breeding, 9 by agricultural councils and 35 by the Veterinary College in Bm o. As a rule there is in every district office a State Ve terinari an who is responsible for the veterinary se rvice. He is the State officer and belongs to the academic group. The District State Veterinarian is subordinated to the chief of the office of the Austria n ruling. Fo r instance, his salary is tha t of the Sta te officer and his necessary expenses in performing his official du ties a re paid by the State treasury. District State Veterina rians are subord inated in p rofessional and personal m atters to the veterina ry department of the Hungarian laws. A veterinarian may be appointed . as a State Veteri narian, provided that he has completed the High School studies and, fur ther, tha t he has completed the studies in the Ve teri nary College (four year course in veterina ry medicine) and passed the State examina tions leading to the ve terinary diploma. A further examination is requi red, which may be passed after a t least two years of veterinary practice or after one year of assistant work in the Veterinary College. The work of the State Vet erinarian in the control of contagious diseases of animals is guided by la ws and rules relating to the control and eradication of the contagious diseases of domestic animals. H e is allowed to unde rtake private practice and is the advise r on animal breeding. "The duties of coun ty and district veterinarians are simila r. Most cities employ veterina rians, whose responsibili ty is to insure the wholesomeness of the cities food s upply , with special reference t o the meat and milk supplies. The army veterina rians a nd those employed by State Institutes for horse breeding are allowed t o engage in priva te practice, but they a re not allowed to admit the diseased anima ls fo r examination or treatment to the military build ings or to buildings of the State Establishments for horse breeding.
PLATE III
DR . T RUC II E.
DR . GuERI'> .
Fra11ce.
F m uce.
I 'JWF. DR . V A LLi:E .
F ra11 ce .
l'I< OF. D R. l' AXISSET
.I 'JWF. Dll. L E CLA I :"'C II E
Fra11 re.
Fra11 rr·.
VETERINARY PROFESSION IN DENMARK 307 The treatment of diseased animals by private person·s (not veterinarians) is not forbidden, except as regards cases of contagious diseases sched uled by law, but unlicensed practice performed as a profession is punishable. The Veterinary College in Brno is designed to mee t the needs of the students who wish to secure a thorough foundation and knowledge in the veterinary medicine. It was established 1920- 1921. For the diagnosis of animal diseases and the production of vaccines and serums The State Serotherapeutic Veterinary Institute in I vanovice na Hane was founded ; 40 different vaccines and serums are manu- ' factured there. To enable the veterinary practitioners to increase their knowledge in the progress of the different fields of veterinary medicine, special courses are arranged periodically in the Veterinary College and in The St a te Veterinary Institute. In memory of the independence of Czechoslovakia the Czechoslovakian veterinarians held a Veterinary Congress in 1927. In two divisions (divided into six sections) there were discussed numerous questions concerning veterinary science and the veterinary profession. Communications, debates and conclusions adopted by the Congress have been published in the R eport which was issued in 1928. In the same year the Czechoslovakian veterinarians took part in a special Yeterinary Section of The Congress of Natural Philosophy, Medicine and Engineering.
THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN DENMARK. By PROF. DR. FOLMER NIELSEN, Copenhagen. THE Danish Veterinary School, as one of the first in the worid, was founded in 177 3 by P eter Christian A bildgaard. The considerable economical loss which ravaged under the form of · the cattle-plague in the 18th century, had given rise to the wish for having trained veterinaries, and the Danish Government therefore sent in 1763 the then existing medical student, P . C. Abildgaard, t o Lyons in order to study ve terinary m ethods at the Veterinary School, which Claude B ourgelat ha d opened the year before, as the first one of the· world.
Abildgaard studied for 2t years in Lyons, but as he returned home in 1766, his interest in the Veterinary System waned, as he had to provisionally study medicine. He then passed a doctor's examination and settled as a doctor in Copenhagen.