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The weavers of Dundee
5.2.82 (64259) Andersen, B.G. Human Factors guide for the design of diver-operated hand and power tools (October 1969 - June 1972) TRC Report No T73-05925 JuL 1972, 49 pp. Abstr in R and D Abstracts. Results o f a research study directed toward expanding the available data base of man's ability to work under water, by providing human factors data on man's requirements, and capabilities as an undersea worker. The report is a basic human factors criteria guide for the design of diver-operated tools and work systems. Data included were developed and compiled through evaluation of operational diver work tasks, in-thefield observation o f diving operations, and survey and review of existing human factors research data. The document is organised into five major sections: ( l ) anthropometry and biomechanics, (2) body restraint and tethering systems, (3) underwater visibility, (4) control/display criteria, and (5) human engineering considerations for specific underwater tools. The appendix contains detailed specifications for a selected number of frequently used power tools.
5.2.83 (64260) Anon Ergonomic tools Industrial Engineering Sep, 1973, 5.9, 45pp. With more women in assembly operations, management has begun to take a new look at'some of the age-old tools used in assembly. The management of this plant selected tools that are designed on ergonomic principles 5.2.84 (64261) Evans, T.E. Jr et ai. Evaluation of dental hand instruments ttuman Factors Aug, 1973, 15.4, 401 - 406. A newly-developed, multiplefunction dental syringe, designed to improve the efficiency of the dental team in performing restorative operations, was evaluated in mechanical tests, mock clinical trials, and field tests with live patients. Field tests indicated the new device to be superior to the conventional equipment configuration of separate instruments generally used by dental assistants in terms of the number of hand movements required, total cutting time, and operator preference. Suggestions for re-design are presented together with a revised evaluation procedure for future studies,
5.2.85 (64262) National Ports Council. Equipment evaluation: The operation of Clark van carriers The Council, London 1973 182 pp. A significant part of the study presented represents an attempt to analyse and evaluate the man-machine systems that have developed at several container berths which use Clark van carriers. Central to this study has been an appraisal of the extent to which these machines have been designed to 'fit' the men who drive them.
5.2.86 (64265) Barrow, H. Controls, symbols and colour coding of machine tools. The Production Engineer Apt, 1973, pp. 133-138. Abstr in PERA Bulletin. Relates the principles of ergonomics to the design of machines and their controls, and explains how symbols can replace words on control panels. 5.2.87 (64269) National Ports Council. Equipment evaluation. The operation of Clark van carriers, 2nd Volume. Appendices to ergonomics considerations. The Council, London 1973, 1 I0 pp. This volume of the report presents in either full or summarised form the data which is the basis of the discussion contained in Part III of the 1st volume, ie, 'Ergonomics Considerations'. In addition, a number of topics mentioned only briefly in that volume, such as the physical aspects of container berths and the morale of van carrier drivers, are discussed in some depth. While it is intended that this volume should be of interest to anyone associated with the operation of van carriers it is also hoped that it may be of particular value to those who are actually involved in controlling the operation of container berths and/or are responsible for improving safety standards,
industrial premises together with the advantages and disadvantages of this type of construction. A review is made of the conditions to be met by these premises from the point of view of lighting, microclimate, noise and safety, and the comparative advantages of windows and artificial lighting are analysed. Heating and lighting costs in windowed and windowless buildings are also compared. 5.2.89 (64277) Anon. Hospital lighting Interior Lighting Rev 1972, 23.4, 107 - ! 39. Abstr in
Lighting Research and Technology. Lighting in the hospital as a function of medical technique and as a factor contributing to the comfort of patients and staff is discussed in a series of related articles. Recommendations are given for lighting the different areas o f hospitals, such as the operating theatre suites, the wards, intensive care units and examination and treatment rooms. Colour in the hospital is considered, and examples of hospital lighting in Japan and Canada are given.
5.2.90 (64286) Richards, O.W., and Roth, N. Lighting an examination room to avoid error American Journal o f Optometry and Archives o f A merican A cademy of Optometry Jun, 1973, 50.6,452-457. Unless examination room lighting conditions are standardized, comparison of measurements by various clinicians becomes meaningless. An effective public health programme will force uniformity. Visibility of test figures depends on size, contrast, and type of figure chosen. Significant factors in the examination room environment are room dimensions, shape, lighting and viewing and projection angles. This study demonstrates the magnitude or error and lack of agreement occurring in clinical testing rooms and suggests recommendations for avoiding such errors.
[ I lu m i n a t i o n
Noise 5.2.88 (64276) Sommer, J. and Loef, C. Windowless industrial premises (Fensterlose industriebauten). (in German.) Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, Munich, Germany (Federal Republic.) 1972 1 I 0 pp. Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 1184 - 1973). A concise but comprehensive study of the problems of windowless
5.2.91 (64304) Taylor, W. The weavers of Dundee Transactions of the Society of Occupational Medicine Apr, 1972, 22.2, 37 - 43. Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 1124-1973). A review of the noise hazard and levels of exposure amongst jute weavers in Dundee, Scotland. A report
Applied Ergonomics June 1974
107
is given on the examination of 96 subjects with a minimum o f 20 years exposure to noise in jute weaving mills. The mean noise-exposure time to 100 dB(A) weaving noise for the group of 96 weavers was 41 "6 years; mean age was 64.7 years. It was found that th~s¢ weavers had an average hearing loss of 36-6 dB at 0"5, 1 and 2 kHz, compared with 12.8 dB for matched controls. The main handicap found amongst weavers in this survey was difficulty in speech communication. The problems involved in grading degrees of deafness are discussed, 5.2.92 (64315) Derzay, R. Hearing conservation for the mineral industry Jan 1973 47 pp. Abstr in Government Reports Announcements (Report No. PB-214 644/7) The publication describes effective programmes for preventing noiseinduced hearing loss in the mineral industry. Factors involved in this loss, and the need for and requirements of an effective hearing conservation programme, are discussed. The legal and legislative history of compensation for hearing loss is briefly reviewed. A review of other aspects of the problem of industrial noise in terms of medical, physiological, and psychological frames of reference is included. A hearing conservation programme is described in detail. Appendices detailing names and addresses of a few equipment suppliers are included,
Vibration 5.2.93 (64333) Calcaterra, P.C. Active vibration isolation for aircraft seating Sound and Vibration Mar, 1972, 6, 18-23. Abstr in Aerospace Medicine. The general nature of human response to vibration is briefly discussed, together with the application of active vibration isolators for protecting aircraft pilots from severe environments, such as turbulence encounters of commercial jet transports and general helicopter missions. It is pointed out that human subjects are most susceptible to vibration in the region from 4 to 10 Hz. Active isolation systems can provide the required degree of vibration isolation and displacement control for personnel seating. Continuing human factors research will provide the necessary data to determine trade-offs between vibration isolation and task performance.
108
Applied Ergonomics June 1974
Thermal conditions 5.2.94 (64355) Humphreys, M.A. Classroom temperature, clothing and thermal comfort -- A study of secondary school children in summertime Building Services Engineer Dec, 1973, 41, 19 i-202, Classroom temperatures and children's clothing were recorded during the summer period for a total of 987 lessons. It was found that the percentage o f children working in shirt-sleeves or summer dresses was strongly correlated with the classroom temperature. This clothingtemperature relation provided a new method of investigating thermal comfort. By treating it as a hysteresis phenomenon, it was possible to deduce the proportion of children in thermal comfort, for two modes of clothing, over the temperature ranges 16-30°C. For the children in shirtsleeves or summer dresses, the o p t i m u m temperature was 24.5°C. F o r children wearing j u m p e r s of blazers it was 21.5°C. Consideration of the results suggests that for thermal comfort, classroom temperatures ought rarely to exceed 26°C during occupied hours. The clothing was supplemented by a conventional comfort survey of shorter duration on three classes. The results which had been deducted from the clothing observations were m good agreement with this subjective data. A comparison was also made with other subjective work and with the predictions made on the basis of heat-exchange theory. The process of adaptation to changing temperatures by means of choice of clothing was investigated. It was found that little adaptation took place in response to the temperature changes within the day. Rather more took place from day to day , and the process would be virtually completed in rather over a week. It is suggested that departures from the prevailing mean indoor temperature should not normally exceed 2 °C, and that the change of mean temperature from day to day should not exceed 3°C, nor total more than 4°C per week. Sp(~i
alised and protective C I o thing arid
equipment
5.2.95 (64392) Anon. Accident prevention in foundries (Unfallverhutung in der Giesserei). (In German.) Merkblatt 1027/1972, Sicher Arbeiten, Schweizerische Unfaliversicherungsanstalt, Lucerne, Switzerland, Iq72, 12pp.
Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 409-1973). This edition replaces the 1963 edition (CIS 1885 - 1963). F o u n d r y workers should use the safety devices and personal protective equipment (such as eye, hearing, and head protection, finger guards, gloves and safety footwear) placed at their disposal. Safety will often depend on the correct work procedure, eg, in the charging of melting furnaces, when tapping slag from cupola furnaces, when working with compressed air vices, when turning moulding boxes and when stacking and transporting castings. The document is profusely illustrated, a code of signals for crane drivers is shown and a check list for personal protective equipment and the movement of loads is given. Work
organisation
5.2.96 (64422) Nord, W.R. and Costigan, R. Worker adjustment to the four-day week: A longitudinal study. Journal o f Applied Psychology Aug, 1973, 58. I, 60 - 66. A longitudinal, exploratory study of employee responses to the four-day work week was conducted in a medium-sized pharmaceutical company. While reactions were generally positive, the patterns of response changed with time. After one year, differing effects of the fourday week seemed to be associated with job pace, worker plans to use their leisure time, and age. Absenteeism decreased after the change and declined more one year later, and workers reported sleeping less and having more unfavourable effects on home life. Women reported more favourabte effects on home life and task-oriented plans than men. 5.2.97 (64425) Ferguson, D.A. Shift work and health Personnel Practice Bulletin Jun, 1971,27.2, 113 - 122. Abstr m Occupational Safety and Health A bstract~ (CIS 1290 - 1973). A brief review ot the biological and medical effects of shift work and the relationship between shift work and performance. The author outlines ways in which shift conditions can be made as acceptable to the workers as possible (selection of new employees, choice of shift cycle time, facilitation of shift work by providing a good canteen service, avoiding long periods of work tension, etc, and educating shift workers To make o p t i m u m use ol leisuret.
5.2.83 (64260) Anon Ergonomic tools Industrial Engineering Sep, 1973, 5.9, 45pp. With more women in assembly operations, management has begun to take a new look at'some of the age-old tools used in assembly. The management of this plant selected tools that are designed on ergonomic principles 5.2.84 (64261) Evans, T.E. Jr et ai. Evaluation of dental hand instruments ttuman Factors Aug, 1973, 15.4, 401 - 406. A newly-developed, multiplefunction dental syringe, designed to improve the efficiency of the dental team in performing restorative operations, was evaluated in mechanical tests, mock clinical trials, and field tests with live patients. Field tests indicated the new device to be superior to the conventional equipment configuration of separate instruments generally used by dental assistants in terms of the number of hand movements required, total cutting time, and operator preference. Suggestions for re-design are presented together with a revised evaluation procedure for future studies,
5.2.85 (64262) National Ports Council. Equipment evaluation: The operation of Clark van carriers The Council, London 1973 182 pp. A significant part of the study presented represents an attempt to analyse and evaluate the man-machine systems that have developed at several container berths which use Clark van carriers. Central to this study has been an appraisal of the extent to which these machines have been designed to 'fit' the men who drive them.
5.2.86 (64265) Barrow, H. Controls, symbols and colour coding of machine tools. The Production Engineer Apt, 1973, pp. 133-138. Abstr in PERA Bulletin. Relates the principles of ergonomics to the design of machines and their controls, and explains how symbols can replace words on control panels. 5.2.87 (64269) National Ports Council. Equipment evaluation. The operation of Clark van carriers, 2nd Volume. Appendices to ergonomics considerations. The Council, London 1973, 1 I0 pp. This volume of the report presents in either full or summarised form the data which is the basis of the discussion contained in Part III of the 1st volume, ie, 'Ergonomics Considerations'. In addition, a number of topics mentioned only briefly in that volume, such as the physical aspects of container berths and the morale of van carrier drivers, are discussed in some depth. While it is intended that this volume should be of interest to anyone associated with the operation of van carriers it is also hoped that it may be of particular value to those who are actually involved in controlling the operation of container berths and/or are responsible for improving safety standards,
industrial premises together with the advantages and disadvantages of this type of construction. A review is made of the conditions to be met by these premises from the point of view of lighting, microclimate, noise and safety, and the comparative advantages of windows and artificial lighting are analysed. Heating and lighting costs in windowed and windowless buildings are also compared. 5.2.89 (64277) Anon. Hospital lighting Interior Lighting Rev 1972, 23.4, 107 - ! 39. Abstr in
Lighting Research and Technology. Lighting in the hospital as a function of medical technique and as a factor contributing to the comfort of patients and staff is discussed in a series of related articles. Recommendations are given for lighting the different areas o f hospitals, such as the operating theatre suites, the wards, intensive care units and examination and treatment rooms. Colour in the hospital is considered, and examples of hospital lighting in Japan and Canada are given.
5.2.90 (64286) Richards, O.W., and Roth, N. Lighting an examination room to avoid error American Journal o f Optometry and Archives o f A merican A cademy of Optometry Jun, 1973, 50.6,452-457. Unless examination room lighting conditions are standardized, comparison of measurements by various clinicians becomes meaningless. An effective public health programme will force uniformity. Visibility of test figures depends on size, contrast, and type of figure chosen. Significant factors in the examination room environment are room dimensions, shape, lighting and viewing and projection angles. This study demonstrates the magnitude or error and lack of agreement occurring in clinical testing rooms and suggests recommendations for avoiding such errors.
[ I lu m i n a t i o n
Noise 5.2.88 (64276) Sommer, J. and Loef, C. Windowless industrial premises (Fensterlose industriebauten). (in German.) Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, Munich, Germany (Federal Republic.) 1972 1 I 0 pp. Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 1184 - 1973). A concise but comprehensive study of the problems of windowless
5.2.91 (64304) Taylor, W. The weavers of Dundee Transactions of the Society of Occupational Medicine Apr, 1972, 22.2, 37 - 43. Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 1124-1973). A review of the noise hazard and levels of exposure amongst jute weavers in Dundee, Scotland. A report
Applied Ergonomics June 1974
107
is given on the examination of 96 subjects with a minimum o f 20 years exposure to noise in jute weaving mills. The mean noise-exposure time to 100 dB(A) weaving noise for the group of 96 weavers was 41 "6 years; mean age was 64.7 years. It was found that th~s¢ weavers had an average hearing loss of 36-6 dB at 0"5, 1 and 2 kHz, compared with 12.8 dB for matched controls. The main handicap found amongst weavers in this survey was difficulty in speech communication. The problems involved in grading degrees of deafness are discussed, 5.2.92 (64315) Derzay, R. Hearing conservation for the mineral industry Jan 1973 47 pp. Abstr in Government Reports Announcements (Report No. PB-214 644/7) The publication describes effective programmes for preventing noiseinduced hearing loss in the mineral industry. Factors involved in this loss, and the need for and requirements of an effective hearing conservation programme, are discussed. The legal and legislative history of compensation for hearing loss is briefly reviewed. A review of other aspects of the problem of industrial noise in terms of medical, physiological, and psychological frames of reference is included. A hearing conservation programme is described in detail. Appendices detailing names and addresses of a few equipment suppliers are included,
Vibration 5.2.93 (64333) Calcaterra, P.C. Active vibration isolation for aircraft seating Sound and Vibration Mar, 1972, 6, 18-23. Abstr in Aerospace Medicine. The general nature of human response to vibration is briefly discussed, together with the application of active vibration isolators for protecting aircraft pilots from severe environments, such as turbulence encounters of commercial jet transports and general helicopter missions. It is pointed out that human subjects are most susceptible to vibration in the region from 4 to 10 Hz. Active isolation systems can provide the required degree of vibration isolation and displacement control for personnel seating. Continuing human factors research will provide the necessary data to determine trade-offs between vibration isolation and task performance.
108
Applied Ergonomics June 1974
Thermal conditions 5.2.94 (64355) Humphreys, M.A. Classroom temperature, clothing and thermal comfort -- A study of secondary school children in summertime Building Services Engineer Dec, 1973, 41, 19 i-202, Classroom temperatures and children's clothing were recorded during the summer period for a total of 987 lessons. It was found that the percentage o f children working in shirt-sleeves or summer dresses was strongly correlated with the classroom temperature. This clothingtemperature relation provided a new method of investigating thermal comfort. By treating it as a hysteresis phenomenon, it was possible to deduce the proportion of children in thermal comfort, for two modes of clothing, over the temperature ranges 16-30°C. For the children in shirtsleeves or summer dresses, the o p t i m u m temperature was 24.5°C. F o r children wearing j u m p e r s of blazers it was 21.5°C. Consideration of the results suggests that for thermal comfort, classroom temperatures ought rarely to exceed 26°C during occupied hours. The clothing was supplemented by a conventional comfort survey of shorter duration on three classes. The results which had been deducted from the clothing observations were m good agreement with this subjective data. A comparison was also made with other subjective work and with the predictions made on the basis of heat-exchange theory. The process of adaptation to changing temperatures by means of choice of clothing was investigated. It was found that little adaptation took place in response to the temperature changes within the day. Rather more took place from day to day , and the process would be virtually completed in rather over a week. It is suggested that departures from the prevailing mean indoor temperature should not normally exceed 2 °C, and that the change of mean temperature from day to day should not exceed 3°C, nor total more than 4°C per week. Sp(~i
alised and protective C I o thing arid
equipment
5.2.95 (64392) Anon. Accident prevention in foundries (Unfallverhutung in der Giesserei). (In German.) Merkblatt 1027/1972, Sicher Arbeiten, Schweizerische Unfaliversicherungsanstalt, Lucerne, Switzerland, Iq72, 12pp.
Abstr in Occupational Safety and Health Abstracts (CIS 409-1973). This edition replaces the 1963 edition (CIS 1885 - 1963). F o u n d r y workers should use the safety devices and personal protective equipment (such as eye, hearing, and head protection, finger guards, gloves and safety footwear) placed at their disposal. Safety will often depend on the correct work procedure, eg, in the charging of melting furnaces, when tapping slag from cupola furnaces, when working with compressed air vices, when turning moulding boxes and when stacking and transporting castings. The document is profusely illustrated, a code of signals for crane drivers is shown and a check list for personal protective equipment and the movement of loads is given. Work
organisation
5.2.96 (64422) Nord, W.R. and Costigan, R. Worker adjustment to the four-day week: A longitudinal study. Journal o f Applied Psychology Aug, 1973, 58. I, 60 - 66. A longitudinal, exploratory study of employee responses to the four-day work week was conducted in a medium-sized pharmaceutical company. While reactions were generally positive, the patterns of response changed with time. After one year, differing effects of the fourday week seemed to be associated with job pace, worker plans to use their leisure time, and age. Absenteeism decreased after the change and declined more one year later, and workers reported sleeping less and having more unfavourable effects on home life. Women reported more favourabte effects on home life and task-oriented plans than men. 5.2.97 (64425) Ferguson, D.A. Shift work and health Personnel Practice Bulletin Jun, 1971,27.2, 113 - 122. Abstr m Occupational Safety and Health A bstract~ (CIS 1290 - 1973). A brief review ot the biological and medical effects of shift work and the relationship between shift work and performance. The author outlines ways in which shift conditions can be made as acceptable to the workers as possible (selection of new employees, choice of shift cycle time, facilitation of shift work by providing a good canteen service, avoiding long periods of work tension, etc, and educating shift workers To make o p t i m u m use ol leisuret.