- Email: [email protected]
The Year in Review
1989
Dear Colleagues: 1989 has been a year of momentous and challenging events and a particularly exciting time to be addressing you as the Association's new chief executive officer. Since I took office in June, APhA has been looking at where we've been, where we are now, and where we are headed. Consistent with APhA's mission, your Association has reached out to determine the needs of "pharmacists in the field." And we have spent the year working on the issues that affect you most, such as: • The rise and fall of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act. Although the act has been repealed, pharmacy has learned some valuable lessons. The many studies performed in conjunction with the act have illuminated problems regarding medication use in our society. • The problems involving the generic drug industry. APhA articulated to the American public that pharmacists are responsible for the quality of the products they dispense. We provided guidance on how pharmacists should select drug products. We worked with the Food and Drug Administration in support of their efforts to maintain -:=::~-;--T---====~J the quality of all drug products, and we created the Working Group on Bioequivalency to further study the problem of drug product selection. • Promoting the profession of pharmacy. To communicate the pharmacist's role in safe and effective drug use, APhA launched "Rx Healthline: A Word from Your Pharmacist," a public awareness initiative that reached millions of Americans. As part of that campaign, we conducted a pharmacy hot line with USA Toda~ which provided hundreds of callers with information on how to best use their pharmacy. • Increasing communication with the states. In 1989 the APhA Board of Trustees approved several initiatives to increase communication with the states to give us more direct input from members. As always, APhA worked throughout 1989 to achieve the overall goals of the Association. These are to: • Promote high-quality health care and rational drug therapy through the appropriate use of pharmacy services, protect and enhance the public health, and ensure the quality of drug products. • Build the image of the profession in the public eye. • Provide general membership services, with focused services to certain subsets of the profession. • Represent the interests of pharmacy in the political arena. • Assist members by serving their economic interests. • Provide opportunities for widespread participation in pharmacy-related issues. • Interpret developments in health care and provide this information to the pharmacy profession and the public. It's been an eventful, highly successful year at APhA. But while we look back with pride at our accomplishments, we dare not be complacent. We will continue to seek new ideas and future paths for the Association. Our accomplishments in 1989 reinforced the Association's vital role in today's profession and laid the groundwork for more successes in 1990 and the years to come.
~G~
Executive Vice-President
PROMOTE HIGH-QUALITY CARE Ensuring the Quality of Pharmaceuticals One of APhNs top concerns in 1989 was the revelations of fraud and misconduct in the generic drug approval process. APhA quickly responded by sending a special generic drug alert to more than 120,000 pharmacists nationwide. The information included a generic drug sheet for pharmacists outlining the major events leading to the generic drug crisis, the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) plan of action, APhNs response, and what pharmacists should do to ensure the quality of drug products dispensed. The mailing included a generic drug fact sheet that pharmacists could copy and distribute to their patients. APhA also kept members up-to-date on the latest events and drug recalls with coverage in American Pharmacy and Pharmacy Today. APhA leadership and staff continue to work with federal and industry officials to prevent future instances of fraud and abuse. APhA has advocated increased resources and authority for the FDA's generic drug branch. The Association is working with the House Energy and Commerce Committee and the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee to create legislation that would severely punish companies convicted of fraud. As a way to help pharmacists select drugs that are safe and effective, APhA created the Bioequivalency Working Group. This group, made up of members of APhA's Academy ofPharmaceutical Research and Science and Academy of Pharmacy Practice and Management, is preparing guidelines for pharmacists to use when purchasing and dispensing generic drug products. The group is also preparing informational materials that will give pharmacists a working knowledge of bioequivalency testing and the abbreviated new drug approval process.
Preventing Mismedication 1989 was the year when curbing mismedication among children and the elderly was pushed to the forefront of the nation's health care agenda. A study by the National Council on Patient Information and Education (NCPIE) concluded that nearly half of all children are mismedicated. A report from the Department of Health and Human Services found that although Americans aged 60 and over make up only 17% of the nation's population, they account for 300/0 of all hospitalizations and 51 % of all deaths from drug reactions. In response, APhA participated in NCPIE's campaign to improve communication among health professionals, parents, and children about the safe and effective use of medicatjon. APhA continued its support for "Talk About Prescriptions" Month in October and the National Poison Prevention Week in March. American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/31
As part of APhNs ongoing campaign to promote the pharmacist's critical role on the health care team, APhA testified along with FDA Commissioner Frank E. Young and U.S. Inspector General Richard P. Kusserow at a special congressional Subcommittee on Human Services hearing on drug misuse among the elderly. Speaking on behalf of the profession in April, APhA Director of Professional Affairs C. Edwin Webb emphasized that patient counseling by pharmacists can help prevent mismedication.
AIDS Awareness To help combat one of the most devastating diseases of our time, APhA encouraged pharmacists to become more knowledgeable about AIDS. In 1989, through a program sponsored by APhA, the Citizens Alliance for VD Awareness, and the Burroughs Wellcome Company, APhA helped distribute AIDS information to more than 5,000 community pharmacies in cities with the highest number of AIDS patients. APhA also offered several programs on AIDS at its 136th Annual Meeting.
Action on Pharmacy's Crucial Issues In 1989 the APhA House of Delegates - the largest and most representative democratic body in American pharmacy - acted on a broad range of issues to protect and enhance public health. The House, made up of APhA members from all segments of pharmacy, deliberated at the Annual Meeting, April 8-12, 1989. Policies adopted by the House include the following: • APhA supports the continued development and use of educational programs for patients on the proper storage of drug products. • APhA supports the development of programs and materials for the pharmacist to educate legislators, third party payers, and benefits managers about the value of comprehensive pharmaceutical services. • APhA supports the development of programs and materials to help pharmacists educate patients about pharmaceutical benefits included in their health insurance programs. • APhA encourages the development and use of quality control procedures by all persons or entities involved in the distribution and dispensing of drug products. • APhA strongly urges that corporate, government, and health care organizations recognize and use the unique expertise of the pharmacist in the management and control of all legend drug products. • APhA supports instruction on pharmacy-based screening and monitoring services within pharmacy curricula and continuing education programs.
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fRx Hea'ithline: A Word from Your Pharmacist' In 1989 APhA launched a nationally acclaimed public information campaign to give pharmacists higher visibility as informed health care professionals who counsel and consult on medications as well as dispense them. "Rx Healthline: A Word From Your Pharmacist" is a series of special inserts appearing in natiqnal consumer magazines. Each installment educates consumers about health and about the crucial role pharmacists play in providing care. The first of these supplements was bound into the September issue of Cosmopolitan and featured an article on questions you sh.ould ask your pharmacist, a guide to combating STDs, and new treatment options for allergy suffers. The second installmentapp~ared in the November issue of Redbook and included an article on managing winter colds, a how-to-cope guide for the holidays, and a feature on complexion care for all ages. Reprints of the supplements ar.e being distributed through pharmacies nationwide. In all, a total of 6,000·pharmacies will distribute an average of 200 reprints each - a total of 1.2 million per printing. APhA is continuing the program in 1990.
APhAiUSA Today Pharmacy Hot line More than 600 people from across the country called APhA members to ask questions about pharmacy during a 12-hour pharmacy hot line cohosted by APhA and USA Today on August 29. .,'-'i-·I-i.. 'i" ','•• .,." " 8
. Theyhot w,l ne was p~9.mgie· ...... \~he ,l\ugtlst<29 Issue of USA Today, which offered a toll-free number consumers could call to ask questions. The 20 APhA members who staffed the hot line counseled patients on how best to get advice from their pharmacists. The hot line was held at the height of the g~neric drug investigations, which caused many patients to question their generic drug products. Eighty percent of the calls received by the hot line dealt with generic drugs. Prompted by the hot line's success, USA Today has invited APhA to participate in a second hot line, which will be held in 1990.
PROVIDE MEMBERSHIP SERVICES Finding Your Niche: APhA's Academies, Sections, and Committees APhA provides members with opportunities to belong to specialized sections or to serve on committees that address their specific concerns. Through its academy structure, APhA encourages member participation in policy development, educational programming, selection of award recipients, and the direction and quality of APhXs publications. APhXs Academy of Pharmacy Practice and Management offers five specialized sections: • Administrative Practice • ClinicallPharmacotherapeutic Practice • Community and Ambulatory Practice • Institutional Practice • Specialized Pharmaceutical Services The Academy ofPharmaceutical Research and Science offers three sections: • Basi~ Pharmaceutical Sciences • CliniCal Sciences • Economic, Social and AdmiI),istrative Sciences APM~ Academy,pf St!-lden~ of Ph.armacy (ASP) targets the needs of a~iri.ng pharmacists providing opportunitie~,to,netw!rk, learn leade~ ship skills, and find
APhA Annual Meeting and Exhibit The APhAAnnual Meeting and Exhibit is the Association's largest forum for members. The 1989 meeting, April 8-12 in Anaheim, Calif., with more than 4,700 attendees, featured open forums on mail order pharmacy, discriminatory USA Today's August 29 issue focused on pharmacy. Copyright 1989, USA Today. Reprinted with pennission.
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American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/32
pricing, and APhA's Bylaws and offered . more than 80 educational sessions on such topics as health care for the growing elderly population, establishing a diabetic center, pharmacists and home-testing products, and cholesterol screening. The week featured a gala celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Academy of Students of Pharmacy and was topped offwith an evening in Disneyland exclusively for APhA meeting attendees.
Reaching Students: APhA's Midyear Regional Meetings Identifying career goals and networking with practitioners are the ideas behind APhA's Midyear Regional Meetings, held each fall in eight cities for APhA's Academy of Students of Pharmacy. This year's meetings featured the Glaxo Pathways Evaluation Program for Pharmacy Professionals Workshop and the Pharmacy Career Options Panel and Discussion. At the meetings students also elected regional officers and took part in open policy discussions on issues to be considered by the ASP House of Delegates.
Attendees at the APhAIAPRS End-of-Summer Science Symposium. Photo:David Hathcox
The Scientific Slant For pharmaceutical scientists, APhA held its second annual End-of-Summer Science Symposium, "Evolving Strategies for Drug Development," September 14-15. The symposium brought together leaders from industry, academia, and government to discuss the future of drug development in the United States. FDA Commissioner Frank E. Young, the keynote speaker, discussed the recent scandals involving the generic drug industry and emphasized that pharmacists are the best equipped professionals to answer patient questions about generic drug products.
Professional Development Programs APhA offered a variety of career development programs in 1989, including the following: • Apple Pharmacy Management Program, a six-day management symposium for 20 community pharmacy practitioners who are interested in pharmacy management and entrepreneurial activities. The 1989 program, held at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, featured seminars on managing and motivating pharmacy personnel, monitoring the financial condition of a pharmacy, evaluating pharmacy locations, and effectively marketing pharmacy services. • Community Pharmacy Residency Program, a one-year postgraduate training program in community/ambulatory practice. The residency offers a minimum of2,000 hours of education and training for a period of not less than 50 weeks. • APhA Executive Residency, a one-year program that offers 10 months of association management experience at APhA and two months at a selected state pharmaceutical association. The program is designed to develop a pool American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/33
of well-qualified pharmacists to assume management positions in pharmacy-related organizations. Last year's graduate, Judy Shinogle, is now working at APhA as a professional affairs associate and liaison for APhA's Academy ofPharmacy Practice and Management. A record number of pharmacists, pharmacy faculty members, pharmacy students, and state board of pharmacy members attended the 38th Annual Session of the University of Utah School on Alcoholism and Other Drug Dependencies. Sponsored by APhA since 1983, the Pharmacist Section program is designed to foster the development and growth of state-level programs to assist pharmacists and pharmacy students aIDicted with drug dependency or other physical impairments. The program has spurred the creation of assistance programs in 46 states.
REPRESEN POLITICAL INTERESTS Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act APhA was on the forefront of the turbulent debate surrounding the implementation and subsequent repeal of the the Medicare Catastrophic drug benefit. As one of the Association's largest lobbying efforts, APhA sought input from members on how to make the drug benefit work for pharmacy and transmitted these needs to key congressmen, Health Care Financing Administration officials, and electronic claims processing companies. 33
(HHS) on its report Physician Drug Dispensing: An Overview of State Regulation. APhA stated that HHS should ensure that prescribers meet the minimum standards of pharmacy practice and that physicians should be prohibited from delegating dispensing to nurses or medical assistants. APhA also urged HHS to investigate the conflict of interest that occurs when prescribers who choose the patient's medication profit from the sale of the medication.
Legitimate Hospital Returns
APhA Director of Professional Affairs C. Edwin Webb testified at a congressional hearing on drug misuse among the elderly.
Throughout the battles over the Medicare act, APhA has fought for adequate pharmacist reimbursement and has asserted that pharmacists should be reimbursed for counseling patients, regardless of whether a product is dispensed. APhA continues to fight for the home IV/immunosuppressive drug benefit, which may survive the House and Senate repeal of the act.
The Generic Drug Crisis Prompted by scandals involving the generic drug industry, APhA advocated increased resources and authority for the FDNs generic drug branch to help prevent further instances offraud in the drug approval process. APhA continues to work with the the House Energy and Commerce Committee and the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee for legislation that would help prevent corruption in the generic industry.
Discriminatory Pricing Seeking an end to discriminatory pricing by drug manufacturers, APhA joined forces with NARD and the National Association of Chain Drug Stores to create a joint task force on discriminatory pricing. The coalition seeks a legislative remedy that would prohibit such practices and make available to all pharmacies the same prices now available to some in the pharmaceutical marketplace. The group is evaluating options for federal legislation and plans to launch a nationwide consumer education program emphasizing the adverse impact that multi-tier prices have on the public.
Physician Dispensing Strict legislation is needed to regulate physician dispensing, according to APhNs comments to the Department of Health and Human Services 34
Questions over how the FpA should interpret the Prescription Drug Marketing Act have led to unnecessary and frustrating barriers to hospital returns. In 1989 APhA continued its fight to allow legitimate returns.of pharmaceuticals by hospital pharmacies. Working with the American Society ofHospital Pharmacists and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, APhA has asked the FDA to interpret the law to allow hospital pharmacies to return pharmaceuticals to the wholesaler or manufacturer without limitations on time or nature of the returns.
Medicaid Reimbursement for Pharmacists APhA continues to assist states seeking to retain Average Wholesale Price (AWP) as the basis for reimbursement. A serious blow to AWP was struck in July when the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) rejected arguments by the state of Louisiana that the use of AWP is consistent with payment limits for state Medicaid plans. APhA has expressed its disappointment with the HCFNs decision and is continuing its efforts with the Louisiana Pharmacists Association and federal legislators to overturn this decision and limit its applicability in other states.
Mail Order Pharmacy APhA strongly supported the model mail order regulations approved last May by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. These rules, which states may adopt to regulate the practice of mail order pharmacy, address a variety of concerns regarding out-of-state mail order pharmacy, including licensure, record keeping, patient-pharmacist communication, labeling, and shipping. APhA asserts t~~t mail order phanpacy does not offer the comprehensive pharmacy services that are essential to good health care, since mail order cannot give one-on-one personal service. During the formulation of the regulations, APhA emphasized the need for out-of-state pharmacies to adhere to the laws of the states into which they mail drug products and the need to hold all pharmacies and pharmacists to the same standard of practice.
American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No. 1 J~nuary 1990/34
SE VE E 0 --_._--
ESTS
Pharmacists' Salary Survey The National Survey ofPharmacists' Compensation commissioned by APhA found that men and women pharmacists get equal pay for equal work when compensation is adjusted for years in practice and hours worked. The study, designed and conducted last fall by the Pharmaceutical Economics Research Center at Purdue University, also concluded that pharmacists in chain pharmacy practice start out with a higher hourly wage equivalent (HWE) than pharmacists in other pharmacy settings. Over their entire career, however, pharmacists in settings such as academia, industry, government, and asspciations have a higher average HWE than pharmacists in more traditional settings.
Cost-Effectiveness Task Force Pharmacy services are a proven cost-effective medical intervention, according to a study released in 1989 by the Task Force on Cost-effectiveness of Pharmaceutical Products and Pharmacy Services. The group was formed in 1987 by APhA, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association to review research and identify areas for further research. Following are some of the study's conclusions: • Pharmacy services added to the value of drugs by fostering their most appropriate and economical use. • The current cost-containment environment in health care should not shortsightedly reduce resources for, or investments in, products or services that can lower the cost of health care. • Society should not promote policies that would reduce the ability of pharmacists and the pharmaceutical industry to advance drug therapy and application.
Cognitive Services Working Group APhA believes that patient-oriented pharmacy service is the backbone of pharmacy's future, both professionally and economically. Recognizing the need for pharmacists to find out more about the services they can provide, APhA formed the Cognitive Services Working Group in 1987. The group's mission is to document, promote the value of, and secure reimbursement for educational and counseling services provided by pharmacists. During 1989 the group continued to develop a data base of information on pharmacists who provide cognitive services. It also worked to finalize a bibliography of articles on payment for cognitive services, which appeared in the December issue of American Pharmacy. The group is currently developing educational materials for pharmacists on the pharmacist's role in providing cognitive services. American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/35
An article in the November 1989 American Pharmacy discussed pharmacists' compensation.
PROVIDE OPPORTU ITIES FOR ICIPI( Reaching Out to the States One ofAPhA's top priorities is reaching out to the states to learn firsthand what issues interest pharmacists and how APhA can make a difference. Toward this end, the APhA Board of Trustees approved a program that sends a member of APhA's leadership to state pharmaceutical association annual meetings. APhA also sponsored numerous continuing education programs in the states, and APhA leadership made more than 50 visits to state pharmaceutical association events in 1989 including those sponsored by: Colorado Pharmacal Association, Florida Pharmacists Association, Georgia Pharmaceutical Association, Hawaii Pharmaceutical Association, Illinois Pharmacists Association, Iowa Pharmacists Association, Kansas Pharmaceutical Association, Kentucky Pharmacists Association, Maine Pharmacists Association, MarylandlDelaware Joint State Associations, Massachusetts State Pharmaceutical Association, Nevada Pharmacists Association, New Hampshire Pharmacists Association, New Jersey State Pharmaceutical Association, Oregon State Pharmacists Association, Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Association, Pharmaceutical Society ofthe State of New York, Rhode Island Pharmaceutical Association, Tennessee Pharmacists Association, Louisiana Pharmacists Association, South Dakota Pharmaceutical Association, Texas Pharmaceutical Association, Vermont Pharmacists Association, and West Virginia 35
Pnarmacists Association. 'As'a way to exchange ideas with state pharmaceutic~~ leaders,ARhA hostoo the AfPliated State Pharmacellti£~l .As~q~~a!ion Executives Meeting Sep.t ember 17-2()., The meeting, which promQted networking among state association executiV'es, featUregtalks on the Medicare Catastrophic GoverageAct, freegom of choice, and the ~ec~~~+~roblems .!nt~~· ge~~ric industry.
PrOcFllotinQ>Studen., Involvement Re.cognizing.that pharmacy students are the future 'bf the profession, APhA sponsors several programs to foster student involvement in the professi()n. In 1989 these programs included the APhAJMerck Student Pharmacy Project Grant Program, which will award up to 10 $2,000 grants to APhA Academy of Students of Pharmacy chapters to fund student projects, and the Glaxol APhA Good Government Scholarship Program, which promotes student involvement inlegislative and public affairs activities that affect pharmacy.
Listening to Members As an organization driven by its membership, APhA continually seeks suggestions and comments from its members. Prompted by member suggestions, the APhA Board of Trustees proposed amendments to the APhA Bylaws, which were approved by members in the November elections. Among the changes to the bylaws were changing the title of "chairman" of APhA's Board and academies to "president" and changing terms of officers from the calendar year to terms between Annual Meetings.
PROVID UBLIC IN RMATION
36
APhA's journal for the pharmaceutical scientist, the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences) is recognized internationally as the authoritative source of original research in th~ pharmaceutical sciences. APhA's other publications are tailored to specializeq audiences, for example: • Academy Reporter, the newsletter of APhA's Academy of Pharmac~utical Research and Science. • APPM Update, the newsletter of the Academy of Pharmacy Practice and Management. • Pharmacy Student, amagazine offering a wide variety of features and news tailored to the needs of aspiring pharmacists.
APhA: A Valuable Information Resource When the American public has questions about pharmacy, they ask APhA. During 1989 APhA responded to thousands of calls from pharmacists, physicians, patients, students, and the media. A sampling of the media that featured or mentioned APhA in their coverage of pharmacyrelated events includes the Associated Press, Better Homes and Gardens, Cosmopolitan, The Detroit News, The Los A ngeles Times, McCalls, The Miami Herald, The New York Times, Parents Magazine, Prevention Magazine, Redbook, Time Magazine, US News and World Report, USA Today, The Wall Street J ournal, The Washington Post, Weight Watchers Magazine, and Working Woman Magazine. APhA representatives made appearances on Ask Washington, CBS Evening News with Dan Rather, CNN News Network, Canadian Broadcasting Company, Christian Broadcasting Network, Consumer News and Business Channel, Cox Broadcasting, Dr. Bob Arnot Show (CBS), Financial News Network, Gannett Radio, KFWB AU News Radio, KNX Radio (CBS News), KRSO Radio, NBC's Today Show, Post-Newsweek TV, USA Today TV S how, WAMU -TheDianeRehm S how, and WBZ-Tv.
APhA's Publications Meet Diverse Needs
Speaking Out for Pharmacy
APhA's publications are a premier source of information and professional education for the pharmacy profession. In 1989 APhA introduced Pharmacy Today, a new biweekly newsletter, to give members timely, useful news and practice tips. APhA's journal for the practicing pharmacist, AmericanPharmacy, continued to give members crucial information on practice trends and political developments. In 1989 American Pharmacy, which received from the American Society of Association Executives a second-place honor for journals, featured articles on such topics as the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, mail order pharmacy, and physician dispensing. And, for the second year, it included a monthly home-study course offering continuing education credit.
APhA participated on several national health committees to improve the public health and enhance the role of the pharmacist. Just a few of these were Pharmacy in the 21st Century, the J oint Commission for the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners, the Pharmacy Council on Cholesterol, and the Consortium on Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Year 2000 Objectives for the Nation.
American Pharmaceutical Association 2215 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 628-4410
APhA American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/36
. -. CAPITAL VIEWPOINT
WASH~NGiON.DC
Form 1990-CE-Ol ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
Researching the Market: Initial Steps in Designing a Marketing Program Instructions for obtaining one hour of continuing education credit, or 0.1 CEU, for this module:
70% or better. (Twelve-month CE program enrollees are exempt from this fee.) 4. Enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope.
1. Print your name, address, and pharmacy license number on the enclosed answer form, 1990-CE-01.
2. On the answer form, blacken the space containing the letter corresponding to the answer you select as being the correct one for each question. Please review all your answers to be sure you have blackened the proper spaces. 3. Return your answer sheet with your check for $2.50 (nonmember fee is $12.50) payable to APhA. A certificate and credit will be awarded to participants who achieve a grade of
1. Which of the following is not a factor that has caused changes in pharmacy practice? a. Competition has become more intense. b. Government reimbursement programs have reduced profit margins on prescriptions. c. Patients want and need less attention. d. All of the above are factors causing changes in pharmacy practice.
2. Which of the following is not a key component in the definition of "marketing"? a. Need satisfaction b. Chosen groups c. Profit d. All of the above are key components in the definition. 3. Which of the following is the first step in the marketing process? a. Set marketing objectives. b. Identify possible target markets. c. Examine the marketplace. d. Establish competitive advantages. 4. Data provided in government documents would be considered a. Primary data b. Original data c. Published data d. None of the above 5. Generally, the pharmacist should always start with published sources of data because they can be obtained more rapidly and usually at a much lower cost than can primary data. a. True b. False
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If you correctly answer at least seven of the 10 questions, one hour of credit will be recorded and a certificate of completion will be sent to you. If you do not correctly answer at least seven questions, no credit will be recorded and you will be so notified.
The American Pharmaceutical Association is approved by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education as a provider of continuing pharmaceutical education. APhA provider number for this program is: 680-202-90-002.
6. Which of the following is not a method for collecting primary data? a. Observation b. Survey research c. Focus groups d. Library research 7. The most popular method of collecting primary data is a. Observation b. Survey research c. Focus groups d. Library research
8. When the pharmacist selects a sample by randomly choosing every "nth" number, what type of sampling is being done? a. Stratified sample b. Sequential sample c. Nonprobability sample d. None of the above 9. Usually, a sample of what size is adequate for most pharmacy surveys? a. 50 to 99 b. 100 to 200 c. 201 to 300 d. 301 to 500
10. Which of the following is the most common method for analyzing data? a. T-tests b. Chi-square analysis c. Cross-tabulations d. Frequency and percentage responses
American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/38
FORM 1990-CE-OI ANSWER SHEET
Researching the Market: Initial Steps in Designing a Marketing Program Instructions: For each question, blacken the letter corresponding to the answer you select as being the correct one. Please review all your answers to be sure you have blackened the proper spaces. There is only one correct answer. Continuing Education Credit
Services, American Pharmaceutical Association, 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037. 3. Enclose proper fee ($2.50 for APhA members; $12.50 for nonmembers; 12-month CE program enrollees are exempt from this fee).
To receive one hour of continuing education credit, or 0.1 CEU, for the successful completion of this program, you must:
4. Enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope.
1. Type or print your name, address, and license number(s) in the space provided in the boxed area below. Complete only the boxed" section.
If you correctly answer at least seven of the 10 questions, one hour of credit will be recorded and a certificate of completion will be sent to you. If you do not correctly answer at least seven questions, no credit will be recorded and you will be notified.
2. Mail your completed answer sheet for scoring to Education
I.
2. 3. 4.
5.
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GJ GJ GJ GJ
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9. 10.
GJ GJ GJ GJ GJ
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
GJ W GJ ~ GJ ~ GJ ~ GJ ~
One hour of continuing education credit, or 0.1 CEU, is awarded to:
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
Name
Researching the Market: Initial Steps in Designing a Marketing Program
Address
I~I
The AmericanPhannaceutical Association is approved by the Amer® ican Council on Pharmaceutical Education as a provider of continuing pharmaceutical education. APhA provider number is 680-
City
State
ZIP
License No.(s)
202-90- 002
(Not valid unless signed by authorized APhA representative.)
FOR PROVIDER USE ONLY
Date
American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/39
Authorized signature
39
Dear Colleagues: 1989 has been a year of momentous and challenging events and a particularly exciting time to be addressing you as the Association's new chief executive officer. Since I took office in June, APhA has been looking at where we've been, where we are now, and where we are headed. Consistent with APhA's mission, your Association has reached out to determine the needs of "pharmacists in the field." And we have spent the year working on the issues that affect you most, such as: • The rise and fall of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act. Although the act has been repealed, pharmacy has learned some valuable lessons. The many studies performed in conjunction with the act have illuminated problems regarding medication use in our society. • The problems involving the generic drug industry. APhA articulated to the American public that pharmacists are responsible for the quality of the products they dispense. We provided guidance on how pharmacists should select drug products. We worked with the Food and Drug Administration in support of their efforts to maintain -:=::~-;--T---====~J the quality of all drug products, and we created the Working Group on Bioequivalency to further study the problem of drug product selection. • Promoting the profession of pharmacy. To communicate the pharmacist's role in safe and effective drug use, APhA launched "Rx Healthline: A Word from Your Pharmacist," a public awareness initiative that reached millions of Americans. As part of that campaign, we conducted a pharmacy hot line with USA Toda~ which provided hundreds of callers with information on how to best use their pharmacy. • Increasing communication with the states. In 1989 the APhA Board of Trustees approved several initiatives to increase communication with the states to give us more direct input from members. As always, APhA worked throughout 1989 to achieve the overall goals of the Association. These are to: • Promote high-quality health care and rational drug therapy through the appropriate use of pharmacy services, protect and enhance the public health, and ensure the quality of drug products. • Build the image of the profession in the public eye. • Provide general membership services, with focused services to certain subsets of the profession. • Represent the interests of pharmacy in the political arena. • Assist members by serving their economic interests. • Provide opportunities for widespread participation in pharmacy-related issues. • Interpret developments in health care and provide this information to the pharmacy profession and the public. It's been an eventful, highly successful year at APhA. But while we look back with pride at our accomplishments, we dare not be complacent. We will continue to seek new ideas and future paths for the Association. Our accomplishments in 1989 reinforced the Association's vital role in today's profession and laid the groundwork for more successes in 1990 and the years to come.
~G~
Executive Vice-President
PROMOTE HIGH-QUALITY CARE Ensuring the Quality of Pharmaceuticals One of APhNs top concerns in 1989 was the revelations of fraud and misconduct in the generic drug approval process. APhA quickly responded by sending a special generic drug alert to more than 120,000 pharmacists nationwide. The information included a generic drug sheet for pharmacists outlining the major events leading to the generic drug crisis, the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) plan of action, APhNs response, and what pharmacists should do to ensure the quality of drug products dispensed. The mailing included a generic drug fact sheet that pharmacists could copy and distribute to their patients. APhA also kept members up-to-date on the latest events and drug recalls with coverage in American Pharmacy and Pharmacy Today. APhA leadership and staff continue to work with federal and industry officials to prevent future instances of fraud and abuse. APhA has advocated increased resources and authority for the FDA's generic drug branch. The Association is working with the House Energy and Commerce Committee and the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee to create legislation that would severely punish companies convicted of fraud. As a way to help pharmacists select drugs that are safe and effective, APhA created the Bioequivalency Working Group. This group, made up of members of APhA's Academy ofPharmaceutical Research and Science and Academy of Pharmacy Practice and Management, is preparing guidelines for pharmacists to use when purchasing and dispensing generic drug products. The group is also preparing informational materials that will give pharmacists a working knowledge of bioequivalency testing and the abbreviated new drug approval process.
Preventing Mismedication 1989 was the year when curbing mismedication among children and the elderly was pushed to the forefront of the nation's health care agenda. A study by the National Council on Patient Information and Education (NCPIE) concluded that nearly half of all children are mismedicated. A report from the Department of Health and Human Services found that although Americans aged 60 and over make up only 17% of the nation's population, they account for 300/0 of all hospitalizations and 51 % of all deaths from drug reactions. In response, APhA participated in NCPIE's campaign to improve communication among health professionals, parents, and children about the safe and effective use of medicatjon. APhA continued its support for "Talk About Prescriptions" Month in October and the National Poison Prevention Week in March. American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/31
As part of APhNs ongoing campaign to promote the pharmacist's critical role on the health care team, APhA testified along with FDA Commissioner Frank E. Young and U.S. Inspector General Richard P. Kusserow at a special congressional Subcommittee on Human Services hearing on drug misuse among the elderly. Speaking on behalf of the profession in April, APhA Director of Professional Affairs C. Edwin Webb emphasized that patient counseling by pharmacists can help prevent mismedication.
AIDS Awareness To help combat one of the most devastating diseases of our time, APhA encouraged pharmacists to become more knowledgeable about AIDS. In 1989, through a program sponsored by APhA, the Citizens Alliance for VD Awareness, and the Burroughs Wellcome Company, APhA helped distribute AIDS information to more than 5,000 community pharmacies in cities with the highest number of AIDS patients. APhA also offered several programs on AIDS at its 136th Annual Meeting.
Action on Pharmacy's Crucial Issues In 1989 the APhA House of Delegates - the largest and most representative democratic body in American pharmacy - acted on a broad range of issues to protect and enhance public health. The House, made up of APhA members from all segments of pharmacy, deliberated at the Annual Meeting, April 8-12, 1989. Policies adopted by the House include the following: • APhA supports the continued development and use of educational programs for patients on the proper storage of drug products. • APhA supports the development of programs and materials for the pharmacist to educate legislators, third party payers, and benefits managers about the value of comprehensive pharmaceutical services. • APhA supports the development of programs and materials to help pharmacists educate patients about pharmaceutical benefits included in their health insurance programs. • APhA encourages the development and use of quality control procedures by all persons or entities involved in the distribution and dispensing of drug products. • APhA strongly urges that corporate, government, and health care organizations recognize and use the unique expertise of the pharmacist in the management and control of all legend drug products. • APhA supports instruction on pharmacy-based screening and monitoring services within pharmacy curricula and continuing education programs.
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fRx Hea'ithline: A Word from Your Pharmacist' In 1989 APhA launched a nationally acclaimed public information campaign to give pharmacists higher visibility as informed health care professionals who counsel and consult on medications as well as dispense them. "Rx Healthline: A Word From Your Pharmacist" is a series of special inserts appearing in natiqnal consumer magazines. Each installment educates consumers about health and about the crucial role pharmacists play in providing care. The first of these supplements was bound into the September issue of Cosmopolitan and featured an article on questions you sh.ould ask your pharmacist, a guide to combating STDs, and new treatment options for allergy suffers. The second installmentapp~ared in the November issue of Redbook and included an article on managing winter colds, a how-to-cope guide for the holidays, and a feature on complexion care for all ages. Reprints of the supplements ar.e being distributed through pharmacies nationwide. In all, a total of 6,000·pharmacies will distribute an average of 200 reprints each - a total of 1.2 million per printing. APhA is continuing the program in 1990.
APhAiUSA Today Pharmacy Hot line More than 600 people from across the country called APhA members to ask questions about pharmacy during a 12-hour pharmacy hot line cohosted by APhA and USA Today on August 29. .,'-'i-·I-i.. 'i" ','•• .,." " 8
. Theyhot w,l ne was p~9.mgie· ...... \~he ,l\ugtlst<29 Issue of USA Today, which offered a toll-free number consumers could call to ask questions. The 20 APhA members who staffed the hot line counseled patients on how best to get advice from their pharmacists. The hot line was held at the height of the g~neric drug investigations, which caused many patients to question their generic drug products. Eighty percent of the calls received by the hot line dealt with generic drugs. Prompted by the hot line's success, USA Today has invited APhA to participate in a second hot line, which will be held in 1990.
PROVIDE MEMBERSHIP SERVICES Finding Your Niche: APhA's Academies, Sections, and Committees APhA provides members with opportunities to belong to specialized sections or to serve on committees that address their specific concerns. Through its academy structure, APhA encourages member participation in policy development, educational programming, selection of award recipients, and the direction and quality of APhXs publications. APhXs Academy of Pharmacy Practice and Management offers five specialized sections: • Administrative Practice • ClinicallPharmacotherapeutic Practice • Community and Ambulatory Practice • Institutional Practice • Specialized Pharmaceutical Services The Academy ofPharmaceutical Research and Science offers three sections: • Basi~ Pharmaceutical Sciences • CliniCal Sciences • Economic, Social and AdmiI),istrative Sciences APM~ Academy,pf St!-lden~ of Ph.armacy (ASP) targets the needs of a~iri.ng pharmacists providing opportunitie~,to,netw!rk, learn leade~ ship skills, and find
APhA Annual Meeting and Exhibit The APhAAnnual Meeting and Exhibit is the Association's largest forum for members. The 1989 meeting, April 8-12 in Anaheim, Calif., with more than 4,700 attendees, featured open forums on mail order pharmacy, discriminatory USA Today's August 29 issue focused on pharmacy. Copyright 1989, USA Today. Reprinted with pennission.
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American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/32
pricing, and APhA's Bylaws and offered . more than 80 educational sessions on such topics as health care for the growing elderly population, establishing a diabetic center, pharmacists and home-testing products, and cholesterol screening. The week featured a gala celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Academy of Students of Pharmacy and was topped offwith an evening in Disneyland exclusively for APhA meeting attendees.
Reaching Students: APhA's Midyear Regional Meetings Identifying career goals and networking with practitioners are the ideas behind APhA's Midyear Regional Meetings, held each fall in eight cities for APhA's Academy of Students of Pharmacy. This year's meetings featured the Glaxo Pathways Evaluation Program for Pharmacy Professionals Workshop and the Pharmacy Career Options Panel and Discussion. At the meetings students also elected regional officers and took part in open policy discussions on issues to be considered by the ASP House of Delegates.
Attendees at the APhAIAPRS End-of-Summer Science Symposium. Photo:David Hathcox
The Scientific Slant For pharmaceutical scientists, APhA held its second annual End-of-Summer Science Symposium, "Evolving Strategies for Drug Development," September 14-15. The symposium brought together leaders from industry, academia, and government to discuss the future of drug development in the United States. FDA Commissioner Frank E. Young, the keynote speaker, discussed the recent scandals involving the generic drug industry and emphasized that pharmacists are the best equipped professionals to answer patient questions about generic drug products.
Professional Development Programs APhA offered a variety of career development programs in 1989, including the following: • Apple Pharmacy Management Program, a six-day management symposium for 20 community pharmacy practitioners who are interested in pharmacy management and entrepreneurial activities. The 1989 program, held at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, featured seminars on managing and motivating pharmacy personnel, monitoring the financial condition of a pharmacy, evaluating pharmacy locations, and effectively marketing pharmacy services. • Community Pharmacy Residency Program, a one-year postgraduate training program in community/ambulatory practice. The residency offers a minimum of2,000 hours of education and training for a period of not less than 50 weeks. • APhA Executive Residency, a one-year program that offers 10 months of association management experience at APhA and two months at a selected state pharmaceutical association. The program is designed to develop a pool American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/33
of well-qualified pharmacists to assume management positions in pharmacy-related organizations. Last year's graduate, Judy Shinogle, is now working at APhA as a professional affairs associate and liaison for APhA's Academy ofPharmacy Practice and Management. A record number of pharmacists, pharmacy faculty members, pharmacy students, and state board of pharmacy members attended the 38th Annual Session of the University of Utah School on Alcoholism and Other Drug Dependencies. Sponsored by APhA since 1983, the Pharmacist Section program is designed to foster the development and growth of state-level programs to assist pharmacists and pharmacy students aIDicted with drug dependency or other physical impairments. The program has spurred the creation of assistance programs in 46 states.
REPRESEN POLITICAL INTERESTS Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act APhA was on the forefront of the turbulent debate surrounding the implementation and subsequent repeal of the the Medicare Catastrophic drug benefit. As one of the Association's largest lobbying efforts, APhA sought input from members on how to make the drug benefit work for pharmacy and transmitted these needs to key congressmen, Health Care Financing Administration officials, and electronic claims processing companies. 33
(HHS) on its report Physician Drug Dispensing: An Overview of State Regulation. APhA stated that HHS should ensure that prescribers meet the minimum standards of pharmacy practice and that physicians should be prohibited from delegating dispensing to nurses or medical assistants. APhA also urged HHS to investigate the conflict of interest that occurs when prescribers who choose the patient's medication profit from the sale of the medication.
Legitimate Hospital Returns
APhA Director of Professional Affairs C. Edwin Webb testified at a congressional hearing on drug misuse among the elderly.
Throughout the battles over the Medicare act, APhA has fought for adequate pharmacist reimbursement and has asserted that pharmacists should be reimbursed for counseling patients, regardless of whether a product is dispensed. APhA continues to fight for the home IV/immunosuppressive drug benefit, which may survive the House and Senate repeal of the act.
The Generic Drug Crisis Prompted by scandals involving the generic drug industry, APhA advocated increased resources and authority for the FDNs generic drug branch to help prevent further instances offraud in the drug approval process. APhA continues to work with the the House Energy and Commerce Committee and the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee for legislation that would help prevent corruption in the generic industry.
Discriminatory Pricing Seeking an end to discriminatory pricing by drug manufacturers, APhA joined forces with NARD and the National Association of Chain Drug Stores to create a joint task force on discriminatory pricing. The coalition seeks a legislative remedy that would prohibit such practices and make available to all pharmacies the same prices now available to some in the pharmaceutical marketplace. The group is evaluating options for federal legislation and plans to launch a nationwide consumer education program emphasizing the adverse impact that multi-tier prices have on the public.
Physician Dispensing Strict legislation is needed to regulate physician dispensing, according to APhNs comments to the Department of Health and Human Services 34
Questions over how the FpA should interpret the Prescription Drug Marketing Act have led to unnecessary and frustrating barriers to hospital returns. In 1989 APhA continued its fight to allow legitimate returns.of pharmaceuticals by hospital pharmacies. Working with the American Society ofHospital Pharmacists and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, APhA has asked the FDA to interpret the law to allow hospital pharmacies to return pharmaceuticals to the wholesaler or manufacturer without limitations on time or nature of the returns.
Medicaid Reimbursement for Pharmacists APhA continues to assist states seeking to retain Average Wholesale Price (AWP) as the basis for reimbursement. A serious blow to AWP was struck in July when the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) rejected arguments by the state of Louisiana that the use of AWP is consistent with payment limits for state Medicaid plans. APhA has expressed its disappointment with the HCFNs decision and is continuing its efforts with the Louisiana Pharmacists Association and federal legislators to overturn this decision and limit its applicability in other states.
Mail Order Pharmacy APhA strongly supported the model mail order regulations approved last May by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. These rules, which states may adopt to regulate the practice of mail order pharmacy, address a variety of concerns regarding out-of-state mail order pharmacy, including licensure, record keeping, patient-pharmacist communication, labeling, and shipping. APhA asserts t~~t mail order phanpacy does not offer the comprehensive pharmacy services that are essential to good health care, since mail order cannot give one-on-one personal service. During the formulation of the regulations, APhA emphasized the need for out-of-state pharmacies to adhere to the laws of the states into which they mail drug products and the need to hold all pharmacies and pharmacists to the same standard of practice.
American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No. 1 J~nuary 1990/34
SE VE E 0 --_._--
ESTS
Pharmacists' Salary Survey The National Survey ofPharmacists' Compensation commissioned by APhA found that men and women pharmacists get equal pay for equal work when compensation is adjusted for years in practice and hours worked. The study, designed and conducted last fall by the Pharmaceutical Economics Research Center at Purdue University, also concluded that pharmacists in chain pharmacy practice start out with a higher hourly wage equivalent (HWE) than pharmacists in other pharmacy settings. Over their entire career, however, pharmacists in settings such as academia, industry, government, and asspciations have a higher average HWE than pharmacists in more traditional settings.
Cost-Effectiveness Task Force Pharmacy services are a proven cost-effective medical intervention, according to a study released in 1989 by the Task Force on Cost-effectiveness of Pharmaceutical Products and Pharmacy Services. The group was formed in 1987 by APhA, the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association to review research and identify areas for further research. Following are some of the study's conclusions: • Pharmacy services added to the value of drugs by fostering their most appropriate and economical use. • The current cost-containment environment in health care should not shortsightedly reduce resources for, or investments in, products or services that can lower the cost of health care. • Society should not promote policies that would reduce the ability of pharmacists and the pharmaceutical industry to advance drug therapy and application.
Cognitive Services Working Group APhA believes that patient-oriented pharmacy service is the backbone of pharmacy's future, both professionally and economically. Recognizing the need for pharmacists to find out more about the services they can provide, APhA formed the Cognitive Services Working Group in 1987. The group's mission is to document, promote the value of, and secure reimbursement for educational and counseling services provided by pharmacists. During 1989 the group continued to develop a data base of information on pharmacists who provide cognitive services. It also worked to finalize a bibliography of articles on payment for cognitive services, which appeared in the December issue of American Pharmacy. The group is currently developing educational materials for pharmacists on the pharmacist's role in providing cognitive services. American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/35
An article in the November 1989 American Pharmacy discussed pharmacists' compensation.
PROVIDE OPPORTU ITIES FOR ICIPI( Reaching Out to the States One ofAPhA's top priorities is reaching out to the states to learn firsthand what issues interest pharmacists and how APhA can make a difference. Toward this end, the APhA Board of Trustees approved a program that sends a member of APhA's leadership to state pharmaceutical association annual meetings. APhA also sponsored numerous continuing education programs in the states, and APhA leadership made more than 50 visits to state pharmaceutical association events in 1989 including those sponsored by: Colorado Pharmacal Association, Florida Pharmacists Association, Georgia Pharmaceutical Association, Hawaii Pharmaceutical Association, Illinois Pharmacists Association, Iowa Pharmacists Association, Kansas Pharmaceutical Association, Kentucky Pharmacists Association, Maine Pharmacists Association, MarylandlDelaware Joint State Associations, Massachusetts State Pharmaceutical Association, Nevada Pharmacists Association, New Hampshire Pharmacists Association, New Jersey State Pharmaceutical Association, Oregon State Pharmacists Association, Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Association, Pharmaceutical Society ofthe State of New York, Rhode Island Pharmaceutical Association, Tennessee Pharmacists Association, Louisiana Pharmacists Association, South Dakota Pharmaceutical Association, Texas Pharmaceutical Association, Vermont Pharmacists Association, and West Virginia 35
Pnarmacists Association. 'As'a way to exchange ideas with state pharmaceutic~~ leaders,ARhA hostoo the AfPliated State Pharmacellti£~l .As~q~~a!ion Executives Meeting Sep.t ember 17-2()., The meeting, which promQted networking among state association executiV'es, featUregtalks on the Medicare Catastrophic GoverageAct, freegom of choice, and the ~ec~~~+~roblems .!nt~~· ge~~ric industry.
PrOcFllotinQ>Studen., Involvement Re.cognizing.that pharmacy students are the future 'bf the profession, APhA sponsors several programs to foster student involvement in the professi()n. In 1989 these programs included the APhAJMerck Student Pharmacy Project Grant Program, which will award up to 10 $2,000 grants to APhA Academy of Students of Pharmacy chapters to fund student projects, and the Glaxol APhA Good Government Scholarship Program, which promotes student involvement inlegislative and public affairs activities that affect pharmacy.
Listening to Members As an organization driven by its membership, APhA continually seeks suggestions and comments from its members. Prompted by member suggestions, the APhA Board of Trustees proposed amendments to the APhA Bylaws, which were approved by members in the November elections. Among the changes to the bylaws were changing the title of "chairman" of APhA's Board and academies to "president" and changing terms of officers from the calendar year to terms between Annual Meetings.
PROVID UBLIC IN RMATION
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APhA's journal for the pharmaceutical scientist, the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences) is recognized internationally as the authoritative source of original research in th~ pharmaceutical sciences. APhA's other publications are tailored to specializeq audiences, for example: • Academy Reporter, the newsletter of APhA's Academy of Pharmac~utical Research and Science. • APPM Update, the newsletter of the Academy of Pharmacy Practice and Management. • Pharmacy Student, amagazine offering a wide variety of features and news tailored to the needs of aspiring pharmacists.
APhA: A Valuable Information Resource When the American public has questions about pharmacy, they ask APhA. During 1989 APhA responded to thousands of calls from pharmacists, physicians, patients, students, and the media. A sampling of the media that featured or mentioned APhA in their coverage of pharmacyrelated events includes the Associated Press, Better Homes and Gardens, Cosmopolitan, The Detroit News, The Los A ngeles Times, McCalls, The Miami Herald, The New York Times, Parents Magazine, Prevention Magazine, Redbook, Time Magazine, US News and World Report, USA Today, The Wall Street J ournal, The Washington Post, Weight Watchers Magazine, and Working Woman Magazine. APhA representatives made appearances on Ask Washington, CBS Evening News with Dan Rather, CNN News Network, Canadian Broadcasting Company, Christian Broadcasting Network, Consumer News and Business Channel, Cox Broadcasting, Dr. Bob Arnot Show (CBS), Financial News Network, Gannett Radio, KFWB AU News Radio, KNX Radio (CBS News), KRSO Radio, NBC's Today Show, Post-Newsweek TV, USA Today TV S how, WAMU -TheDianeRehm S how, and WBZ-Tv.
APhA's Publications Meet Diverse Needs
Speaking Out for Pharmacy
APhA's publications are a premier source of information and professional education for the pharmacy profession. In 1989 APhA introduced Pharmacy Today, a new biweekly newsletter, to give members timely, useful news and practice tips. APhA's journal for the practicing pharmacist, AmericanPharmacy, continued to give members crucial information on practice trends and political developments. In 1989 American Pharmacy, which received from the American Society of Association Executives a second-place honor for journals, featured articles on such topics as the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, mail order pharmacy, and physician dispensing. And, for the second year, it included a monthly home-study course offering continuing education credit.
APhA participated on several national health committees to improve the public health and enhance the role of the pharmacist. Just a few of these were Pharmacy in the 21st Century, the J oint Commission for the Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners, the Pharmacy Council on Cholesterol, and the Consortium on Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Year 2000 Objectives for the Nation.
American Pharmaceutical Association 2215 Constitution Ave., NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 628-4410
APhA American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/36
. -. CAPITAL VIEWPOINT
WASH~NGiON.DC
Form 1990-CE-Ol ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
Researching the Market: Initial Steps in Designing a Marketing Program Instructions for obtaining one hour of continuing education credit, or 0.1 CEU, for this module:
70% or better. (Twelve-month CE program enrollees are exempt from this fee.) 4. Enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope.
1. Print your name, address, and pharmacy license number on the enclosed answer form, 1990-CE-01.
2. On the answer form, blacken the space containing the letter corresponding to the answer you select as being the correct one for each question. Please review all your answers to be sure you have blackened the proper spaces. 3. Return your answer sheet with your check for $2.50 (nonmember fee is $12.50) payable to APhA. A certificate and credit will be awarded to participants who achieve a grade of
1. Which of the following is not a factor that has caused changes in pharmacy practice? a. Competition has become more intense. b. Government reimbursement programs have reduced profit margins on prescriptions. c. Patients want and need less attention. d. All of the above are factors causing changes in pharmacy practice.
2. Which of the following is not a key component in the definition of "marketing"? a. Need satisfaction b. Chosen groups c. Profit d. All of the above are key components in the definition. 3. Which of the following is the first step in the marketing process? a. Set marketing objectives. b. Identify possible target markets. c. Examine the marketplace. d. Establish competitive advantages. 4. Data provided in government documents would be considered a. Primary data b. Original data c. Published data d. None of the above 5. Generally, the pharmacist should always start with published sources of data because they can be obtained more rapidly and usually at a much lower cost than can primary data. a. True b. False
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If you correctly answer at least seven of the 10 questions, one hour of credit will be recorded and a certificate of completion will be sent to you. If you do not correctly answer at least seven questions, no credit will be recorded and you will be so notified.
The American Pharmaceutical Association is approved by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education as a provider of continuing pharmaceutical education. APhA provider number for this program is: 680-202-90-002.
6. Which of the following is not a method for collecting primary data? a. Observation b. Survey research c. Focus groups d. Library research 7. The most popular method of collecting primary data is a. Observation b. Survey research c. Focus groups d. Library research
8. When the pharmacist selects a sample by randomly choosing every "nth" number, what type of sampling is being done? a. Stratified sample b. Sequential sample c. Nonprobability sample d. None of the above 9. Usually, a sample of what size is adequate for most pharmacy surveys? a. 50 to 99 b. 100 to 200 c. 201 to 300 d. 301 to 500
10. Which of the following is the most common method for analyzing data? a. T-tests b. Chi-square analysis c. Cross-tabulations d. Frequency and percentage responses
American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/38
FORM 1990-CE-OI ANSWER SHEET
Researching the Market: Initial Steps in Designing a Marketing Program Instructions: For each question, blacken the letter corresponding to the answer you select as being the correct one. Please review all your answers to be sure you have blackened the proper spaces. There is only one correct answer. Continuing Education Credit
Services, American Pharmaceutical Association, 2215 Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20037. 3. Enclose proper fee ($2.50 for APhA members; $12.50 for nonmembers; 12-month CE program enrollees are exempt from this fee).
To receive one hour of continuing education credit, or 0.1 CEU, for the successful completion of this program, you must:
4. Enclose a self-addressed, stamped envelope.
1. Type or print your name, address, and license number(s) in the space provided in the boxed area below. Complete only the boxed" section.
If you correctly answer at least seven of the 10 questions, one hour of credit will be recorded and a certificate of completion will be sent to you. If you do not correctly answer at least seven questions, no credit will be recorded and you will be notified.
2. Mail your completed answer sheet for scoring to Education
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One hour of continuing education credit, or 0.1 CEU, is awarded to:
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
Name
Researching the Market: Initial Steps in Designing a Marketing Program
Address
I~I
The AmericanPhannaceutical Association is approved by the Amer® ican Council on Pharmaceutical Education as a provider of continuing pharmaceutical education. APhA provider number is 680-
City
State
ZIP
License No.(s)
202-90- 002
(Not valid unless signed by authorized APhA representative.)
FOR PROVIDER USE ONLY
Date
American Pharmacy, Vol. NS30, No.1 January 1990/39
Authorized signature
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