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Theory and phenomenology in particle physics, parts A and B
Book Reviews To determine size and shape of polymers, Rayleigh-Debeye scattering (the author prefers this notation instead of the usual term Rayleigh-Gans scattering) has proven useful. Here the refractive index is close to unity. He gives again a full theoretical treatment, numerical results and experimental data. The final chapters deal with scattering by pure liquids and solutions and with effects arising from anisotropy. This book will become another classic in the field of light scattering. It is comprehensive and authoritative as far as elastic scattering and single-particle scattering is concerned. It contains a wealth of detailed information taken from the author’s own experience and the literature; each statement is supported by either theoretical derivation or by computational results or tables. The material is systematically organized, well written and free of misprints. It also contains a large and extremely useful bibliography, plus good author and subject indexes. Whether you already use light-scattering techniques or plan to use them in the future, this book will guide you in obtaining meaningful results as well as avoiding pitfalls. R. PENNDORF Avco Systems Division Lowell, Mass. THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS, Parts A and B, edited by A. Zichichi. Part A: 318 pages, diagrams, 6 x 9 in. Price, $14.00. Part B: 482 pages, diagrams, 6 x 9 in. Price, $21.00. New York, Academic Press, 1969. Nowadays physicists active in research can usually look forward, if they wish, to attendance at one summer school at least during their long vacation, held at some attractive resort so that the physicist can think, talk or listen to physics without depriving the other members of the family of their summer holiday. In high-energy physics one of the best known of these summer schools is that organized each year at Erice in Sicily under the enthusiastic guidance of Professor Zichichi. It is named in honour of
vol. 890, No. 4, October
1970
Ettore Majorana and sponsored jointly by CERN and the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth. The two volumes reviewed here describe the lectures, seminars and discussions held at the sixth of these schools during July 1968, and contain several contributions that remain of great interest nearly 2 years later despite the explosive rate of development of the subject. The conference was opened by Professor G. Salvini who in a short but highly interesting, if rather introspective, address examines the justification for continuing intensive investigation in elementary particle physics despite its mounting cost. High-energy physics has to be justified mainly as a contribution to general culture, rather than for its importance in relation to the general material well-being of society. Indeed, he develops the theme that fundamental research is becoming increasingly irrelevant from this latter point of view. This does not affect its importance to society. He introduces the of culture”. concept of an “industry “Fundamental research, when well done, is a concrete and valid product. . . . We must defend ourselves from the idol of applied research, when badly applied or useless.” The trouble lies in that if the main stress is placed on the cultural aspect of elementary particle physics we tend to place it on the same basis as the arts, and so could anticipate a comparable level of support. Unfortunately in our society the level of governmental support given to the arts would scarcely be sufficient to build even a modest accelerator. And it might be argued that a far larger proportion of the population can participate in music, drama and the graphic arts than in elementary particle physics. Nevertheless, Professor Salvini’s contribution is a stimulating one, made not the less attractive by being delivered in a kind of Italo-English language which the editor has wisely not attempted to translate into more orthodox English! Of course Professor Salvini’s contribution forms only a minute proportion of the book. Most of it is devoted to very useful and up-to-date reviews of the growing points of the subject: on the
Book Reviews theoretical side: 8. Fubini on “Current Algebra”, B. Zumino on “Chiral Symmetry”, T. D. Lee on “Current-field Identities”; while on the phenomenological side: H. J. Lubatti reviews the situation with respect to “Regge Poles in High Energy Scattering”, W. Kienzle discusses “Boson Resonances”, and C. A. Heusch discusses the “Status and Perspectives of Photoproduction Experiments”. Predictably, a good deal is said about CP violation, including an excellent summary of “Models of CP Violation” by L. Wolfenstein and more detailed discussions of the experimental situation by M. Schwartz and by N. Lipman. Personally the reviewer found most useful the series of lectures by G. Morpurgo on the “Quark Model”, which form nearly half the content of part A, because it has been rather difficult to obtain such a clear and extensive review of the quark position elsewhere. In addition, there are reports of a number of seminars on specialized topics given by S. Coleman, M. Deutsch, S. Frautschi, S. Glashow, T. Regge, G. C. Wick and C. Schmid. It is salutary to reflect that the last-named seminar on “The Duality between Direct-channel Resonances and Regge Exchanges” was the only mention of duality, the discussion of which has formed such a large proportion of the contributions in highenergy physics journals of the past 18 months. The mushrooming of subsequent interest in this field is symptomatic of the intense searching round for new concepts and the clutching at new straws to help us to interpret the bewildering mass of experimental data in high-energy physics. This in turn makes the task of publishing a book of this kind something of a speculation. It says much for the selection of topics and the depth of the articles themselves that in this field after 2 years most of the material is still highly relevant. Not the least useful feature is the full way in which the discussion is reproduced, making possible the illumination of points left unclear in the original presentation. The editor of the book as well as the secretaries of the individual sessions
402
are to be congratulated on the care with which the reports of these discussions have been prepared. Altogether these articles form a useful collection to which all serious research workers in high-energy physics will need access. E. H. S. BURHOP Department of Physics University College London London, W.C.l, England
REACTORDYNAMICS AND CONTROL: STATESPACETECHNIQUES, by Lynn E. Weaver. 307 pages, diagrams, 6 x 9 in. New York, American Elsevier, 1968. Weaver has written for the first-year graduate student in nuclear engineering and for the practicing engineer or scientist. He introduces state-variable approach and the application of various state-space techniques to reactor dynamics and control. Five chapters are devoted to statespace techniques (and modern control theory), and the remaining four deal with the application of modern control theory to nuclear systems. As such, it is somewhat of a unique effort and deserves serious consideration. State variables and the concept of the state of the system are introduced first. System description in terms of phase variables, canonical variables and system variables, and system response via the state-transition matrix are presented. This chapter is very brief, as for example, it does not cover the systems having complex or multiple eigenvalues. Since the material covered later depends on this chapter, it should have been treated in more detail. Chapter 2 gives the equations of reactor dynamics for various reactor models with various reactivity feedback due to temperature, void, pressure and fission-product effects. Stability of the system in state-space is covered next. Chapter 3 gives the concept of definiteness, the various deflnitions of stability, the second method of Liapunovand the Popovstabilitycriterion. In Chapter 4, the methods of Chapter 3 are applied to various reactor models. In this study more emphasis is given to
Journal of The Franklin Institute
vol. 890, No. 4, October
1970
Ettore Majorana and sponsored jointly by CERN and the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth. The two volumes reviewed here describe the lectures, seminars and discussions held at the sixth of these schools during July 1968, and contain several contributions that remain of great interest nearly 2 years later despite the explosive rate of development of the subject. The conference was opened by Professor G. Salvini who in a short but highly interesting, if rather introspective, address examines the justification for continuing intensive investigation in elementary particle physics despite its mounting cost. High-energy physics has to be justified mainly as a contribution to general culture, rather than for its importance in relation to the general material well-being of society. Indeed, he develops the theme that fundamental research is becoming increasingly irrelevant from this latter point of view. This does not affect its importance to society. He introduces the of culture”. concept of an “industry “Fundamental research, when well done, is a concrete and valid product. . . . We must defend ourselves from the idol of applied research, when badly applied or useless.” The trouble lies in that if the main stress is placed on the cultural aspect of elementary particle physics we tend to place it on the same basis as the arts, and so could anticipate a comparable level of support. Unfortunately in our society the level of governmental support given to the arts would scarcely be sufficient to build even a modest accelerator. And it might be argued that a far larger proportion of the population can participate in music, drama and the graphic arts than in elementary particle physics. Nevertheless, Professor Salvini’s contribution is a stimulating one, made not the less attractive by being delivered in a kind of Italo-English language which the editor has wisely not attempted to translate into more orthodox English! Of course Professor Salvini’s contribution forms only a minute proportion of the book. Most of it is devoted to very useful and up-to-date reviews of the growing points of the subject: on the
Book Reviews theoretical side: 8. Fubini on “Current Algebra”, B. Zumino on “Chiral Symmetry”, T. D. Lee on “Current-field Identities”; while on the phenomenological side: H. J. Lubatti reviews the situation with respect to “Regge Poles in High Energy Scattering”, W. Kienzle discusses “Boson Resonances”, and C. A. Heusch discusses the “Status and Perspectives of Photoproduction Experiments”. Predictably, a good deal is said about CP violation, including an excellent summary of “Models of CP Violation” by L. Wolfenstein and more detailed discussions of the experimental situation by M. Schwartz and by N. Lipman. Personally the reviewer found most useful the series of lectures by G. Morpurgo on the “Quark Model”, which form nearly half the content of part A, because it has been rather difficult to obtain such a clear and extensive review of the quark position elsewhere. In addition, there are reports of a number of seminars on specialized topics given by S. Coleman, M. Deutsch, S. Frautschi, S. Glashow, T. Regge, G. C. Wick and C. Schmid. It is salutary to reflect that the last-named seminar on “The Duality between Direct-channel Resonances and Regge Exchanges” was the only mention of duality, the discussion of which has formed such a large proportion of the contributions in highenergy physics journals of the past 18 months. The mushrooming of subsequent interest in this field is symptomatic of the intense searching round for new concepts and the clutching at new straws to help us to interpret the bewildering mass of experimental data in high-energy physics. This in turn makes the task of publishing a book of this kind something of a speculation. It says much for the selection of topics and the depth of the articles themselves that in this field after 2 years most of the material is still highly relevant. Not the least useful feature is the full way in which the discussion is reproduced, making possible the illumination of points left unclear in the original presentation. The editor of the book as well as the secretaries of the individual sessions
402
are to be congratulated on the care with which the reports of these discussions have been prepared. Altogether these articles form a useful collection to which all serious research workers in high-energy physics will need access. E. H. S. BURHOP Department of Physics University College London London, W.C.l, England
REACTORDYNAMICS AND CONTROL: STATESPACETECHNIQUES, by Lynn E. Weaver. 307 pages, diagrams, 6 x 9 in. New York, American Elsevier, 1968. Weaver has written for the first-year graduate student in nuclear engineering and for the practicing engineer or scientist. He introduces state-variable approach and the application of various state-space techniques to reactor dynamics and control. Five chapters are devoted to statespace techniques (and modern control theory), and the remaining four deal with the application of modern control theory to nuclear systems. As such, it is somewhat of a unique effort and deserves serious consideration. State variables and the concept of the state of the system are introduced first. System description in terms of phase variables, canonical variables and system variables, and system response via the state-transition matrix are presented. This chapter is very brief, as for example, it does not cover the systems having complex or multiple eigenvalues. Since the material covered later depends on this chapter, it should have been treated in more detail. Chapter 2 gives the equations of reactor dynamics for various reactor models with various reactivity feedback due to temperature, void, pressure and fission-product effects. Stability of the system in state-space is covered next. Chapter 3 gives the concept of definiteness, the various deflnitions of stability, the second method of Liapunovand the Popovstabilitycriterion. In Chapter 4, the methods of Chapter 3 are applied to various reactor models. In this study more emphasis is given to
Journal of The Franklin Institute