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Theory of sound-wave propagation in curvilinear waveguides
due to domain wall motion or domain rotation. An explanation for the origin of these anomalies could be found in the r e d i s t r i b u tion of spins, as an effect of the periodic mechanical s t r e s s , along the simultaneous stable d i r e c t i o n s of spontaneous m a g n e t i s a tion inside the domain. This view is supported by a calculation of the corresponding t e m p e r a t u r e s of the peaks which a g r e e f a i r l y well with the e x p e r i m e n t a l t e m p e r a t u r e s . ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 873)
GOLDMAN, E. B. Absorption and d i s p e r s i o n of u l t r a s o n i c w a v e s in i n e r t mo nsto mic m i x t u r e s . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol 44, No 3 (September 1966) pp 708-712 Using the two-fluid theory of gas mixtures, e x p r e s s i o n s are deriv ed for absorption and d i s p e r s i o n of u l t r a s o n i c waves in binary m i x t u r e s of inert, monatomic g a s e s . At low frequencies these are shown to agree with the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s of Holmes and T e m p e s t (Proceedings of the P h y s i c a l Society, London, Vol 75 (1960) pp 898-904), w h e r e a s new viscous effects a r e shown to be p r e s e n t at higher frequencies. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 874)
GOLIS, M.J. A n analysis of the ultrasonic zune lens. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol SU-15, No 2 (April 1966) pp 105-110 In order to establish that the zone lens is superior to the conventional spherical lens in flowing-fluids processing, measurements of the following were used: 1 acoustic fields--by a 0.25cm pickup probe which was placed behind the lenses to receive the continuous waves (800kHz) which travelled from a 7.6cm radiator through 100cm of water to the lenses; 2 field patterns--by schlinren techniques; 3 focussing abilities-by generation of water spouts at a surface. Theoretical analysis indicated that, since the zone lens fell into the general class Imown as aplanatic surfaces, its method to compensate for the destructive interference introduced by thickness resonances could also be applied to spherical, aplanatic and waveguide lenses in order to improve their performance. Zone lenses are m o r e easily machined than continuously curved lenses. (2 References, 8 Figures) (ultrasonics 1969, abstract 875)
GOLYAMINA, I. P., CHULKOVA, V. K. Ultra,sonic tr~msducer with clamped t e r r i t e core. Soviet Physics--Acoustics, Vol 13, No 4 (April-June 1968) pp 527-529 This a r t i c l e contains a brief description of a design of f e r r i t e m a g n e t o s t r i e t i v e t r a n s ducer s for use in i n d u s t r i a l u l t r a s o n i c equipment. The recommended design a r o s e from the study of the effect of compression on the operational c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the t r a n s d u c e r . N i c k e l - f e r r i t e cores w e r e used to m e a s u r e the vibration amplitude of a bonded titanium alloy plates, high frequency power consumption and driving voltage, all of which determine the efficiency of a t r a n s d u c e r in s m a l l machines for ultrasonic cutting, welding and other p r o c e s s e s . (6 References, 2 Figures, 1 Table) ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 876)
resistance of bonded joints is considered, and the special features of monitoring by pulse-type ultrasonic defectoscopes are explained. Correlations are given for some widely-used adhesives. (Ultrasonics 1969, abstract 877)
components with frequencies as high as 160kHz. The ultrasonic noise meter had a Rochelle salt sound pickup unit and a thirdoctave ultrasonic spectrograph of the Friestedi type. Observation of the ultrasonic spectrum of speech would be useful for recognition of speech sounds and for speech segmentation. (2 Tables) (Ultrasonics 1969,
G R E E N B E R G , H. D. Ultrasonic inspectic~ of large steel castings. Foundry, Vol 96, No 3 (March 1968) pp 68-73 Previously, it had been shown that costs were reduced if large steel castings were subjected to non-destructive testing by radiography; this paper outlines how further reductions m a y be effected by the use of uRrasonics for routine inspection. Ultrasonic testing has already been used for heavy sections and it should be possible to extend this to thinner sections with parallel sides--if acceptance standards can be agreed. ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 878)
abstract 882)
GRIGOR'EV, S. B., MERKULOV, L. G. Influence of p l a s t i c deformation on the n u c l e a r r e s o n a n c e absorption of sound in NaC1. Soviet Physics--Acoustics, Vol 13, No 4 (April-June 1968) pp 530-531 Data a r e reported for the influence of pl a s t i c deformation on the shape and width of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) line with the resonance absorption of sound by Na 23 nuclei in a single c r y s t a l of NaC1. The excitation frequency used was 7.984MHz. The dislocation density detected by this method agreed with the data from c r y s t a l s by the s e l e c t i v e etching technique to within the s a m e o r d e r of magnitude. (1 Figure) (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 879) GRIGOR'YAN, F . E . T h e o r y of s o u n d - w a v e propagation in c u r v l l i n e a r waveguides. Akusticheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 376-384 The authors d e s c r i b e a method of expanding into a power s e r i e s c e rt a i n e x p r e s s i o n s which must be evaluated whenever the wave numbers and amplitudes of n o r m a l waves in c u r v i l i n e a r waveguides have to be de t e rmined. The method i s valid both for acoustic and electromagnetic wavegnides filled with gaseous or liquid media, and for different boundary conditions on the walls. The waveguides a r e ass ume d to have a re c t a ngul a r c r o s s section and t h e i r axes a re taken to be c i r c u l a r . The proposed expansion method i s a u n i v e r s a l means of investigating a l l the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of norma l waves in bent waveguides, and the r e s u l t i n g e xpre s s i ons can be used to develop compact compulalionai a l g o r i t h m s which a re r e a d i l y r e a l i z e d on m o d e r a t e - s i z e computers. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 680) GRISHCHENKO, E. K. A m i n i a t u r e s i n g l e - c r y s t a l CdS focusing r a d i a t o r operating at 60Mc/sec. Akusticheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 385-389 The intensity at the focus of a s p h e r i c a l r a d i a t o r i s li mi t e d by attenuation, but it is possible to i n c r e a s e the intensity by i n c r e a s ing the working frequency. This paper desc r i b e s the design of a focusing r a d i a t o r with a surface diffusion l a y e r operating at 60MHz. The results of a number of laboratory runs are evaluated. For a power consumption of
2 W the radiator produces I k W / c m 2 at its focus in water. (Ultrasonics 1969, abstract G O R B U N O V , A. I. Checking the streagth of bonds by the uRrmsonic echo method. Defektoskopiya, No 2 (1968) pp 42-50 A non-destructive method is described for testing the strength of bonded joints. R is based on the correlation between this strength and the acoustic resistance of the joint or the parameters connected therewith. The methodology of determining the acoustic
881) G R O M O V , N. P., M Y A S N I K O V , L. L., M Y A S N I K O V A , E. N. Ultrasonic speech sounds. Soviet Physics --Acoustics, Vol 13, No 4 (April-June) 1966) pp 532-533 The continuous spectrum of Russian and Polish speech sounds showed ultrasonic
HAEBEL, VON E-U. M e a s u r e m e n t s of re l a xa t i on o s c i l l a t i o n s a s a function of t e m p e r a t u r e from 10°C to 215~C in sulphur hexafiuoride. Acoustica, Vol 20, No 2 (1968) pp 65-75 Using modified 'Sell' type t r a n s d u c e r s , which function over a l a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e range, the absorption and d i s p e r s i o n of sound is m e a s u r e d between 10°C and 215°C. Frequency i s v a r i e d between 40kHz and 1000kHz and the p r e s s u r e i s v a r i e d between 4mmHg and 400mmHg. M e a s u r e m e n t s show that the total vibrational energy of the molecule is re l a xi ng at a ra t e with a unique relaxation time. Using the s e r i e s excitation model, a relaxation time ~1, a s s o c i a t e d with the f i r s t mode of oscillation with fundamental frequency vl , is calculated. ~c is the time between s u c c e s s i v e c ol l i s i ons and Z 1 = ~h/~'c is the number of collisions. Two t he ore t i c a l approaches for calculating Z 1 a r e presented. E x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s confirm an exponential law, In Z 1 cc T - l / 3 , and refute an i nv er s e law, Z 1 cc T-1. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t
883)
HALSEY, G. H. The nondestructive t e s t i n g of p a s s e n g e r t i r e s . M a t e r i a l s Evaluation, Vol 26, No 7 (July 1968) pp 137-142 Rubber t y r e s were inspected by the pulseecho technique which employed a PZT s e a r c h unit (1in di a me t e r, 1MHz frequency) s e p a r a t e d from the tyre by 2in of water in a tank. As the t yre rotated the thickness of the t r e a d appeared on a c ha rt read-out. The defects in the t yre showed up c l e a r l y a s distortions on the chart read-out of the reflected u l t r a sonic signals. Types of defect detected included fabric splices, i nt e rfa c i a l porosity between l a y e r s in the t y r e and separation of l a y e r s . T y r e s which were shown to be uniform by this technique produced b e t t e r p e r formanee under a v a r i e t y of road conditions. (9References, 14 F i gure s , 1 Table) (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 884)
HARLOW, R. G., NOLAN, M. E. Absorption of sound in oxygen containing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, o r w a t e r v a p o r a s impurity. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of A me ri c a , Vol 43, No 6 (June 1968) pp 1287-1290 The attenuation and velocity of sound in oxygen containing up to 2.6°/° hydrogen, c a r bon dioxide or water vapour a s impurity were de t e rmi ne d from the c omput e r - b as ed a n a l y s i s of m e a s u r e m e n t s of s i x to eight different modes for each gas mixture for 20 values of the frequency in the region of the resonance tube natural mode. Within the l i m i t s of the l e a s t - s q u a r e s e r r o r s the r e s ui t s were:
O2--H 2 mixture
fo/p = --0. 3 + 64.2h Hz/atm O2--CO 2 mixture fo/P = 9 + 45h H z / a t m O2--H20 mixture fo/p = 9 + 162h + 144h 2 Hz/atm
where fo i s the frequency of maximum absorption and 103h i s the mole fraction of the impurity. The f i r s t two r e s u l t s a gre ed with those of previous w o r k e r s but there was di s c re pa nc y over the t hi rd since previous w o r k e r s had ignored the adsorption of water vapour in the walls of the resonance tube. (18 References, 7 F i g u r e s , 2 Tables) (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 885) ULTRASONICS January 1969
79
GOLDMAN, E. B. Absorption and d i s p e r s i o n of u l t r a s o n i c w a v e s in i n e r t mo nsto mic m i x t u r e s . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol 44, No 3 (September 1966) pp 708-712 Using the two-fluid theory of gas mixtures, e x p r e s s i o n s are deriv ed for absorption and d i s p e r s i o n of u l t r a s o n i c waves in binary m i x t u r e s of inert, monatomic g a s e s . At low frequencies these are shown to agree with the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s of Holmes and T e m p e s t (Proceedings of the P h y s i c a l Society, London, Vol 75 (1960) pp 898-904), w h e r e a s new viscous effects a r e shown to be p r e s e n t at higher frequencies. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 874)
GOLIS, M.J. A n analysis of the ultrasonic zune lens. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, Vol SU-15, No 2 (April 1966) pp 105-110 In order to establish that the zone lens is superior to the conventional spherical lens in flowing-fluids processing, measurements of the following were used: 1 acoustic fields--by a 0.25cm pickup probe which was placed behind the lenses to receive the continuous waves (800kHz) which travelled from a 7.6cm radiator through 100cm of water to the lenses; 2 field patterns--by schlinren techniques; 3 focussing abilities-by generation of water spouts at a surface. Theoretical analysis indicated that, since the zone lens fell into the general class Imown as aplanatic surfaces, its method to compensate for the destructive interference introduced by thickness resonances could also be applied to spherical, aplanatic and waveguide lenses in order to improve their performance. Zone lenses are m o r e easily machined than continuously curved lenses. (2 References, 8 Figures) (ultrasonics 1969, abstract 875)
GOLYAMINA, I. P., CHULKOVA, V. K. Ultra,sonic tr~msducer with clamped t e r r i t e core. Soviet Physics--Acoustics, Vol 13, No 4 (April-June 1968) pp 527-529 This a r t i c l e contains a brief description of a design of f e r r i t e m a g n e t o s t r i e t i v e t r a n s ducer s for use in i n d u s t r i a l u l t r a s o n i c equipment. The recommended design a r o s e from the study of the effect of compression on the operational c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the t r a n s d u c e r . N i c k e l - f e r r i t e cores w e r e used to m e a s u r e the vibration amplitude of a bonded titanium alloy plates, high frequency power consumption and driving voltage, all of which determine the efficiency of a t r a n s d u c e r in s m a l l machines for ultrasonic cutting, welding and other p r o c e s s e s . (6 References, 2 Figures, 1 Table) ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 876)
resistance of bonded joints is considered, and the special features of monitoring by pulse-type ultrasonic defectoscopes are explained. Correlations are given for some widely-used adhesives. (Ultrasonics 1969, abstract 877)
components with frequencies as high as 160kHz. The ultrasonic noise meter had a Rochelle salt sound pickup unit and a thirdoctave ultrasonic spectrograph of the Friestedi type. Observation of the ultrasonic spectrum of speech would be useful for recognition of speech sounds and for speech segmentation. (2 Tables) (Ultrasonics 1969,
G R E E N B E R G , H. D. Ultrasonic inspectic~ of large steel castings. Foundry, Vol 96, No 3 (March 1968) pp 68-73 Previously, it had been shown that costs were reduced if large steel castings were subjected to non-destructive testing by radiography; this paper outlines how further reductions m a y be effected by the use of uRrasonics for routine inspection. Ultrasonic testing has already been used for heavy sections and it should be possible to extend this to thinner sections with parallel sides--if acceptance standards can be agreed. ( u l t r a s o n i c s 1969, a b s t r a c t 878)
abstract 882)
GRIGOR'EV, S. B., MERKULOV, L. G. Influence of p l a s t i c deformation on the n u c l e a r r e s o n a n c e absorption of sound in NaC1. Soviet Physics--Acoustics, Vol 13, No 4 (April-June 1968) pp 530-531 Data a r e reported for the influence of pl a s t i c deformation on the shape and width of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) line with the resonance absorption of sound by Na 23 nuclei in a single c r y s t a l of NaC1. The excitation frequency used was 7.984MHz. The dislocation density detected by this method agreed with the data from c r y s t a l s by the s e l e c t i v e etching technique to within the s a m e o r d e r of magnitude. (1 Figure) (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 879) GRIGOR'YAN, F . E . T h e o r y of s o u n d - w a v e propagation in c u r v l l i n e a r waveguides. Akusticheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 376-384 The authors d e s c r i b e a method of expanding into a power s e r i e s c e rt a i n e x p r e s s i o n s which must be evaluated whenever the wave numbers and amplitudes of n o r m a l waves in c u r v i l i n e a r waveguides have to be de t e rmined. The method i s valid both for acoustic and electromagnetic wavegnides filled with gaseous or liquid media, and for different boundary conditions on the walls. The waveguides a r e ass ume d to have a re c t a ngul a r c r o s s section and t h e i r axes a re taken to be c i r c u l a r . The proposed expansion method i s a u n i v e r s a l means of investigating a l l the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of norma l waves in bent waveguides, and the r e s u l t i n g e xpre s s i ons can be used to develop compact compulalionai a l g o r i t h m s which a re r e a d i l y r e a l i z e d on m o d e r a t e - s i z e computers. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 680) GRISHCHENKO, E. K. A m i n i a t u r e s i n g l e - c r y s t a l CdS focusing r a d i a t o r operating at 60Mc/sec. Akusticheskii Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 3 (1968) pp 385-389 The intensity at the focus of a s p h e r i c a l r a d i a t o r i s li mi t e d by attenuation, but it is possible to i n c r e a s e the intensity by i n c r e a s ing the working frequency. This paper desc r i b e s the design of a focusing r a d i a t o r with a surface diffusion l a y e r operating at 60MHz. The results of a number of laboratory runs are evaluated. For a power consumption of
2 W the radiator produces I k W / c m 2 at its focus in water. (Ultrasonics 1969, abstract G O R B U N O V , A. I. Checking the streagth of bonds by the uRrmsonic echo method. Defektoskopiya, No 2 (1968) pp 42-50 A non-destructive method is described for testing the strength of bonded joints. R is based on the correlation between this strength and the acoustic resistance of the joint or the parameters connected therewith. The methodology of determining the acoustic
881) G R O M O V , N. P., M Y A S N I K O V , L. L., M Y A S N I K O V A , E. N. Ultrasonic speech sounds. Soviet Physics --Acoustics, Vol 13, No 4 (April-June) 1966) pp 532-533 The continuous spectrum of Russian and Polish speech sounds showed ultrasonic
HAEBEL, VON E-U. M e a s u r e m e n t s of re l a xa t i on o s c i l l a t i o n s a s a function of t e m p e r a t u r e from 10°C to 215~C in sulphur hexafiuoride. Acoustica, Vol 20, No 2 (1968) pp 65-75 Using modified 'Sell' type t r a n s d u c e r s , which function over a l a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e range, the absorption and d i s p e r s i o n of sound is m e a s u r e d between 10°C and 215°C. Frequency i s v a r i e d between 40kHz and 1000kHz and the p r e s s u r e i s v a r i e d between 4mmHg and 400mmHg. M e a s u r e m e n t s show that the total vibrational energy of the molecule is re l a xi ng at a ra t e with a unique relaxation time. Using the s e r i e s excitation model, a relaxation time ~1, a s s o c i a t e d with the f i r s t mode of oscillation with fundamental frequency vl , is calculated. ~c is the time between s u c c e s s i v e c ol l i s i ons and Z 1 = ~h/~'c is the number of collisions. Two t he ore t i c a l approaches for calculating Z 1 a r e presented. E x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s confirm an exponential law, In Z 1 cc T - l / 3 , and refute an i nv er s e law, Z 1 cc T-1. (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t
883)
HALSEY, G. H. The nondestructive t e s t i n g of p a s s e n g e r t i r e s . M a t e r i a l s Evaluation, Vol 26, No 7 (July 1968) pp 137-142 Rubber t y r e s were inspected by the pulseecho technique which employed a PZT s e a r c h unit (1in di a me t e r, 1MHz frequency) s e p a r a t e d from the tyre by 2in of water in a tank. As the t yre rotated the thickness of the t r e a d appeared on a c ha rt read-out. The defects in the t yre showed up c l e a r l y a s distortions on the chart read-out of the reflected u l t r a sonic signals. Types of defect detected included fabric splices, i nt e rfa c i a l porosity between l a y e r s in the t y r e and separation of l a y e r s . T y r e s which were shown to be uniform by this technique produced b e t t e r p e r formanee under a v a r i e t y of road conditions. (9References, 14 F i gure s , 1 Table) (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 884)
HARLOW, R. G., NOLAN, M. E. Absorption of sound in oxygen containing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, o r w a t e r v a p o r a s impurity. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of A me ri c a , Vol 43, No 6 (June 1968) pp 1287-1290 The attenuation and velocity of sound in oxygen containing up to 2.6°/° hydrogen, c a r bon dioxide or water vapour a s impurity were de t e rmi ne d from the c omput e r - b as ed a n a l y s i s of m e a s u r e m e n t s of s i x to eight different modes for each gas mixture for 20 values of the frequency in the region of the resonance tube natural mode. Within the l i m i t s of the l e a s t - s q u a r e s e r r o r s the r e s ui t s were:
O2--H 2 mixture
fo/p = --0. 3 + 64.2h Hz/atm O2--CO 2 mixture fo/P = 9 + 45h H z / a t m O2--H20 mixture fo/p = 9 + 162h + 144h 2 Hz/atm
where fo i s the frequency of maximum absorption and 103h i s the mole fraction of the impurity. The f i r s t two r e s u l t s a gre ed with those of previous w o r k e r s but there was di s c re pa nc y over the t hi rd since previous w o r k e r s had ignored the adsorption of water vapour in the walls of the resonance tube. (18 References, 7 F i g u r e s , 2 Tables) (Ultrasonics 1969, a b s t r a c t 885) ULTRASONICS January 1969
79