- Email: [email protected]
Thermalscape of Ecological City and its Visualized Evaluation
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Energy Procedia 152 Energy Procedia 00(2018) (2017)1139–1144 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems, CUE2018-Applied Energy and Forum 2018: Low carbon andsystems, Applied Energy Symposium andSymposium Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urbancities energy CUE2018, 5–7 June 2018, Shanghai, China CUE2018, 5–7 June 2018, Shanghai, China urban energy systems, 5–7 June 2018, Shanghai, China
Thermalscape of Ecological City and its Visualized Evaluation The 15th of International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Thermalscape Ecological City and its Visualized Evaluation Ye Hai*，Qian Feng
Ye Hai*，Qian Assessing the feasibility of usingFeng the heat demand-outdoor College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092，China of Architecturefor and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092demand ，China temperatureCollege function a long-term district heat forecast a,b,c
a
a
b
c
c
*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre Abstract I. Andrić Abstract a IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal When we discuss the human-centered outdoor thermal environment performance, the term thermalscape is proposed. In the b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France When we discuss the human-centered outdoor thermal environment performance,is the is proposed. In the evaluation of cgreen building and ecological city area, outdoor thermal environment one term of thethermalscape more important items but lack of Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France evaluation of green andthermal ecological city index area, outdoor environment is one of the importantorganizations, items but lackhas of a unified index. Thebuilding universal climate (UTCI) thermal is studied and proposed jointly bymore international a unifiedmore index. The universal thermal climate (UTCI) studied andperformance proposed jointly by plug-in international organizations, has received and more attention in recent years.index Honeybee, theisarchitecture analysis of Grasshopper platform, received more andarithmetic more attention in recent years.UTCI Honeybee, the architecture plug-in of Grasshopper platform, integrated UTCI unit, which makes got a rapid promotion.performance This paper analysis introduced the concept of thermalscape, integrated arithmetic unit, and which makes UTCI a rapid promotion. Thisforward paper introduced the concept methods ofUTCI software calculation visualization of got results of UTCI, and puts some application ideasofinthermalscape, architectural Abstract methods of software calculation and visualization of results of UTCI, and puts forward some application ideas in architectural design. design. District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. reserved. greenhouse gas emissions fromAll therights building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat Copyright © 2018 2018 Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright © Elsevier All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee ofpolicies, Applied heat Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low sales. Due to the changed climate conditions demand in the future could decrease, Selection and peer-review under responsibility ofand thebuilding scientificrenovation committee of the CUE2018-Applied Energy Symposium and Selection andthe peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems, CUE2018. prolonging investment return period. Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems. carbon citiesscope and urban systems, CUE2018. The main of thisenergy paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Keywords: Greening building; Eco-district; thermalscape; UTCI (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon Keywords: building; Eco-district; thermalscape; UTCI buildingsGreening that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were 1.compared Introduction: thermalscape of Ecological with results from a dynamic heat demandCity model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1.The Introduction: thermalscape Ecological City results showed that when onlyofweather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the annualthe demand was lowerofthan for allfield weather scenarios considered). after renovation In error recentinyears, development the 20% scientific of human settlements hasHowever, broadened theintroducing research scope of Inbuilt recent years, development scientific field of the human settlements hasexplores broadened the researchconsidered). scope of scenarios, the error the value increased upof tothe 59.5% (depending on weather and renovation scenarios the environment. The study of human settlement environment scientifically the combination relationship between Thebuilt value of slope coefficient increased on average withinenvironment rangeenvironment. ofscientifically 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the the environment. Theand study human settlement explores the of relationship between human-centered activities theofbiosphere centered ontheliving The concept thermalscape was decrease in the of heating of 22-139h duringon the heating seasoninto (depending on the of weather and human-centered activities and thehours biosphere centered living environment. concept of thermalscape was summarized andnumber developed by Ye Hai [1]. Thermalscape can be divided the The natural andcombination artificial thermalscape. renovation scenarios considered). OnHai the [1]. otherThermalscape hand, functioncan intercept increased per artificial (depending on the summarized and developed bydistinct Ye be divided intofor the7.8-12.7% natural and thermalscape. All kinds of factors, which has regional or seasonal characteristics and play an active roledecade in improving thermal coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and All kinds can of factors, which hasthe distinct regional or seasonal characteristics and play an active role in improving thermal comfort, be brought into category of thermalscape. improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. comfort, can be brought into the category of thermalscape.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +0086-21-65980048-105; fax: +0086-21-65980048-220. Cooling.
address:author. [email protected] * E-mail Corresponding Tel.: +0086-21-65980048-105; fax: +0086-21-65980048-220. E-mail address: [email protected] Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1876-6102and Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All of rights reserved. committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities Selection peer-review under responsibility the scientific and urbanand energy systems, under CUE2018. Selection peer-review responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems, CUE2018. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CUE2018-Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.141
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Ye Hai et al. / Energy Procedia 152 (2018) 1139–1144 Ye Hai & Qian Feng / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Natural thermalscape encompasses landscapes with naturally pleasant thermal environments. From natural geothermal, hot springs, streams, waterfalls, summer boulevards, vegetation greening, beaches, land and sea breeze, valley wind, are associated with the thermal landscape of different regions. Artificial thermalscape refers to using passive design or other technical means to optimize the landscape’s thermal environment, such as with fountains, water features, three-dimensional green spaces, outdoor spray cooling devices in summer, sun shelters on the road, heating facilities in bus stations, sunrooms in winter, cold lanes in residential area, thermal mass and authentic wind in buildings and so on. The traditional wisdom embodied in many vernacular dwelling can be leveraged to create a unique thermalscape. With the development of digital technology, various software programs continue to emerge that can render invisible material visible. Now, there are many other measures in addition to inversion of surface parameters using remote sensing imaging techniques. For example, with infrared thermal imaging, we can observe hot and cold distribution across a landscape to construct a thermalscape, which also depicts temperature visualization (see Figure 1).
(a) photo of roof garden
(b) infrared picture of roof garden Fig. 1 visualization of temperature
Using an unmanned aerial vehicle, airship, and other air flight equipment along with sensor-equipped ground mobile equipment, we can achieve remote sensing telemetry in urban spaces from a high-altitude viewpoint. Online monitoring and digital construction over a city can convey a new thermalscape and similar information, revealing much about the parameters that influence the city space but are not readily observable from a normal perspective (e.g., architecture, vegetation, terrain changes, and microclimates). Finally, the urban thermal environment can be expressed digitally through original data using artistic visual techniques and tools to provide a comprehensive picture. In recent years, urban climatology and its application has become pertinent in urban planning and design. The development of visualization technology has promoted the study of the urban climatic map (UCMap) . The term urban climate map was originally proposed by a German researcher and has since become known as the Urban Climate Map or the Urban Environment Climate Atlas. It is a tool for urban climate and environment information analysis and evaluation. Using two-dimensional space to depict climate phenomena and current problems, UCMap research includes the urban thermal environment, urban wind environment, and urban air pollution. 2. Influential Factors and Evaluation indices of thermalscape 2.1. Influential Factors on thermalscape The urban thermal environment is affected by many factors and is frequently researched in disciplines related to climate, environmental resources, and urban planning and architecture. Research methods differ widely across these fields. In architectural and urban planning, for instance, the influence of spatial form on the urban thermal environment is both microscopic and mesoscale. This scale is used in thermalscape research as well. The main research site of the green eco-district's thermal environment consists of open or semi-open space outside city buildings, including city streets, roads, squares, parks, green spaces, bodies of water, roof balconies, and others. A city is a complex system whose differences in surface morphology, construction, and traffic determine the complexity of the urban thermal environment. The urban thermal environment involves parameters such as surface temperature, air temperature on pedestrian
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height (1~1.5m), and solar radiation. Solar radiation affects the body’s thermal sensation via the average radiation temperature; therefore, the urban thermal environment is a complex physical phenomenon influenced by an array of factors including climate, radiation, and the overall urban environment. Yang Junyan [2] summarizes some commonly used indicators in urban thermal environment research (see Table 1). Table 1. Indicators used in urban thermal environment research. Category Building combination Space form Surface state Other
Indicators Building orientation, encirclement, determinant, scatter, random or mixed, compact or open, different height building combinations Building density, floor area ratio, street aspect ratio, average height, roughness, sky visibility, tree visibility, shadow coefficient, encirclement impervious surface area, vegetation coverage, green coverage, greening rate, surface reflectivity, water rate Population size, distance from cold and heat sources
At present, the research methods for urban thermal environment always employ simulation software such as ENVI-met, to establish the spatial shape model of the prototype city and quantitatively analyse the influence of the space shape index on the thermal environment under a single index change condition. In ideal simulation conditions, the spatial morphological indexes that are significantly correlated with the thermal environment include density, average height, sky visibility, vegetation coverage, and water impermeable surface area ratio. Quantitative indicators of spatial morphology that are highly correlated are street orientation and aspect ratio, envelope coefficient, shadow coefficient, circumference, and reflectivity [2]. 2.2. Evaluation indices of green eco-district Thermal Environment Indoor thermal comfort research has been quite mature and focused mainly on the human body’s thermal sensation in a steady-state thermal environment. PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) is the most famous index and has been adopted by many standards at home and abroad. Outdoor space also plays an important role in human activities. The biggest difference between outdoor and indoor thermal comfort is the changing environmental conditions, and there are obvious limitations when using indoor thermal sensory evaluation indicators in outdoor spaces. The indoor thermal environment is usually stable, and the human body is easy to achieve thermal balance, which is the premise of PMV thermal comfort evaluation index. It is not appropriate to use the PMV index to evaluate outdoor thermal sensation. Höppe gives the following reasons. The psychological feeling is different. Because of the larger space, the sunshine and the fresh air, people can adjust their behaviour in a variety of ways, which makes it possible to tolerate a greater deviation than the indoor in the mind. The thermal physiology condition is different. From dress, metabolic rate, activity time are all big difference, especially outdoor environment is continuously changing, the human body's heat feeling may have the delay to the environment state. Heat balance is different. Indoor human body can achieve heat balance, but it is difficult to reach the state of heat balance in outdoor. According to the domestic and foreign literature [3, 4], the common outdoor thermal environment evaluation indices are as follows: WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature), this index takes into account the natural wet bulb temperature, black ball temperature and air dry ball temperature, and is mainly used to evaluate the thermal load of human body in high temperature environment. This index is adopted in many national standards in China. PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature), defined as the temperature of the air in a hypothetical environment, where the skin temperature of the human body in the actual environment is the same as that of the control body in the hypothetical environment (body activity is 80W, clothing thermal resistance 0.9clo). The influence of main meteorological parameters, activities, clothing and personal parameters on comfort sensation is considered synthetically. In China, it is used to evaluate the influence of meteorological parameters on human thermal sensation [5, 6]. This index can be calculated by software [2,4]. The tourism industry adopts the evaluation index of tourism climate comfort. Climate comfort refers to climate conditions that require no special means to facilitate individuals’ normal physiological processes. Whether the climate is pleasant or not is based on factors such as skin temperature, sweating, thermal sensation, and burden of
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bodily temperature regulation, all of which are influenced largely by solar radiation, the high (or low) temperature, relative humidity, wind, and other factors. There are many programs and indicators for climate comfort evaluation, such as the temperature-humidity index (THI), wind chill index, clothing index (ICL), radiation index, air quality, and so on. THI is also known as the effective temperature that reflects the exchange of heat between the human body and the surrounding environment through temperature and relative humidity. THI is the first indicator of human climate sensation. The wind chill index (WCI) characterizes the combined effects of wind speed and temperature on the human body in different environments. ICL accounts for the fact that people adapt to uncomfortable climate changes by dressing accordingly. ICL also considers the effects of air temperature, solar radiation intensity, solar elevation angle, and wind speed synthetically. Each of the above indices has a corresponding formula [7, 8]. The comprehensive comfort index is based on THI, WCI, and ICL to determine the weight of each sub-index via expert scoring and an analytic hierarchy process to establish the comprehensive evaluation model of tourism climate comfort. Ma Lijun presented the formula as follows [7]: (1) C=0.6XTHI+0.3XWCI+0.1XICL Where XTHI, XWCI, and XICL indicate the graded assignments of THI, WCI, and ICL, respectively. Depending on different C value ranges, the corresponding thermal environment’s sensation is deemed more comfortable, comfortable, uncomfortable, or less comfortable. By comparison, Qian Miaofen et al. [9] proposed a mathematical model for evaluating "climate pleasantness" that is more objective and quantitative. It describes the impact of air pressure, sunshine percentage, precipitation, fog, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and air pollutant concentration on climate satisfaction so the climate pleasantness level is more comparable in time and space. Overall, the outdoor thermal comfort index is still somewhat confusing and has no widely accepted standard. 3. UTCI index and its visualization In recent years, UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) has been widely used in the fields of climate comfort, urban planning, and tourism resource evaluation and so on [10-16]. This index is a new comprehensive index, which was developed by ISB (International Society of Biometeorology) in 2009. A group of 45 scientists from 23 countries, brought together by Action 730 of the European Plan for Scientific and Technical Cooperation, brings together cutting-edge expertise in many fields, including physiology, medicine, mathematics, meteorology and computer science. This general thermal climate index based on multi-node model and self-adaptive dress model is constructed [17-20]. Compared with the traditional empirical model, UTCI pays more attention to the heat balance process of human body and can directly calculate the equivalent temperature. Compared with the complex mechanism model, UTCI pays more attention to the objectivity of the model, which is the most comprehensive consideration and the most universal human comfort index at present. UTCI is defined as the air temperature that causes the human body to produce the same physiological response as the actual environment under the reference environment. [21, 22]
Fig 2 UTCI calculator
Fig 3 Hourly UTCI value of Shanghai
The structure of UTCI is complex and the following principles have been established at the beginning of development. The temperature scale index is used. The thermophysiological response should cover all areas of
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human heat transfer. It is applicable to the completely human body as well as to the local cooling of the human body. It is effective in all climates and seasons, that is, it can meet the requirements of different scales regardless of time and space. Convenient for major applications of human biology and meteorology, such as meteorological services, public health early warning, urban planning, tourism and entertainment, etc. The calculation of UTCI is quite complex, usually needs to be calculated by software, and the UTCI website provides a DOS based small program, which is not very friendly in interface. In recent years, with the popularity of parameterized design, various kinds of software for data visualization have emerged continuously. This paper introduces a plug-in Ladybug based on Grasshopper platform, which has powerful data processing function. It can read meteorological data files for various operations and graphical display. The software integrates several calculators, which can calculate the common indoor and outdoor thermal environment evaluation indices (such as PMV, UTCI), and visualize the calculation results. Figure 2 is the UTCI operator, the input item is on the left side and the output item is on the right side. Input dry sphere temperature, average radiation temperature, wind speed, relative humidity can output the UTCI value. In Ladybug, read the EPW format weather file in some place, cooperate with other arithmetic units (such as average radiation temperature), you can get the hourly UTCI value of the whole year, and export the output result to the drawing operator, that is, figure 3. Similarly, whether the human body is thermal comfortable, the thermal stress state, the human thermal sensation can be visually output. Figure 4 is the time-by-hour result of the thermal stress. The computer can also calculate the time ratio of thermal comfort, the percentage of thermal stress and cold stress, etc. On the Grasshopper platform, with the help of Ladybug, Honeybee and Butterfly plug-ins, and combined with other necessary simulation software, the simulation of sunshine, lighting, ventilation and energy consumption can be finished, visualized building performance analysis can be done, so we can realize the comparison choice of multiple schemes. As shown in figure 5, using UTCI as the evaluation standard of outdoor space, the temperature, humidity, mean radiant temperature and wind speed of outdoor space of each scheme are simulated and calculated, so the hourly UTCI value of each scheme can be deduced. By analysing the thermal comfort ratio of UTCI value (between 9 to 26 ℃), the best scheme A for outdoor thermal environment is obtained. Another method, the annual energy consumption can be simulated, and the lowest energy consumption can be taken as the criterion of choosing the scheme.
Fig 4 Hourly heat stress value
A
B
C
D
Fig 5 Multi-scheme optimization based on UTCI
4. Conclusion Like soundscape and lightscape, thermalscape represent an integrative, cross-disciplinary research area. With the continuous development of various analytical techniques, it is possible to study thermalscape on a larger scale. Common developments in soundscape, lightscape, and thermalscape studies will bring to light new ideas and accomplishments in the construction of eco-cities, the countryside, or unique towns, which will allow researchers to evaluate urban and rural construction from a more holistic perspective to achieve the goal of “Keeping the green mountains and rivers and remembering nostalgia.” For a long time, the evaluation index of outdoor thermal environment has been confused because of the
Ye Hai et al. / Energy Procedia 152 (2018) 1139–1144 Ye Hai & Qian Feng / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
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universality of the index, such as some indices are only used to evaluate thermal stress, some indices are only used to evaluate cold stress, another reason is that the index is not easy to calculate. The UTCI index proposed by international cooperation has been able to overcome the limitation of its use from the beginning. The free open source software Honeybee has solved the problem of UTCI computation and result visualization, and has provided the possibility for the promotion and application of this index. By using the powerful parameterized modeling and data processing function of Grasshopper platform and other building performance simulation and analysis software, the architectural design, performance analysis, scheme optimization and result visualization are realized on unified platform. It greatly simplifies the flow of architectural scheme design and improves the efficiency of architectural scheme design. Acknowledgements This work is supported by “National Key R&D Program of China” (No. 2017YFC0702308), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 0100219193). References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
Ye Hai, Luo Miao & Xu Jing. A Preliminary discussion on thermalscape. Paper presented at the 2017 The Proceedings of the National Conference on Building Thermal Engineering and Energy Saving, Chengdu. 2017 Yang Junyan, Sun Xin & Shi Xing. Coupling mechanism between thermal environment and space and optimization design in city center. Nanjnig: Southeast University Press, 2016. Emmanuel MR. An Urban Approach to Climate-Sensitive Design. LONDON AND NEWYORK: Spon Press, 2005. Liu L, Lin Y, Wang D. Quantitative Analysis of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in the Fast-growing, Subtropical City of Shenzhen, China. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. 2017, 24(2):30-8. Zheng Youfei, Yu Yongjiang, Tan Jianguo et al. Influence of Meteorological Parameters on Human Comfort Index. Meteorological Science and Technology. 2007, (06):827-31. Tan Jianguo, Shao Demin et al., 2001. Human Body Heat Balance Model with Its Application In Comfort Index Forecast. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology 2001 (03): 384-390. Ma Lijun, Sun Gennian et al., A Study on Variations of the Tourism Climate Comfort Degree in Five Typical Cities in Eastern China during the Last 50 Years. Resources Science 2010 (10): 1963-1970. Yan Yechao, Yue Shuping et al., 2013. Advances in Assessment of Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions at Home and Abroad. Advances in Earth Science 2013 (10): 1119-1125. Qian Miaofen & Ye Mei,. 1996. A method in evaluating the pleasantness of weather for tourist. Journal of Chengdu Institute of Meteorology 1996 (03): 35-41. LI Shuangshuang, YANG Saini, LIU Xianfeng et al. Changes in outdoor thermal sensation and sensitivity to climate factors in Beijing from 1960 to 2014. Resources Science. 2016, (01):175-84. Kong Qinqin, Ge Quansheng et al., Thermal comfort and its trend in key tourism cities of China. Geographical research, 2015 (12): 22382246. TANG Jinshi, SHEN Shuanghe, HUA Rongqiang, et al. Assessment on summer comfort level of southern cities in Chinaby UTCI. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences. 2015, (06):769-74. Zhou Wenjuan & Shen Shuanghe, Assessment on Summer Comfort Level of Nanjing during 1981—2014 by UTCI. Science Technology and Engineering 2017 (04): 132-136. Pantavou K, Theoharatos G, Santamouris M, Asimakopoulos D. Outdoor thermal sensation of pedestrians in a Mediterranean climate and a comparison with UTCI. Build Environ. 2013, 66:82-95. Bröde P, Krüger EL, Rossi FA, Fiala D. Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil. Int J Biometeorol. 2012, 56(3):471-80. Urban A, Kyselý J. Comparison of UTCI with Other Thermal Indices in the Assessment of Heat and Cold Effects on Cardiovascular Mortality in the Czech Republic. Int J Env Res Pub He. 2014, 11(1):952-67. www.utci.org. Jendritzky G, de Dear R, Havenith G. UTCI—Why another thermal index? Int J Biometeorol. 2012, 56(3):421-8. Bröde P, Krüger E, Fiala D. UTCI: validation and practical application to the assessment of urban outdoor thermal comfort. Geographia Polonica. 2013, 86(1):11-20. Park S, Tuller SE, Jo M. Application of Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) for microclimatic analysis in urban thermal environments. Landscape Urban Plan. 2014, 125:146-55. Błażejczyk K, Jendritzky G, Bröde P, Fiala D, Havenith G, Epstein Y, et al. An introduction to the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Geographia Polonica. 2013, 86(1):5-10. KONG Qinqin, GE Quansheng, XI Jianchao et al., Thermal comfort and its trend in key tourism cities of China. Geographical research. 2015, (12):2238-46.
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Available online www.sciencedirect.com Available online atatwww.sciencedirect.com Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 152 Energy Procedia 00(2018) (2017)1139–1144 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems, CUE2018-Applied Energy and Forum 2018: Low carbon andsystems, Applied Energy Symposium andSymposium Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urbancities energy CUE2018, 5–7 June 2018, Shanghai, China CUE2018, 5–7 June 2018, Shanghai, China urban energy systems, 5–7 June 2018, Shanghai, China
Thermalscape of Ecological City and its Visualized Evaluation The 15th of International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Thermalscape Ecological City and its Visualized Evaluation Ye Hai*，Qian Feng
Ye Hai*，Qian Assessing the feasibility of usingFeng the heat demand-outdoor College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092，China of Architecturefor and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092demand ，China temperatureCollege function a long-term district heat forecast a,b,c
a
a
b
c
c
*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre Abstract I. Andrić Abstract a IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal When we discuss the human-centered outdoor thermal environment performance, the term thermalscape is proposed. In the b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France When we discuss the human-centered outdoor thermal environment performance,is the is proposed. In the evaluation of cgreen building and ecological city area, outdoor thermal environment one term of thethermalscape more important items but lack of Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France evaluation of green andthermal ecological city index area, outdoor environment is one of the importantorganizations, items but lackhas of a unified index. Thebuilding universal climate (UTCI) thermal is studied and proposed jointly bymore international a unifiedmore index. The universal thermal climate (UTCI) studied andperformance proposed jointly by plug-in international organizations, has received and more attention in recent years.index Honeybee, theisarchitecture analysis of Grasshopper platform, received more andarithmetic more attention in recent years.UTCI Honeybee, the architecture plug-in of Grasshopper platform, integrated UTCI unit, which makes got a rapid promotion.performance This paper analysis introduced the concept of thermalscape, integrated arithmetic unit, and which makes UTCI a rapid promotion. Thisforward paper introduced the concept methods ofUTCI software calculation visualization of got results of UTCI, and puts some application ideasofinthermalscape, architectural Abstract methods of software calculation and visualization of results of UTCI, and puts forward some application ideas in architectural design. design. District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. reserved. greenhouse gas emissions fromAll therights building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat Copyright © 2018 2018 Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright © Elsevier All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee ofpolicies, Applied heat Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low sales. Due to the changed climate conditions demand in the future could decrease, Selection and peer-review under responsibility ofand thebuilding scientificrenovation committee of the CUE2018-Applied Energy Symposium and Selection andthe peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems, CUE2018. prolonging investment return period. Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems. carbon citiesscope and urban systems, CUE2018. The main of thisenergy paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Keywords: Greening building; Eco-district; thermalscape; UTCI (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon Keywords: building; Eco-district; thermalscape; UTCI buildingsGreening that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were 1.compared Introduction: thermalscape of Ecological with results from a dynamic heat demandCity model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1.The Introduction: thermalscape Ecological City results showed that when onlyofweather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the annualthe demand was lowerofthan for allfield weather scenarios considered). after renovation In error recentinyears, development the 20% scientific of human settlements hasHowever, broadened theintroducing research scope of Inbuilt recent years, development scientific field of the human settlements hasexplores broadened the researchconsidered). scope of scenarios, the error the value increased upof tothe 59.5% (depending on weather and renovation scenarios the environment. The study of human settlement environment scientifically the combination relationship between Thebuilt value of slope coefficient increased on average withinenvironment rangeenvironment. ofscientifically 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the the environment. Theand study human settlement explores the of relationship between human-centered activities theofbiosphere centered ontheliving The concept thermalscape was decrease in the of heating of 22-139h duringon the heating seasoninto (depending on the of weather and human-centered activities and thehours biosphere centered living environment. concept of thermalscape was summarized andnumber developed by Ye Hai [1]. Thermalscape can be divided the The natural andcombination artificial thermalscape. renovation scenarios considered). OnHai the [1]. otherThermalscape hand, functioncan intercept increased per artificial (depending on the summarized and developed bydistinct Ye be divided intofor the7.8-12.7% natural and thermalscape. All kinds of factors, which has regional or seasonal characteristics and play an active roledecade in improving thermal coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and All kinds can of factors, which hasthe distinct regional or seasonal characteristics and play an active role in improving thermal comfort, be brought into category of thermalscape. improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. comfort, can be brought into the category of thermalscape.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +0086-21-65980048-105; fax: +0086-21-65980048-220. Cooling.
address:author. [email protected] * E-mail Corresponding Tel.: +0086-21-65980048-105; fax: +0086-21-65980048-220. E-mail address: [email protected] Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1876-6102and Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All of rights reserved. committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities Selection peer-review under responsibility the scientific and urbanand energy systems, under CUE2018. Selection peer-review responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems, CUE2018. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. 1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the CUE2018-Applied Energy Symposium and Forum 2018: Low carbon cities and urban energy systems. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.141
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Natural thermalscape encompasses landscapes with naturally pleasant thermal environments. From natural geothermal, hot springs, streams, waterfalls, summer boulevards, vegetation greening, beaches, land and sea breeze, valley wind, are associated with the thermal landscape of different regions. Artificial thermalscape refers to using passive design or other technical means to optimize the landscape’s thermal environment, such as with fountains, water features, three-dimensional green spaces, outdoor spray cooling devices in summer, sun shelters on the road, heating facilities in bus stations, sunrooms in winter, cold lanes in residential area, thermal mass and authentic wind in buildings and so on. The traditional wisdom embodied in many vernacular dwelling can be leveraged to create a unique thermalscape. With the development of digital technology, various software programs continue to emerge that can render invisible material visible. Now, there are many other measures in addition to inversion of surface parameters using remote sensing imaging techniques. For example, with infrared thermal imaging, we can observe hot and cold distribution across a landscape to construct a thermalscape, which also depicts temperature visualization (see Figure 1).
(a) photo of roof garden
(b) infrared picture of roof garden Fig. 1 visualization of temperature
Using an unmanned aerial vehicle, airship, and other air flight equipment along with sensor-equipped ground mobile equipment, we can achieve remote sensing telemetry in urban spaces from a high-altitude viewpoint. Online monitoring and digital construction over a city can convey a new thermalscape and similar information, revealing much about the parameters that influence the city space but are not readily observable from a normal perspective (e.g., architecture, vegetation, terrain changes, and microclimates). Finally, the urban thermal environment can be expressed digitally through original data using artistic visual techniques and tools to provide a comprehensive picture. In recent years, urban climatology and its application has become pertinent in urban planning and design. The development of visualization technology has promoted the study of the urban climatic map (UCMap) . The term urban climate map was originally proposed by a German researcher and has since become known as the Urban Climate Map or the Urban Environment Climate Atlas. It is a tool for urban climate and environment information analysis and evaluation. Using two-dimensional space to depict climate phenomena and current problems, UCMap research includes the urban thermal environment, urban wind environment, and urban air pollution. 2. Influential Factors and Evaluation indices of thermalscape 2.1. Influential Factors on thermalscape The urban thermal environment is affected by many factors and is frequently researched in disciplines related to climate, environmental resources, and urban planning and architecture. Research methods differ widely across these fields. In architectural and urban planning, for instance, the influence of spatial form on the urban thermal environment is both microscopic and mesoscale. This scale is used in thermalscape research as well. The main research site of the green eco-district's thermal environment consists of open or semi-open space outside city buildings, including city streets, roads, squares, parks, green spaces, bodies of water, roof balconies, and others. A city is a complex system whose differences in surface morphology, construction, and traffic determine the complexity of the urban thermal environment. The urban thermal environment involves parameters such as surface temperature, air temperature on pedestrian
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height (1~1.5m), and solar radiation. Solar radiation affects the body’s thermal sensation via the average radiation temperature; therefore, the urban thermal environment is a complex physical phenomenon influenced by an array of factors including climate, radiation, and the overall urban environment. Yang Junyan [2] summarizes some commonly used indicators in urban thermal environment research (see Table 1). Table 1. Indicators used in urban thermal environment research. Category Building combination Space form Surface state Other
Indicators Building orientation, encirclement, determinant, scatter, random or mixed, compact or open, different height building combinations Building density, floor area ratio, street aspect ratio, average height, roughness, sky visibility, tree visibility, shadow coefficient, encirclement impervious surface area, vegetation coverage, green coverage, greening rate, surface reflectivity, water rate Population size, distance from cold and heat sources
At present, the research methods for urban thermal environment always employ simulation software such as ENVI-met, to establish the spatial shape model of the prototype city and quantitatively analyse the influence of the space shape index on the thermal environment under a single index change condition. In ideal simulation conditions, the spatial morphological indexes that are significantly correlated with the thermal environment include density, average height, sky visibility, vegetation coverage, and water impermeable surface area ratio. Quantitative indicators of spatial morphology that are highly correlated are street orientation and aspect ratio, envelope coefficient, shadow coefficient, circumference, and reflectivity [2]. 2.2. Evaluation indices of green eco-district Thermal Environment Indoor thermal comfort research has been quite mature and focused mainly on the human body’s thermal sensation in a steady-state thermal environment. PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) is the most famous index and has been adopted by many standards at home and abroad. Outdoor space also plays an important role in human activities. The biggest difference between outdoor and indoor thermal comfort is the changing environmental conditions, and there are obvious limitations when using indoor thermal sensory evaluation indicators in outdoor spaces. The indoor thermal environment is usually stable, and the human body is easy to achieve thermal balance, which is the premise of PMV thermal comfort evaluation index. It is not appropriate to use the PMV index to evaluate outdoor thermal sensation. Höppe gives the following reasons. The psychological feeling is different. Because of the larger space, the sunshine and the fresh air, people can adjust their behaviour in a variety of ways, which makes it possible to tolerate a greater deviation than the indoor in the mind. The thermal physiology condition is different. From dress, metabolic rate, activity time are all big difference, especially outdoor environment is continuously changing, the human body's heat feeling may have the delay to the environment state. Heat balance is different. Indoor human body can achieve heat balance, but it is difficult to reach the state of heat balance in outdoor. According to the domestic and foreign literature [3, 4], the common outdoor thermal environment evaluation indices are as follows: WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature), this index takes into account the natural wet bulb temperature, black ball temperature and air dry ball temperature, and is mainly used to evaluate the thermal load of human body in high temperature environment. This index is adopted in many national standards in China. PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature), defined as the temperature of the air in a hypothetical environment, where the skin temperature of the human body in the actual environment is the same as that of the control body in the hypothetical environment (body activity is 80W, clothing thermal resistance 0.9clo). The influence of main meteorological parameters, activities, clothing and personal parameters on comfort sensation is considered synthetically. In China, it is used to evaluate the influence of meteorological parameters on human thermal sensation [5, 6]. This index can be calculated by software [2,4]. The tourism industry adopts the evaluation index of tourism climate comfort. Climate comfort refers to climate conditions that require no special means to facilitate individuals’ normal physiological processes. Whether the climate is pleasant or not is based on factors such as skin temperature, sweating, thermal sensation, and burden of
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bodily temperature regulation, all of which are influenced largely by solar radiation, the high (or low) temperature, relative humidity, wind, and other factors. There are many programs and indicators for climate comfort evaluation, such as the temperature-humidity index (THI), wind chill index, clothing index (ICL), radiation index, air quality, and so on. THI is also known as the effective temperature that reflects the exchange of heat between the human body and the surrounding environment through temperature and relative humidity. THI is the first indicator of human climate sensation. The wind chill index (WCI) characterizes the combined effects of wind speed and temperature on the human body in different environments. ICL accounts for the fact that people adapt to uncomfortable climate changes by dressing accordingly. ICL also considers the effects of air temperature, solar radiation intensity, solar elevation angle, and wind speed synthetically. Each of the above indices has a corresponding formula [7, 8]. The comprehensive comfort index is based on THI, WCI, and ICL to determine the weight of each sub-index via expert scoring and an analytic hierarchy process to establish the comprehensive evaluation model of tourism climate comfort. Ma Lijun presented the formula as follows [7]: (1) C=0.6XTHI+0.3XWCI+0.1XICL Where XTHI, XWCI, and XICL indicate the graded assignments of THI, WCI, and ICL, respectively. Depending on different C value ranges, the corresponding thermal environment’s sensation is deemed more comfortable, comfortable, uncomfortable, or less comfortable. By comparison, Qian Miaofen et al. [9] proposed a mathematical model for evaluating "climate pleasantness" that is more objective and quantitative. It describes the impact of air pressure, sunshine percentage, precipitation, fog, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and air pollutant concentration on climate satisfaction so the climate pleasantness level is more comparable in time and space. Overall, the outdoor thermal comfort index is still somewhat confusing and has no widely accepted standard. 3. UTCI index and its visualization In recent years, UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) has been widely used in the fields of climate comfort, urban planning, and tourism resource evaluation and so on [10-16]. This index is a new comprehensive index, which was developed by ISB (International Society of Biometeorology) in 2009. A group of 45 scientists from 23 countries, brought together by Action 730 of the European Plan for Scientific and Technical Cooperation, brings together cutting-edge expertise in many fields, including physiology, medicine, mathematics, meteorology and computer science. This general thermal climate index based on multi-node model and self-adaptive dress model is constructed [17-20]. Compared with the traditional empirical model, UTCI pays more attention to the heat balance process of human body and can directly calculate the equivalent temperature. Compared with the complex mechanism model, UTCI pays more attention to the objectivity of the model, which is the most comprehensive consideration and the most universal human comfort index at present. UTCI is defined as the air temperature that causes the human body to produce the same physiological response as the actual environment under the reference environment. [21, 22]
Fig 2 UTCI calculator
Fig 3 Hourly UTCI value of Shanghai
The structure of UTCI is complex and the following principles have been established at the beginning of development. The temperature scale index is used. The thermophysiological response should cover all areas of
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human heat transfer. It is applicable to the completely human body as well as to the local cooling of the human body. It is effective in all climates and seasons, that is, it can meet the requirements of different scales regardless of time and space. Convenient for major applications of human biology and meteorology, such as meteorological services, public health early warning, urban planning, tourism and entertainment, etc. The calculation of UTCI is quite complex, usually needs to be calculated by software, and the UTCI website provides a DOS based small program, which is not very friendly in interface. In recent years, with the popularity of parameterized design, various kinds of software for data visualization have emerged continuously. This paper introduces a plug-in Ladybug based on Grasshopper platform, which has powerful data processing function. It can read meteorological data files for various operations and graphical display. The software integrates several calculators, which can calculate the common indoor and outdoor thermal environment evaluation indices (such as PMV, UTCI), and visualize the calculation results. Figure 2 is the UTCI operator, the input item is on the left side and the output item is on the right side. Input dry sphere temperature, average radiation temperature, wind speed, relative humidity can output the UTCI value. In Ladybug, read the EPW format weather file in some place, cooperate with other arithmetic units (such as average radiation temperature), you can get the hourly UTCI value of the whole year, and export the output result to the drawing operator, that is, figure 3. Similarly, whether the human body is thermal comfortable, the thermal stress state, the human thermal sensation can be visually output. Figure 4 is the time-by-hour result of the thermal stress. The computer can also calculate the time ratio of thermal comfort, the percentage of thermal stress and cold stress, etc. On the Grasshopper platform, with the help of Ladybug, Honeybee and Butterfly plug-ins, and combined with other necessary simulation software, the simulation of sunshine, lighting, ventilation and energy consumption can be finished, visualized building performance analysis can be done, so we can realize the comparison choice of multiple schemes. As shown in figure 5, using UTCI as the evaluation standard of outdoor space, the temperature, humidity, mean radiant temperature and wind speed of outdoor space of each scheme are simulated and calculated, so the hourly UTCI value of each scheme can be deduced. By analysing the thermal comfort ratio of UTCI value (between 9 to 26 ℃), the best scheme A for outdoor thermal environment is obtained. Another method, the annual energy consumption can be simulated, and the lowest energy consumption can be taken as the criterion of choosing the scheme.
Fig 4 Hourly heat stress value
A
B
C
D
Fig 5 Multi-scheme optimization based on UTCI
4. Conclusion Like soundscape and lightscape, thermalscape represent an integrative, cross-disciplinary research area. With the continuous development of various analytical techniques, it is possible to study thermalscape on a larger scale. Common developments in soundscape, lightscape, and thermalscape studies will bring to light new ideas and accomplishments in the construction of eco-cities, the countryside, or unique towns, which will allow researchers to evaluate urban and rural construction from a more holistic perspective to achieve the goal of “Keeping the green mountains and rivers and remembering nostalgia.” For a long time, the evaluation index of outdoor thermal environment has been confused because of the
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universality of the index, such as some indices are only used to evaluate thermal stress, some indices are only used to evaluate cold stress, another reason is that the index is not easy to calculate. The UTCI index proposed by international cooperation has been able to overcome the limitation of its use from the beginning. The free open source software Honeybee has solved the problem of UTCI computation and result visualization, and has provided the possibility for the promotion and application of this index. By using the powerful parameterized modeling and data processing function of Grasshopper platform and other building performance simulation and analysis software, the architectural design, performance analysis, scheme optimization and result visualization are realized on unified platform. It greatly simplifies the flow of architectural scheme design and improves the efficiency of architectural scheme design. Acknowledgements This work is supported by “National Key R&D Program of China” (No. 2017YFC0702308), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 0100219193). References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
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