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Thermoelectrics and Materials Today Physics
Materials Today Physics 1 (2017) 2e6
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today Physics journal homepage: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/ materials-today-physics
Thermoelectrics and Materials Today Physics a b s t r a c t Keywords: Thermoelectrics Materials Today Physics
Obtaining outstanding results is the most important step for research, but getting these results published in a journal that can generate the greatest impact to the scientific community and society is just as important as obtaining the results. I did a simple investigation about the papers related to thermoelectrics that were published in different journals between the years of 2000 and 2017. I noticed that there is not a journal with more than 5% of the papers on thermoelectrics. To better serve the community and better inform the society of the importance of thermoelectrics, we now start a new journal, Materials Today Physics, to hopefully publish papers on thermoelectrics with a much higher percentage but open to other novel discoveries on materials and physics. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Over the last a couple of decades, research on thermoelectrics has been extensive on improving the exiting materials' performance [1e6], discovering new materials [7e18], fabricating high performance modules [19e22], attempting new systems [23,24], understanding the electron and phonon scattering mechanisms and transport [25,26], and predicting new materials [27], etc. Outstanding results have been published in a variety of journals. I was interested in finding out how is every journal doing on publishing the papers on thermoelectrics. Therefore, I did a detailed analysis of the published papers on thermoelectrics since 2000 and separated the data into three periods of time with each period of 6 years. All the data were obtained from the database of Web of Science core collection. 2. Results Fig. 1 shows the number of papers related to thermoelectrics that were published in different journals in three different periods (2000e2005, 2006e2011, and 2012e2017). Clearly, there is a general trend that more and more papers on thermoelectrics were published in all these journals. Owing to the difference in the total number of papers published in each journal, the number of papers on thermoelectrics published in different journals varies by two orders of magnitude. For example, the number of papers published in Phys. Rev. B, Appl. Phys. Lett., and J. Appl. Phys. are more than ~250 between 2012 and 2017. On the contrary, the papers on thermoelectrics published in Science and Nature in the same period are 5 and 10, respectively. Despite of the fact that the absolute number of papers published in different journals varies significantly, the percentages of the papers on thermoelectrics published by most of the journals are quite http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2017.05.001 2542-5293/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
comparable, 1e3% for 2012e2017, as shown in Fig. 2. It is noted that the percentage is much lower (~0.1%) for several journals such as Science, Nature, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, and Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. in the same period. Clearly, all these results indicate that even though the percentage of papers on thermoelectrics by most of the journals has been increasing but none of them has more than 5% on thermoelectrics. To further investigate the impact of the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals, the total citations (from 2000 to 2017) of these papers are shown in Fig. 3. Among these journals, there are several of them with the total citation for the thermoelectric papers more than 10,000. Such as Science, Nature, Nat. Mater., Phys. Rev. Lett., Phys. Rev. B, Nano. Lett., Appl. Phys. Lett., and J. Appl. Phys. It is worth noting that the total citation for the thermoelectric paper published in Phys. Rev. B is the highest as 38,552. Journals such as Nat. Commun., Nat. Nanotech., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., and Nano Energy have relatively less total citations, which could be ascribed to the fact that three of them are relatively new while Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. has only published less than 20 papers. Fig. 4 shows the citation per paper over 18 years for the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals. This value is exceptionally high for the journals like Science (938), Nature (656), and Nat. Mater. (262). For most of the other journals, this value falls into the range between 20 and 80. It clearly indicates the thermoelectric papers published in different journals have been cited very well. To further demonstrate the impact of the thermoelectric papers in different journals, we introduced a new parameter of “TE impact factor”. The TE impact factor is calculated by using the identical method that calculates the real impact factor of any journals, but with only taking the papers related to thermoelectrics into consideration. As shown in Fig. 5, with the exception of the journals like
Z. Ren / Materials Today Physics 1 (2017) 2e6
3
Fig. 1. The number of papers related to thermoelectrics that were published in different journals in different periods since 2000. (For the data of 2017, we extrapolated to a full year from the data of the first 4 months.)
Fig. 2. Percentage of the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals in different periods since 2000.
Nature and Science that have TE impact factors significantly higher than the journal impact factors, most of the journals have a little bit higher TE impact factor than the journal impact factor, which
should make you proud if you are working in this field. It demonstrates that the thermoelectric papers indeed made a large contribution to the impact factor of these journals.
4
Z. Ren / Materials Today Physics 1 (2017) 2e6
Fig. 3. Total citations (from 2000 to 2017) of the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals.
For Materials Today Physics, we plan to have a significant portion of the papers dedicated to thermoelectrics at least at the beginning, which is clearly demonstrated in the first volume: six [28e30,33e35] of the eight papers [28e35] are on thermoelectrics,
~75%, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than any of the existing journals. It is worth pointing out that about 10% of the submitted manuscripts has been accepted so far. Therefore, I encourage you to submit only your outstanding papers to this new journal.
Fig. 4. Citation per paper (from 2000 to 2017) for the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals.
Z. Ren / Materials Today Physics 1 (2017) 2e6
5
Fig. 5. Comparison of 2016 impact factor with TE impact factor for different journals.
3. Conclusions I found that the progress on thermoelectrics is outstanding and the results have been published in more than 20 high impact journals but none of them has more than 5% on thermoelectrics. Therefore, a new journal Materials Today Physics is launched to publish some of the outstanding papers on thermoelectrics, but it is also open to any discoveries on other novel materials and physics. The first issue of Materials Today Physics has published eight papers in which six of them are on thermoelectrics, more than 10 times higher than any of the existing high impact journals. Acknowledgement This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under a grant DE-SC0010831. I also thank Mr. Jun Mao for collecting the data and analysis.
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References [1] B. Poudel, Q. Hao, Y. Ma, Y. Lan, A. Minnich, B. Yu, X. Yan, D. Wang, A. Muto, D. Vashaee, High-thermoelectric performance of nanostructured bismuth antimony telluride bulk alloys, Science 320 (2008) 634e638. [2] X.W. Wang, H. Lee, Y.C. Lan, G.H. Zhu, G. Joshi, D.Z. Wang, J. Yang, A.J. Muto, M.Y. Tang, J. Klatsky, S. Song, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Chen, Z.F. Ren, Enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit in nanostructured n-type silicon germanium bulk alloy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2008) 193121. [3] G. Joshi, H. Lee, Y. Lan, X. Wang, G. Zhu, D. Wang, R.W. Gould, D.C. Cuff, M.Y. Tang, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Chen, Z. Ren, Enhanced thermoelectric figure-of-merit in nanostructured p-type silicon germanium bulk alloys, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 4670e4674. [4] Y. Pei, X. Shi, A. LaLonde, H. Wang, L. Chen, G.J. Snyder, Convergence of electronic bands for high performance bulk thermoelectrics, Nature 473 (2011) 66e69. [5] K. Biswas, J. He, I.D. Blum, C.-I. Wu, T.P. Hogan, D.N. Seidman, V.P. Dravid, M.G. Kanatzidis, High-performance bulk thermoelectrics with all-scale hierarchical architectures, Nature 489 (2012) 414e418. [6] G. Rogl, A. Grytsiv, K. Yubuta, S. Puchegger, E. Bauer, C. Raju, R.C. Mallik,
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P. Rogl, In-doped multifilled n-type skutterudites with ZT ¼ 1.8, Acta Mater. 95 (2015) 201e211. H. Liu, X. Shi, F. Xu, L. Zhang, W. Zhang, L. Chen, Q. Li, C. Uher, T. Day, G.J. Snyder, Copper ion liquid-like thermoelectrics, Nat. Mater. 11 (2012) 422e425. H. Zhao, J. Sui, Z. Tang, Y. Lan, Q. Jie, D. Kraemer, K. McEnaney, A. Guloy, G. Chen, Z. Ren, High thermoelectric performance of MgAgSb-based materials, Nano Energy 7 (2014) 97e103. L.D. Zhao, S.-H. Lo, Y. Zhang, H. Sun, G. Tan, C. Uher, C. Wolverton, V.P. Dravid, M.G. Kanatzidis, Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals, Nature 508 (2014) 373e377. G. Joshi, R. He, M. Engber, G. Samsonidze, T. Pantha, E. Dahal, K. Dahal, J. Yang, Y. Lan, B. Kozinsky, Z. Ren, NbFeSb-based p-type half-Heuslers for power generation applications, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 4070e4076. L.D. Zhao, G. Tan, S. Hao, J. He, Y. Pei, H. Chi, H. Wang, S. Gong, H. Xu, V.P. Dravid, Ultrahigh power factor and thermoelectric performance in holedoped single-crystal SnSe, Science 351 (2015) aad3749. C. Fu, S. Bai, Y. Liu, Y. Tang, L. Chen, X. Zhao, T. Zhu, Realizing high figure of merit in heavy-band p-type half-Heusler thermoelectric materials, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 8144. W. Liu, H.S. Kim, S. Chen, Q. Jie, B. Lv, M. Yao, Z. Ren, C.P. Opeil, S. Wilson, C.W. Chu, Z. Ren, n-type thermoelectric material Mg2Sn0.75Ge0.25 for high power generation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112 (2015) 3269e3274. Z. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Mao, H. Geng, J. Shuai, Y. Wang, R. He, W. Cai, J. Sui, Z. Ren, Lithium doping to enhance thermoelectric performance of MgAgSb with weak electronephonon coupling, Adv. Energy Mater. 6 (2016) 1502269. H. Tamaki, H.K. Sato, T. Kanno, Isotropic conduction network and defect chemistry in Mg3+dSb2-based layered Zintl compounds with high thermoelectric performance, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 10182e10187. R. He, D. Kraemer, J. Mao, L. Zeng, Q. Jie, Y. Lan, C. Li, J. Shuai, H.S. Kim, Y. Liu, D. Broido, C.-W. Chu, G. Chen, Z. Ren, Achieving high power factor and output power density in p-type half-Heuslers Nb1-xTixFeSb, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113 (2016) 13576e13581. J. Shuai, J. Mao, S. Song, Q. Zhu, J. Sun, Y. Wang, R. He, J. Zhou, G. Chen, D.J. Singh, Z. Ren, Tuning the carrier scattering mechanism to effectively improve the thermoelectric properties, Energy Environ. Sci. 10 (2017) 799e807. J. Mao, J. Zhou, H. Zhu, Z. Liu, H. Zhang, R. He, G. Chen, Z. Ren, Thermoelectric properties of n-type ZrNiPb-based half-Heuslers, Chem. Mater. 29 (2017) 867e872. X. Hu, P. Jood, M. Ohta, M. Kunii, K. Nagase, H. Nishiate, M.G. Kanatzidis, A. Yamamoto, Power generation from nanostructured PbTe-based thermoelectrics: comprehensive development from materials to modules, Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (2015) 517e529. B. Cook, T. Chan, G. Dezsi, P. Thomas, C. Koch, J. Poon, T. Tritt,
6
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Z. Ren / Materials Today Physics 1 (2017) 2e6 R. Venkatasubramanian, High-performance three-stage cascade thermoelectric devices with 20% efficiency, J. Electron. Mater. 44 (2015) 1936e1942. F. Hao, P. Qiu, Y. Tang, S. Bai, T. Xin, H. Chu, Q. Zhang, P. Lu, T. Zhang, D. Ren, J. Chen, X. Shi, L. Chen, High efficiency Bi2Te3-based materials and devices for thermoelectric power generation between 100 and 300 C, Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (2016) 3120e3127. Q. Zhang, J. Liao, Y. Tang, M. Gu, C. Ming, P. Qiu, S. Bai, X. Shi, C. Uher, L. Chen, Realizing thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 12% in Bismuth Telluride/ Skutterudite segmented modules through full-parameter optimization and energy-loss minimized integration, Energy Environ. Sci. 10 (2017) 956e963. D. Kraemer, B. Poudel, H.-P. Feng, J.C. Caylor, B. Yu, X. Yan, Y. Ma, X. Wang, D. Wang, A. Muto, K. McEnaney, M. Chiesa, Z. Ren, G. Chen, High-performance flat-panel solar thermoelectric generators with high thermal concentration, Nat. Mater. 10 (2011) 532e538. D. Kraemer, Q. Jie, K. McEnaney, F. Cao, W. Liu, L.A. Weinstein, J. Loomis, Z. Ren, G. Chen, Concentrating solar thermoelectric generators with a peak efficiency of 7.4%, Nat. Energy 1 (2016) 16153. B. Liao, B. Qiu, J. Zhou, S. Huberman, K. Esfarjani, G. Chen, Significant reduction of lattice thermal conductivity by the electron-phonon interaction in silicon with high carrier concentrations: a first-principles study, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (2015) 115901. J. Zhou, B. Liao, B. Qiu, S. Huberman, K. Esfarjani, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Chen, Ab initio optimization of phonon drag effect for lower-temperature thermoelectric energy conversion, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112 (2015) 14777e14782. R. Gautier, X. Zhang, L. Hu, L. Yu, Y. Lin, T.O. Sunde, D. Chon, K.R. Poeppelmeier, A. Zunger, Prediction and accelerated laboratory discovery of previously unknown 18-electron ABX compounds, Nat. Chem. 7 (2015) 308e316. Kunpeng Zhao, Pengfei Qiu, Qingfeng Song, Anders Bank Blichfeld, Espen Eikeland, Dudi Ren, Binghui Ge, Bo B. Iversen, Xun Shi, Lidong Chen, Ultrahigh thermoelectric performance in Cu2-ySe0.5S0.5 liquid-like materials, Mater. Today Phys. 1 (2017) 14e23. €hls, Umut Aydemir, Pengfei Qiu, Stephen Dongmin Kang, Jan-Hendrik Po
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Constantinos C. Stoumpos, Riley Hanus, Mary Anne White, Xun Shi, Lidong Chen, Mercouri G. Kanatzidis, G. Jeffrey Snyder, Enhanced stability and thermoelectric figure-of-merit in copper selenide by lithium doping, Mater. Today Phys. 1 (2017) 7e13. Koen Vandaele, Sarah J. Watzman, Benedetta Flebus, Arati Prakash, Yuanhua Zheng, Stephen R. Boona, Joseph P. Heremans, Thermal spin transport and energy conversion, Mater. Today Phys. 1 (2017) 39e49. Nakib Haider Protik, Ankita Katre, Lucas Lindsay, Jes us Carrete, Natalio Mingo, David Broido, Phonon thermal transport in 2H, 4H and 6H silicon carbide from first principles, Mater. Today Phys. 1 (2017) 31e38. Yongbiao Wan, Yan Wang, Chuan Fei Guo, Recent progresses on flexible tactile sensors, Mater. Today Phys. 1 (2017) 61e73. Ran He, Hangtian Zhu, Jingying Sun, Jun Mao, Heiko Reith, Shuo Chen, Gabi Schierning, Kornelius Nielsch, Zhifeng Ren, Improved thermoelectric performance of n-type half-Heusler MCo1-xNixSb (M¼Hf, Zr), Mater. Today Phys. 1 (2017) 24e30. Jing Shuai, Jun Mao, Shaowei Song, Qinyong Zhang, Gang Chen, Zhifeng Ren, Recent progress and future challenges on thermoelectric Zintl materials, Mater. Today Phys. 1 (2017) 74e95. Weishu Liu, Jizhen Hu, Shuangmeng Zhang, ManJiao Deng, Yong Liu, New trends, strategies and opportunities in the thermoelectric materials: a perspective, Mater. Today Phys. 1 (2017) 50e60.
Zhifeng Ren Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA 17 May 2017 Available online 2 June 2017 ́
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today Physics journal homepage: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/ materials-today-physics
Thermoelectrics and Materials Today Physics a b s t r a c t Keywords: Thermoelectrics Materials Today Physics
Obtaining outstanding results is the most important step for research, but getting these results published in a journal that can generate the greatest impact to the scientific community and society is just as important as obtaining the results. I did a simple investigation about the papers related to thermoelectrics that were published in different journals between the years of 2000 and 2017. I noticed that there is not a journal with more than 5% of the papers on thermoelectrics. To better serve the community and better inform the society of the importance of thermoelectrics, we now start a new journal, Materials Today Physics, to hopefully publish papers on thermoelectrics with a much higher percentage but open to other novel discoveries on materials and physics. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Over the last a couple of decades, research on thermoelectrics has been extensive on improving the exiting materials' performance [1e6], discovering new materials [7e18], fabricating high performance modules [19e22], attempting new systems [23,24], understanding the electron and phonon scattering mechanisms and transport [25,26], and predicting new materials [27], etc. Outstanding results have been published in a variety of journals. I was interested in finding out how is every journal doing on publishing the papers on thermoelectrics. Therefore, I did a detailed analysis of the published papers on thermoelectrics since 2000 and separated the data into three periods of time with each period of 6 years. All the data were obtained from the database of Web of Science core collection. 2. Results Fig. 1 shows the number of papers related to thermoelectrics that were published in different journals in three different periods (2000e2005, 2006e2011, and 2012e2017). Clearly, there is a general trend that more and more papers on thermoelectrics were published in all these journals. Owing to the difference in the total number of papers published in each journal, the number of papers on thermoelectrics published in different journals varies by two orders of magnitude. For example, the number of papers published in Phys. Rev. B, Appl. Phys. Lett., and J. Appl. Phys. are more than ~250 between 2012 and 2017. On the contrary, the papers on thermoelectrics published in Science and Nature in the same period are 5 and 10, respectively. Despite of the fact that the absolute number of papers published in different journals varies significantly, the percentages of the papers on thermoelectrics published by most of the journals are quite http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtphys.2017.05.001 2542-5293/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
comparable, 1e3% for 2012e2017, as shown in Fig. 2. It is noted that the percentage is much lower (~0.1%) for several journals such as Science, Nature, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, and Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. in the same period. Clearly, all these results indicate that even though the percentage of papers on thermoelectrics by most of the journals has been increasing but none of them has more than 5% on thermoelectrics. To further investigate the impact of the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals, the total citations (from 2000 to 2017) of these papers are shown in Fig. 3. Among these journals, there are several of them with the total citation for the thermoelectric papers more than 10,000. Such as Science, Nature, Nat. Mater., Phys. Rev. Lett., Phys. Rev. B, Nano. Lett., Appl. Phys. Lett., and J. Appl. Phys. It is worth noting that the total citation for the thermoelectric paper published in Phys. Rev. B is the highest as 38,552. Journals such as Nat. Commun., Nat. Nanotech., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., and Nano Energy have relatively less total citations, which could be ascribed to the fact that three of them are relatively new while Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. has only published less than 20 papers. Fig. 4 shows the citation per paper over 18 years for the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals. This value is exceptionally high for the journals like Science (938), Nature (656), and Nat. Mater. (262). For most of the other journals, this value falls into the range between 20 and 80. It clearly indicates the thermoelectric papers published in different journals have been cited very well. To further demonstrate the impact of the thermoelectric papers in different journals, we introduced a new parameter of “TE impact factor”. The TE impact factor is calculated by using the identical method that calculates the real impact factor of any journals, but with only taking the papers related to thermoelectrics into consideration. As shown in Fig. 5, with the exception of the journals like
Z. Ren / Materials Today Physics 1 (2017) 2e6
3
Fig. 1. The number of papers related to thermoelectrics that were published in different journals in different periods since 2000. (For the data of 2017, we extrapolated to a full year from the data of the first 4 months.)
Fig. 2. Percentage of the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals in different periods since 2000.
Nature and Science that have TE impact factors significantly higher than the journal impact factors, most of the journals have a little bit higher TE impact factor than the journal impact factor, which
should make you proud if you are working in this field. It demonstrates that the thermoelectric papers indeed made a large contribution to the impact factor of these journals.
4
Z. Ren / Materials Today Physics 1 (2017) 2e6
Fig. 3. Total citations (from 2000 to 2017) of the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals.
For Materials Today Physics, we plan to have a significant portion of the papers dedicated to thermoelectrics at least at the beginning, which is clearly demonstrated in the first volume: six [28e30,33e35] of the eight papers [28e35] are on thermoelectrics,
~75%, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than any of the existing journals. It is worth pointing out that about 10% of the submitted manuscripts has been accepted so far. Therefore, I encourage you to submit only your outstanding papers to this new journal.
Fig. 4. Citation per paper (from 2000 to 2017) for the papers related to thermoelectrics published in different journals.
Z. Ren / Materials Today Physics 1 (2017) 2e6
5
Fig. 5. Comparison of 2016 impact factor with TE impact factor for different journals.
3. Conclusions I found that the progress on thermoelectrics is outstanding and the results have been published in more than 20 high impact journals but none of them has more than 5% on thermoelectrics. Therefore, a new journal Materials Today Physics is launched to publish some of the outstanding papers on thermoelectrics, but it is also open to any discoveries on other novel materials and physics. The first issue of Materials Today Physics has published eight papers in which six of them are on thermoelectrics, more than 10 times higher than any of the existing high impact journals. Acknowledgement This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under a grant DE-SC0010831. I also thank Mr. Jun Mao for collecting the data and analysis.
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References [1] B. Poudel, Q. Hao, Y. Ma, Y. Lan, A. Minnich, B. Yu, X. Yan, D. Wang, A. Muto, D. Vashaee, High-thermoelectric performance of nanostructured bismuth antimony telluride bulk alloys, Science 320 (2008) 634e638. [2] X.W. Wang, H. Lee, Y.C. Lan, G.H. Zhu, G. Joshi, D.Z. Wang, J. Yang, A.J. Muto, M.Y. Tang, J. Klatsky, S. Song, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Chen, Z.F. Ren, Enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit in nanostructured n-type silicon germanium bulk alloy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2008) 193121. [3] G. Joshi, H. Lee, Y. Lan, X. Wang, G. Zhu, D. Wang, R.W. Gould, D.C. Cuff, M.Y. Tang, M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Chen, Z. Ren, Enhanced thermoelectric figure-of-merit in nanostructured p-type silicon germanium bulk alloys, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 4670e4674. [4] Y. Pei, X. Shi, A. LaLonde, H. Wang, L. Chen, G.J. Snyder, Convergence of electronic bands for high performance bulk thermoelectrics, Nature 473 (2011) 66e69. [5] K. Biswas, J. He, I.D. Blum, C.-I. Wu, T.P. Hogan, D.N. Seidman, V.P. Dravid, M.G. Kanatzidis, High-performance bulk thermoelectrics with all-scale hierarchical architectures, Nature 489 (2012) 414e418. [6] G. Rogl, A. Grytsiv, K. Yubuta, S. Puchegger, E. Bauer, C. Raju, R.C. Mallik,
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[20]
P. Rogl, In-doped multifilled n-type skutterudites with ZT ¼ 1.8, Acta Mater. 95 (2015) 201e211. H. Liu, X. Shi, F. Xu, L. Zhang, W. Zhang, L. Chen, Q. Li, C. Uher, T. Day, G.J. Snyder, Copper ion liquid-like thermoelectrics, Nat. Mater. 11 (2012) 422e425. H. Zhao, J. Sui, Z. Tang, Y. Lan, Q. Jie, D. Kraemer, K. McEnaney, A. Guloy, G. Chen, Z. Ren, High thermoelectric performance of MgAgSb-based materials, Nano Energy 7 (2014) 97e103. L.D. Zhao, S.-H. Lo, Y. Zhang, H. Sun, G. Tan, C. Uher, C. Wolverton, V.P. Dravid, M.G. Kanatzidis, Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals, Nature 508 (2014) 373e377. G. Joshi, R. He, M. Engber, G. Samsonidze, T. Pantha, E. Dahal, K. Dahal, J. Yang, Y. Lan, B. Kozinsky, Z. Ren, NbFeSb-based p-type half-Heuslers for power generation applications, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 4070e4076. L.D. Zhao, G. Tan, S. Hao, J. He, Y. Pei, H. Chi, H. Wang, S. Gong, H. Xu, V.P. Dravid, Ultrahigh power factor and thermoelectric performance in holedoped single-crystal SnSe, Science 351 (2015) aad3749. C. Fu, S. Bai, Y. Liu, Y. Tang, L. Chen, X. Zhao, T. Zhu, Realizing high figure of merit in heavy-band p-type half-Heusler thermoelectric materials, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 8144. W. Liu, H.S. Kim, S. Chen, Q. Jie, B. Lv, M. Yao, Z. Ren, C.P. Opeil, S. Wilson, C.W. Chu, Z. Ren, n-type thermoelectric material Mg2Sn0.75Ge0.25 for high power generation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112 (2015) 3269e3274. Z. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Mao, H. Geng, J. Shuai, Y. Wang, R. He, W. Cai, J. Sui, Z. Ren, Lithium doping to enhance thermoelectric performance of MgAgSb with weak electronephonon coupling, Adv. Energy Mater. 6 (2016) 1502269. H. Tamaki, H.K. Sato, T. Kanno, Isotropic conduction network and defect chemistry in Mg3+dSb2-based layered Zintl compounds with high thermoelectric performance, Adv. Mater. 28 (2016) 10182e10187. R. He, D. Kraemer, J. Mao, L. Zeng, Q. Jie, Y. Lan, C. Li, J. Shuai, H.S. Kim, Y. Liu, D. Broido, C.-W. Chu, G. Chen, Z. Ren, Achieving high power factor and output power density in p-type half-Heuslers Nb1-xTixFeSb, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 113 (2016) 13576e13581. J. Shuai, J. Mao, S. Song, Q. Zhu, J. Sun, Y. Wang, R. He, J. Zhou, G. Chen, D.J. Singh, Z. Ren, Tuning the carrier scattering mechanism to effectively improve the thermoelectric properties, Energy Environ. Sci. 10 (2017) 799e807. J. Mao, J. Zhou, H. Zhu, Z. Liu, H. Zhang, R. He, G. Chen, Z. Ren, Thermoelectric properties of n-type ZrNiPb-based half-Heuslers, Chem. Mater. 29 (2017) 867e872. X. Hu, P. Jood, M. Ohta, M. Kunii, K. Nagase, H. Nishiate, M.G. Kanatzidis, A. Yamamoto, Power generation from nanostructured PbTe-based thermoelectrics: comprehensive development from materials to modules, Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (2015) 517e529. B. Cook, T. Chan, G. Dezsi, P. Thomas, C. Koch, J. Poon, T. Tritt,
6
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Zhifeng Ren Department of Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA 17 May 2017 Available online 2 June 2017 ́