Three-dimensional bold fMRI and O-15 water PET neuroactivation maps are highly correlated

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Abstracts / PsychiatryResearch: Neuroimaging68 (1997) 155-184

Correlation dimension (D2) of EEG in schizophrenic patients medicated with neuroleptics B. Weber a, T. Dierks a, J. Eckert a, W.K. Strik b, K. Maurer ~

aDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyL UniversityHospital Frankfurt/ Main, Germany. hDepartmentof Psychiatry, University Hospital Wilrzburg, Germany

In recent years differences in dimensional complexity of brain electrical activity (EEG) between schizophrenic patients and healthy controls were found. In the present study the dimensional complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings was assessed by computing the 'correlation dimension' of 20 scalp-electrodes during 10 x 2 s under resting conditions from 22 medicated schizophrenics and 22 medication-free matched healthy controls by the program COREX. We found the 'correlation dimension' generally increased with age in both groups and generally decreased in schizophrenic patients with highly significant differences in left parietal scalp regions. Subchrooic schizophrenic patients showed generally lower D2-values with highly significant differences in left frontal scalp regions compared to chronic patients and some evidence that neuroleptic medication had an effect on D2-values was found. Taking account of former findings with drug-free acute schizophrenics, stage of schizophrenia as well as neuroleptic medication seem to be relevant variables for a biphasic course of D2-values with increase in acute, decrease in subchronic and finally partial re-increase in chronic schizophrenia. We have to consider that these conclusions are of limited validity because of methodological differences between our investigation and former studies. Topography of dimensional complexity of EEG in schizophrenia B. Weber a, T. Dierks a, W.K. Strik h, K. Maurer ~

aDepartment of Psychiatryand Psychotherapy1, UniversityHospital Frankfurt/ Main, Germany. hDepartmentof Psychiatry, University Hospital Wi'lr'zburg, Germany

The dimensional complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings was assessed by computing the 'correlation dimension' of 20 scalp-electrodes during 2 x 2 s under resting conditions from 10 drug-free acute schizophrenics and 10 matched controls. The correlation dimension of the left frontal (Fpl) and the right temporal (T6) region was significantly higher in schizophrenics than in controls (Student's t-test, P < 0.01 ). Generally increased dimensional complexity of EEG in schizophrenic patients was also found. Following the interpretation of Koukkou et al., who found a significantly higher dimensional complexity in the left temporal-parietal region in schizophrenics compared with medication-free neurotics and controls during 20 s in six different recording conditions, the higher dimensional complexity of functional brain mechanisms in schizophrenics versus normals corresponds to the loosened organization of thought observed in those patients.

Self assessment and cognitive performance tests during EEG recording with a database-controlled interactive assessment tool (DIAT) B. Weber, K. Maurer

Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyI, University Hospital Frankfurt~Main, Germany The actual development of neurophysio[ogieal recordings with increasing possibilities of computer based data processing suggests the examination of more complex psychological phenomena. The evaluation of various psychological tests during electroencephalographic (EEG) recording becomes possible and seems to be promising. In order to develop new psycho-physiological tests we need better tools for realizing, for instance, self-assessment or cognitive performance tests using a multichoice pattern. In a current examination we use a computerized self assessment for verification of experimentally induced emotional and cognitive states. We perform the self-assessment several times during the experimental EEG session in order to avoid possible intervening factors. Cognitive performance tests using a multiple choice pattern, for instance, recognition tasks, can be facilitated too by our Database-controlled Interactive Assessment Tool (DIAT). The program is self-explanatory, interactive and can be operated perfectly by a 'mouse'. Artifacts are reduced to a minimum because the patients only have to watch the monitor continuously and to move one hand slightly. The program is controlled by simple database files which can be edited by the program itself. Three-dimensional bold fMRI and O-15 water PET neuroactivation maps are highly correlated D.R. Weinberger, N.F. Ramsey, B. Kirby, P. van Gelderen, K. Berman, V.S. Mattay, J.A. Frank, J. van Horn, G. Esposito, C.T.W. Moonen

Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, NIMH Neuroscienees Center, Washington, DC, USA 'BOLD' contrast fMRI is being widely used for functional brain mapping, though the relationship of the BOLD effect to cerebral perfusion is unclear. We compared directly cerebral perfusion changes as measured with O-15 water PET and BOLD signal changes determined with 3-D 'PRESTO' fMRI in nine subjects performing repetitive sequential finger movements. Both sets of functional scans were registered to a common anatomical scan per individual (rcconstruetcd FWHM = 7.5 mm isotropic for both techniques). Difference images from paired rest/movement functional scans ( P E T eight 4 rain scans, i.e. four difference volumes; fMRI = thirtytwo 30 s scans, i.e. 16 difference volumes) were analyzed with a Bonferroni-corrected z-statistic. Significantly 'activated' voxels (z threshold = 4.45) were found in contralateral sensorimotor (SM) cortex in every subject with both techniques. On average, 37/50 (74%) activated voxels were in SM with PET, compared with 46/55 (84%) with fMRI. Remarkably, mean z values of activated voxels in SM were 5.5 with both techniques, The number of activated voxels in SM cortex correlated highly between the techniques ( r = 0.91, P .< 0.001). The

Abstracts / PsychiatryResearch: Neuroimaging68 (1997) 155-184 mean distance between corresponding centers-of-mass of SM activation was 6.4 mm (range 2.4-10.8). We have recently completed a similar study of isotropic whole brain EPI. Using a T statistical analysis (the characteristics of EPI data do not permit a z statistic analysis), activation of primary sensorimotot cortex, SMA, and cerebellum were found in every individual, and putamenal activation was also observed in most subjects. The magnitude and extent of activation was greater than with PRESTO. Comparisons with PET showed results comparable to those of PRESTO. These studies indicate that sensorimotor activation maps based on BOLD-sensitive 3D fMRI correspond very well to changes in regional cerebral perfusion. Left lateralized P300 amplitude deficit in schizophrenic patients depends on pitch disparity M. Weisbrod, S. Winkler, S. Maier, H. Hill, Ch. Thomas, M. Spitzer

Psychiatric Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Germany Structural abnormalities of the left temporal lobe have been implicated in the genesis of schizophrenia, and left lateralized reduced P300 amplitudes in schizophrenic patients have been interpreted as their electrophysiological correlate. We examined the effect of stimulus discriminability on P300 amplitude distribution in 20 schizophrenic patients and in 20 control subjects, using two different auditory oddball paradigms. The detection of the target tone was either simple or difficult, due to manipulation of pitch disparity. The P300 was recorded at 20 electrode sites. The controls showed a symmetrical P300 amplitude distribution in both paradigms. In contrast, the P300 distribution in schizophrenic patients was asymmetrical, with smaller amplitudes over the left hemisphere, but only whcn the simple paradigm was used. Our results support the findings of a left temporal structural deficit in schizophrenic patients. The corresponding deficit in the P300 scalp voltage distribution seems to depend on thc level of difficulty in the stimulus condition. Electrophysiological correlates of indirect priming in normal volunteers and schizophrenic patients M. Wcisbrod, S. Winkler, S. Maier, M. Spitzer

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differently in both groups. Results are in line with E. Bleuler's suggestion of a special role of indirect associations in schizophrenic psychopathology and with recent spreading activation models of schizophrenic language dysfunction Acute effects of repeated electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on cerebral blood flow assessed by Tc-99m-HMPAO SPECT: a preliminary study M.H. Wiegand b, D. Duncan ~, A. Alavi ~', M. Stecker a, A. Loessner ~, F. Payer ~, W. BalP, L. Gyulai ~, D. Miller ~, P. Veloso~, A. Lang ~

aDepartment of Psychiatry and Nuclear Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. bPsychiatrischeKlinik, Technical University of Munich, German), Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective antidepressant treatment whose mechanism of action, however, has remained unclear as yet. In the present study, the immediate responses of cerebral perfusion to electrical stimulation were investigated using 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Eight patients with major depression underwent a series of ECT treatments with unilateral or bilateral electrode placement. Unilateral and bilateral stimulation led to different activation patterns, always involving frontal cortical areas. In repeated ECT sessions, a decreased brain perfusion response over time to electrical stimulation was observed. This may correspond to an increasing seizure threshold during a course of ECT treatments, and may be a phenomenon-linked to the antidepressant action. The observation of time-related changes in brain function, as demonstrated in the present study, may thus contribute to better understanding the mechanisms underlying the beneficial clinical effects of ECT and other antidepressant treatments Quantitative EEG (qEEG) predicts relapse in patients with primary alcoholism - - a comparison between multivariate statistics and artificial neural network approaches G. Winterer ~', B. Kl6ppel b, A. Heinz J, M. Ziller a, L.G. Schmidt a, W.M. Herrmann a

~Psychiatric Clinic Free University Berlin, Germany. blnstitute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University, of Kassel, Germany

P~ychiatric Ho.spital, University of Heidelbe~, Germany The N400 component of event related potentials (ERPs) was investigated in schizophrenic patients and normal control subjects in a [exical decision task in which semantic distance bctwccn primc and target was varied. Prime-target relations included directly related words (hen-egg), indirectly related words (Icmon-sweet), and non-related words (sofa-wing). ERPs wclc recorded from 20 scalp electrodes. An N400 component was obtained in the non-related condition in both groups, controls ( n - 17) and schizophrenic patients (n = 12), while eithcr no or only a small component was detected in the related condition. Most notably, peak- and latency-data for the indirectly related words suggest that they are processed

In clarifying the potential use of qEEG for the prediction of relapse, we investigated 16 abstainers and 49 relapsers. One 30 s artifact-free EEG-segment was analyzed for each patient. For quantitative analysis (pre-processing) we chose spectral as well as Hjorth's parameters and the correlation dimension of Grassberger-Proccacia. Analyzing our data further, we created a discriminant function (approximated F-test for Wilk's lambda) out of five pre-selected variables, comparing six relapsers and 21 abstainers. By applying the resulting discriminant function to the remaining 28 relapsers and 10 abstainers, 72% of all cases were predicted successfully. On a trial basis, we finally compared both groups with several artificial neural network approaches (feed-forward multi-layer perceptrons,