- Email: [email protected]
Three new ascomycetes from Taiwan
Mycol. Res. 101 (9) : 1092–1096 (1997)
1092
Printed in the United Kingdom
Three new ascomycetes from Taiwan
W. H. H S I E H1, C. Y. C H E N1 A N D A. S I V A N E S A N2 " Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China # International Mycological Institute, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, U.K.
Dictyoporthe cinnamomi sp. nov., Pseudomassaria cyclobalanopsidis sp. nov. and Splanchnonema verruculospora sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Taiwan and compared with closely related species. A key to species of Dictyoporthe is also provided.
Many ascomycetes collected during a continuous survey of the ascomycota flora in Taiwan were found to be undescribed. Three new species are described here from these collections. Measurements of fruiting structures were made from slides mounted in lactophenol. Asci and ascospores of some species were stained using the fluorescent staining technique of Rohringer et al. (1977) to obtain clear pictures. The acronym NCHUPP means the herbarium of the National Chung Hsing University Plant Pathology in Taiwan. Dictyoporthe cinnamomi W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen & Sivan., sp. nov. (Figs 1–5) Ascomata perithecia, 750–1200 µm diam., 450–700 µm alta, globosa vel ellipsoidea, sub cortice immersa, ostiolis erumpentibus, periphysatis perforatis. Ectostroma pustulas formans. Rostra ostiola 280–300 µm longa, 150–200 µm lata, cylindrica. Circum ostiolum ectostroma e cellulis rotundatis, hyalinis, pseudoparenchymatis. Paries perithecii 28–50 µm crassus ex cellulis externo brunneis rotundatis vel leniter complanatis, interno e cellulis complanatis, pallide brunneis vel hyalinis. Paraphyses 1±0–1±5 µm crassae, hyalinae, filiformes, septatae, simplices. Asci 95–120¬20–40 µm, late clavati, unitunicati, octospori, raro tetraspori, brevipedicellati. Ascosporae 20–30¬12–20 µm, globosae vel ovoideae, hyalinae, laeves, dictyoseptatae, imbricate biseriatae. Holotypus : In caulibus emortuis Cinnamomi sp., Piluchi, Nantou, Taiwan, 28 April 1995, leg. C. Y. Chen (IMI 371135), isotypus NCHUPP 2360.
Ascomata perithecia, 750–1200 µm wide, 450–700 µm high including the oblique or more or less lateral, erumpent ostiolar beaks, immersed in the cortex in small groups. Ectostroma forming pustules below the converging ostiolar beaks. Ostiolar beaks 280–300 µm long, 150–200 µm wide, cylindrical. Peridium of venter 28–50 µm wide, composed of two layers, an outer layer of brown, rounded to somewhat compressed pseudoparenchymatous cells and an inner layer of compressed, pale brown to hyaline cells. Paraphyses 1±0–1±5 µm wide, hyaline, filiform, septate, unbranched. Asci 95–120¬
20–40 µm, broadly clavate, unitunicate, short-stalked, 8spored, rarely 4-spored, without any apical rings. Ascospores 20–30¬12–20 µm, globose to ovoid, hyaline, smooth, dictyoseptate with 4–9 transverse septa and 1–3 vertical septa in all cells but rarely in the end cells, overlapping biseriate in the ascus, lacking mucous sheaths or appendages. Four species of Dictyoporthe Petr. are known (Barr, 1978, 1983 ; Mu$ ller, 1961). Of these, D. acerophila M. E. Barr and D. appendicula E. Mu$ ll. have ascospores with appendages and this character clearly separates them from D. cinnamomi. The other two species, D. ahmadii Petr. and D. canadensis (Ellis & Everh.) M. E. Barr, have ascospores lacking apical appendages as in D. cinnamomi but their ascospores are much narrower (not more than 12 µm wide) than D. cinnamomi. A key to species is provided to help in identification. Pseudomassaria cyclobalanopsidis W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen & Sivan., sp. nov. (Figs 6–13) Ascomata perithecia, 160–320 µm lata, 200–300 µm alta, subglobosa, immersa, dispersa, solitaria vel raro aggregata, clypeata, cum ostiolo apicali. Clypei 40–80 µm longi et 15–40 µm lati, nigri. Paries perithecii 16–20 µm crassus e cellulis subhyalinis, pseudoparenchymatis, texturam angularis formantibus. Paraphyses usque 1 µm latae, filiformes, hyalinae, septatae, simplices. Asci 60–85¬ 10–12 µm, cylindrici, brevipedicellati, octospori, unitunicati, apparatu apicali in iodo caerulescenti. Ascosporae 14–20 (–24)¬4±5–6±0 µm, fusoideae, hyalinae, laeves, 1-septatae, apiosporae, biseriatae in asco. Holotypus : In foliis Cyclobalanopsidis sp., Lalashan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 19 Oct. 1994, leg. C. Y. Chen (IMI 371178), isotypus NCHUPP 2318.
Ascomata perithecia, 160–320 µm wide, 200–300 µm high, subglobose, immersed, scattered, single to rarely aggregated, clypeate at the papillate ostiolar apex. Clypeus 40–80 µm long and 15–40 µm wide, black. Peridium 16–20 µm wide composed of subhyaline, pseudoparenchymatous cells forming a textura angularis. Paraphyses up to 1 µm wide, filiform, hyaline, septate, unbranched. Asci 60–85¬10–12 µm, cylindrical,
W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen and A. Sivanesan
1093
1
5
2
3
4
Figs 1–5. Dictyoporthe cinnamomi. Figs 1–2. V.s. of perithecia (bar, 100 µm). Fig. 3. Asci with ascospores and paraphyses in calcofluor (bar, 15 µm). Fig. 4. Tetraspored ascus (bar, 10 µm). Fig. 5. Ascospores (bar, 10 µm).
short-stalked, unitunicate, 8-spored, with a distinct amyloid apical structure. Ascospores 14–20 (–24)¬4±5–6±0 µm, fusiform, hyaline, smooth, 1-septate, apiosporous, biseriate inside ascus. Septum orientation in ascospores may be towards the
apical or basal end or both towards the apical and basal end when inside ascus (Figs 9–10). Two species of Pseudomassaria Jacz. have been reported (Mu$ ller & Arx, 1962 ; Barr, 1964) on Quercus, a genus which
New species of ascomycetes
1094
Key to Dictyoporthe species 1. Ascospores with apical appendages . . . . Ascospores without apical appendages . . . 2. Ascospores 28±5–40±0¬13±0–17±5 µm ; asci 8-spored Ascospores 31–60¬13–26 µm ; asci 4-spored . . 3. Ascospores 12–20 µm wide . . . . . Ascospores up to 12 µm wide . . . . . 4. Ascospores 22–30 µm long, hyaline to reddish-brown Ascospores 17±0–26±5 µm long, hyaline . . .
6
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
7
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . 2 . . . 3 . D. acerophila . D. appendicula . D. cinnamomi . . . 4 . D. canadensis . D. ahmadii
8 11
12
13
9
10
Figs 6–13. Pseudomassaria cyclobalanopsidis. Fig. 6. V.s. of perithecium (bar, 50 µm). Figs 7–8. Asci with apical structure and ascospores (bar, 10 µm). Figs 9–10. Ascospores in calcofluor (bar, 10 µm). Figs 11–13. Ascospores (bar, 10 µm).
W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen and A. Sivanesan
1095
15
14
17
18
16
Figs 14–18. Splanchnonema verruculospora. Fig. 14. V.s. of pseudothecia (bar, 100 µm). Fig. 15. Asci with ascospores and pseudoparaphyses (bar, 20 µm). Fig. 16. Ascus with ascospores (bar, 20 µm). Fig. 17. Young ascospore with mucilaginous sheath (bar, 15 µm). Fig. 18. Ascospores showing verruculations (bar, 10 µm).
earlier included Cyclobalanopsidis as a generic synonym. They are P. agrifolia (Ellis & Everh.) Arx and P. polystigma (Ellis & Everh.) Arx. The ascospores are 11±0–15±5¬4±5–6±5 µm in P. agrifolia and 9–14¬3±5–5±0 µm in P. polystigma. The ascospores are, however, significantly longer in P. cyclobalanopsidis than in these two species. Splanchnonema verruculospora W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen & Sivan., sp. nov. (Figs 14–18) Ascomata pseudothecia, 225–270 µm lata, 300–360 µm alta, subglobosa, immersa, solitaria vel raro aggregata, ostiolo apicali. Ostiolum 85–110 µm latum. Paries pseudothecii 15–20 µm latus, stratus extimum e cellulis pallide atrobrunneis, crassitunicatis, intimum e cellulis pallide brunneis, complanatis, pseudoparenchymatis compositus. Pseudoparaphyses 1±5–4±0 µm latae, filiformes, hyalinae, septatae, ramosae. Asci 140–175¬9–25 µm, late cylindrici, bitunicati, brevipedicellati, octospori. Ascosporae 25–34¬10–14 µm, ellipsoideae vel obovoideae, brunneae vel atrobrunneae, saepe inaequaliter uniseptatae, raro mediao septatae, haud vel leviter constrictae,
verruculosae, in muco involutae, extrema acuta vel obtusa, imbricate biseriatae vel supra biseriatae et infra uniseriatae in asco. Holotypus : In caulibus emortuis Cinnamomi sp., Piluchi, Nantou, Taiwan, 5 Nov. 1994, leg. C. Y. Chen (IMI 371132), isotypus NCHUPP 2326.
Ascomata pseudothecia, 225–270 µm wide, 300–360 µm high, immersed in the cortex, solitary to rarely aggregated, subglobose, with a papillate apical ostiole 85–110 µm wide piercing the host surface. Peridium 15–20 µm wide, composed of dark brown, thick-walled, pseudoparenchymatous cells towards the outside and pale brown, compressed cells towards the inside forming a textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses 1±5–4±0 µm wide, filiform, hyaline, septate, branched. Asci 140–175¬9–25 µm, broadly cylindrical, bitunicate, shortstalked, 8-spored. Ascospores 25–34¬10–14 µm, ellipsoid to obovoid, brown to dark brown, often unequally 1-septate with a broader upper cell and a narrower but slightly longer lower cell, sometimes septate in the middle, not or slightly
New species of ascomycetes constricted at the septum, distinctly verruculose, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath when young, ends acute or obtuse, overlapping biseriate or biseriate above and uniseriate below inside the ascus. Amongst the recognized species of Splanchnonema Corda, only four have 1-septate ascospores (Shoemaker & Le Clair, 1975 ; Barr, 1982). Of these, only S. horizontale M. E. Barr (1993) has smooth to finely verruculose ascospores and in the other three species the ascospores are either foveolate or smooth and much larger. The ascospores are 33±0–37±5¬ 10–12 µm in S. horizontale and are very close in size to S. verruculospora but this species is easily separable by its characteristic horizontal ascomata. We wish to thank the National Science Council, Taiwan for a research grant No. NSC85-2811-B005-002 towards this study. (Accepted 7 January 1997)
1096 REFERENCES Barr, M. E. (1964). The genus Pseudomassaria in North America. Mycologia 56, 841–862. Barr, M. E. (1978). The Diaporthales in North America with emphasis on Gnomonia and its segregates. Mycologia Memoir 7, 1–232. Barr, M. E. (1982). On the Pleomassariaceae (Pleosporales) in North America. Mycotaxon 15, 349–383. Barr, M. E. (1983). Muriform ascospores in class ascomycetes. Mycotaxon 18, 149–157. Barr, M. E. (1993). Notes on the Pleomassariaceae. Mycotaxon 49, 129–142. Mu$ ller, E. (1961). U> ber einige ascomyceten aus Sudfrankreich. Sydowia 15, 84–91. Mu$ ller, E. & Arx, J. A. von (1962). Die Gattungen der didymosporen Pyrenomyceten. BeitraX ge zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz 11 (2), 1–922. Rohringer, R., Kim, W. K., Samborski, D. J. & Howes, N. K. (1977). Calcofluor : an optical brightener for fluorescent microscopy of fungal plant parasites. Phytopathology 67, 808–810. Shoemaker, R. A. & Le Clair, P. M. (1975). Type studies of Massaria from Wehmeyer collection. Canadian Journal of Botany 53, 1568–1598.
1092
Printed in the United Kingdom
Three new ascomycetes from Taiwan
W. H. H S I E H1, C. Y. C H E N1 A N D A. S I V A N E S A N2 " Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China # International Mycological Institute, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, U.K.
Dictyoporthe cinnamomi sp. nov., Pseudomassaria cyclobalanopsidis sp. nov. and Splanchnonema verruculospora sp. nov. are described and illustrated from Taiwan and compared with closely related species. A key to species of Dictyoporthe is also provided.
Many ascomycetes collected during a continuous survey of the ascomycota flora in Taiwan were found to be undescribed. Three new species are described here from these collections. Measurements of fruiting structures were made from slides mounted in lactophenol. Asci and ascospores of some species were stained using the fluorescent staining technique of Rohringer et al. (1977) to obtain clear pictures. The acronym NCHUPP means the herbarium of the National Chung Hsing University Plant Pathology in Taiwan. Dictyoporthe cinnamomi W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen & Sivan., sp. nov. (Figs 1–5) Ascomata perithecia, 750–1200 µm diam., 450–700 µm alta, globosa vel ellipsoidea, sub cortice immersa, ostiolis erumpentibus, periphysatis perforatis. Ectostroma pustulas formans. Rostra ostiola 280–300 µm longa, 150–200 µm lata, cylindrica. Circum ostiolum ectostroma e cellulis rotundatis, hyalinis, pseudoparenchymatis. Paries perithecii 28–50 µm crassus ex cellulis externo brunneis rotundatis vel leniter complanatis, interno e cellulis complanatis, pallide brunneis vel hyalinis. Paraphyses 1±0–1±5 µm crassae, hyalinae, filiformes, septatae, simplices. Asci 95–120¬20–40 µm, late clavati, unitunicati, octospori, raro tetraspori, brevipedicellati. Ascosporae 20–30¬12–20 µm, globosae vel ovoideae, hyalinae, laeves, dictyoseptatae, imbricate biseriatae. Holotypus : In caulibus emortuis Cinnamomi sp., Piluchi, Nantou, Taiwan, 28 April 1995, leg. C. Y. Chen (IMI 371135), isotypus NCHUPP 2360.
Ascomata perithecia, 750–1200 µm wide, 450–700 µm high including the oblique or more or less lateral, erumpent ostiolar beaks, immersed in the cortex in small groups. Ectostroma forming pustules below the converging ostiolar beaks. Ostiolar beaks 280–300 µm long, 150–200 µm wide, cylindrical. Peridium of venter 28–50 µm wide, composed of two layers, an outer layer of brown, rounded to somewhat compressed pseudoparenchymatous cells and an inner layer of compressed, pale brown to hyaline cells. Paraphyses 1±0–1±5 µm wide, hyaline, filiform, septate, unbranched. Asci 95–120¬
20–40 µm, broadly clavate, unitunicate, short-stalked, 8spored, rarely 4-spored, without any apical rings. Ascospores 20–30¬12–20 µm, globose to ovoid, hyaline, smooth, dictyoseptate with 4–9 transverse septa and 1–3 vertical septa in all cells but rarely in the end cells, overlapping biseriate in the ascus, lacking mucous sheaths or appendages. Four species of Dictyoporthe Petr. are known (Barr, 1978, 1983 ; Mu$ ller, 1961). Of these, D. acerophila M. E. Barr and D. appendicula E. Mu$ ll. have ascospores with appendages and this character clearly separates them from D. cinnamomi. The other two species, D. ahmadii Petr. and D. canadensis (Ellis & Everh.) M. E. Barr, have ascospores lacking apical appendages as in D. cinnamomi but their ascospores are much narrower (not more than 12 µm wide) than D. cinnamomi. A key to species is provided to help in identification. Pseudomassaria cyclobalanopsidis W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen & Sivan., sp. nov. (Figs 6–13) Ascomata perithecia, 160–320 µm lata, 200–300 µm alta, subglobosa, immersa, dispersa, solitaria vel raro aggregata, clypeata, cum ostiolo apicali. Clypei 40–80 µm longi et 15–40 µm lati, nigri. Paries perithecii 16–20 µm crassus e cellulis subhyalinis, pseudoparenchymatis, texturam angularis formantibus. Paraphyses usque 1 µm latae, filiformes, hyalinae, septatae, simplices. Asci 60–85¬ 10–12 µm, cylindrici, brevipedicellati, octospori, unitunicati, apparatu apicali in iodo caerulescenti. Ascosporae 14–20 (–24)¬4±5–6±0 µm, fusoideae, hyalinae, laeves, 1-septatae, apiosporae, biseriatae in asco. Holotypus : In foliis Cyclobalanopsidis sp., Lalashan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, 19 Oct. 1994, leg. C. Y. Chen (IMI 371178), isotypus NCHUPP 2318.
Ascomata perithecia, 160–320 µm wide, 200–300 µm high, subglobose, immersed, scattered, single to rarely aggregated, clypeate at the papillate ostiolar apex. Clypeus 40–80 µm long and 15–40 µm wide, black. Peridium 16–20 µm wide composed of subhyaline, pseudoparenchymatous cells forming a textura angularis. Paraphyses up to 1 µm wide, filiform, hyaline, septate, unbranched. Asci 60–85¬10–12 µm, cylindrical,
W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen and A. Sivanesan
1093
1
5
2
3
4
Figs 1–5. Dictyoporthe cinnamomi. Figs 1–2. V.s. of perithecia (bar, 100 µm). Fig. 3. Asci with ascospores and paraphyses in calcofluor (bar, 15 µm). Fig. 4. Tetraspored ascus (bar, 10 µm). Fig. 5. Ascospores (bar, 10 µm).
short-stalked, unitunicate, 8-spored, with a distinct amyloid apical structure. Ascospores 14–20 (–24)¬4±5–6±0 µm, fusiform, hyaline, smooth, 1-septate, apiosporous, biseriate inside ascus. Septum orientation in ascospores may be towards the
apical or basal end or both towards the apical and basal end when inside ascus (Figs 9–10). Two species of Pseudomassaria Jacz. have been reported (Mu$ ller & Arx, 1962 ; Barr, 1964) on Quercus, a genus which
New species of ascomycetes
1094
Key to Dictyoporthe species 1. Ascospores with apical appendages . . . . Ascospores without apical appendages . . . 2. Ascospores 28±5–40±0¬13±0–17±5 µm ; asci 8-spored Ascospores 31–60¬13–26 µm ; asci 4-spored . . 3. Ascospores 12–20 µm wide . . . . . Ascospores up to 12 µm wide . . . . . 4. Ascospores 22–30 µm long, hyaline to reddish-brown Ascospores 17±0–26±5 µm long, hyaline . . .
6
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
7
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . 2 . . . 3 . D. acerophila . D. appendicula . D. cinnamomi . . . 4 . D. canadensis . D. ahmadii
8 11
12
13
9
10
Figs 6–13. Pseudomassaria cyclobalanopsidis. Fig. 6. V.s. of perithecium (bar, 50 µm). Figs 7–8. Asci with apical structure and ascospores (bar, 10 µm). Figs 9–10. Ascospores in calcofluor (bar, 10 µm). Figs 11–13. Ascospores (bar, 10 µm).
W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen and A. Sivanesan
1095
15
14
17
18
16
Figs 14–18. Splanchnonema verruculospora. Fig. 14. V.s. of pseudothecia (bar, 100 µm). Fig. 15. Asci with ascospores and pseudoparaphyses (bar, 20 µm). Fig. 16. Ascus with ascospores (bar, 20 µm). Fig. 17. Young ascospore with mucilaginous sheath (bar, 15 µm). Fig. 18. Ascospores showing verruculations (bar, 10 µm).
earlier included Cyclobalanopsidis as a generic synonym. They are P. agrifolia (Ellis & Everh.) Arx and P. polystigma (Ellis & Everh.) Arx. The ascospores are 11±0–15±5¬4±5–6±5 µm in P. agrifolia and 9–14¬3±5–5±0 µm in P. polystigma. The ascospores are, however, significantly longer in P. cyclobalanopsidis than in these two species. Splanchnonema verruculospora W. H. Hsieh, C. Y. Chen & Sivan., sp. nov. (Figs 14–18) Ascomata pseudothecia, 225–270 µm lata, 300–360 µm alta, subglobosa, immersa, solitaria vel raro aggregata, ostiolo apicali. Ostiolum 85–110 µm latum. Paries pseudothecii 15–20 µm latus, stratus extimum e cellulis pallide atrobrunneis, crassitunicatis, intimum e cellulis pallide brunneis, complanatis, pseudoparenchymatis compositus. Pseudoparaphyses 1±5–4±0 µm latae, filiformes, hyalinae, septatae, ramosae. Asci 140–175¬9–25 µm, late cylindrici, bitunicati, brevipedicellati, octospori. Ascosporae 25–34¬10–14 µm, ellipsoideae vel obovoideae, brunneae vel atrobrunneae, saepe inaequaliter uniseptatae, raro mediao septatae, haud vel leviter constrictae,
verruculosae, in muco involutae, extrema acuta vel obtusa, imbricate biseriatae vel supra biseriatae et infra uniseriatae in asco. Holotypus : In caulibus emortuis Cinnamomi sp., Piluchi, Nantou, Taiwan, 5 Nov. 1994, leg. C. Y. Chen (IMI 371132), isotypus NCHUPP 2326.
Ascomata pseudothecia, 225–270 µm wide, 300–360 µm high, immersed in the cortex, solitary to rarely aggregated, subglobose, with a papillate apical ostiole 85–110 µm wide piercing the host surface. Peridium 15–20 µm wide, composed of dark brown, thick-walled, pseudoparenchymatous cells towards the outside and pale brown, compressed cells towards the inside forming a textura angularis. Pseudoparaphyses 1±5–4±0 µm wide, filiform, hyaline, septate, branched. Asci 140–175¬9–25 µm, broadly cylindrical, bitunicate, shortstalked, 8-spored. Ascospores 25–34¬10–14 µm, ellipsoid to obovoid, brown to dark brown, often unequally 1-septate with a broader upper cell and a narrower but slightly longer lower cell, sometimes septate in the middle, not or slightly
New species of ascomycetes constricted at the septum, distinctly verruculose, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath when young, ends acute or obtuse, overlapping biseriate or biseriate above and uniseriate below inside the ascus. Amongst the recognized species of Splanchnonema Corda, only four have 1-septate ascospores (Shoemaker & Le Clair, 1975 ; Barr, 1982). Of these, only S. horizontale M. E. Barr (1993) has smooth to finely verruculose ascospores and in the other three species the ascospores are either foveolate or smooth and much larger. The ascospores are 33±0–37±5¬ 10–12 µm in S. horizontale and are very close in size to S. verruculospora but this species is easily separable by its characteristic horizontal ascomata. We wish to thank the National Science Council, Taiwan for a research grant No. NSC85-2811-B005-002 towards this study. (Accepted 7 January 1997)
1096 REFERENCES Barr, M. E. (1964). The genus Pseudomassaria in North America. Mycologia 56, 841–862. Barr, M. E. (1978). The Diaporthales in North America with emphasis on Gnomonia and its segregates. Mycologia Memoir 7, 1–232. Barr, M. E. (1982). On the Pleomassariaceae (Pleosporales) in North America. Mycotaxon 15, 349–383. Barr, M. E. (1983). Muriform ascospores in class ascomycetes. Mycotaxon 18, 149–157. Barr, M. E. (1993). Notes on the Pleomassariaceae. Mycotaxon 49, 129–142. Mu$ ller, E. (1961). U> ber einige ascomyceten aus Sudfrankreich. Sydowia 15, 84–91. Mu$ ller, E. & Arx, J. A. von (1962). Die Gattungen der didymosporen Pyrenomyceten. BeitraX ge zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz 11 (2), 1–922. Rohringer, R., Kim, W. K., Samborski, D. J. & Howes, N. K. (1977). Calcofluor : an optical brightener for fluorescent microscopy of fungal plant parasites. Phytopathology 67, 808–810. Shoemaker, R. A. & Le Clair, P. M. (1975). Type studies of Massaria from Wehmeyer collection. Canadian Journal of Botany 53, 1568–1598.