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TILOS local scale Technology Innovation enabling low carbon energy transition
Renewable Energy 146 (2020) 397e403
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TILOS local scale Technology Innovation enabling low carbon energy transition D. Boulogiorgou, P. Ktenidis* Soft Energy Applications & Environmental Protection Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica, P.O. Box 41046, 12201, Athens, Greece
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 23 December 2018 Received in revised form 3 April 2019 Accepted 21 June 2019 Available online 22 June 2019
Community renewable energy and citizens' energy needs are crucial issues on the global political agenda. The indispensable legislative and regulatory, while also the necessary technological, societal and behavioral developments in order to support the energy transition will require public understanding and ownership to deliver their full potential. The main discussion is how to enable low-carbon energy transitions based on renewable-energy technologies such as wind turbines, solar panels, biogas plants or geothermal plants. Digitalization of energy and distributed storage are shaping the future of electricity use. Micro Grids (MG) on the other hand represent the means by which the purpose will be achieved. In Tilos island Technology Innovation for the Local Scale Optimum Integration of Battery Energy Storage (TILOS) case, it has been identified that the Quadruple Helix's (QH) components are accelerating the transfer of research and innovation results to regional growth while stressing the replicating potentials. Taking into consideration all parameters involved, while learning from pioneers' evidence, low-carbon energy transition and energy supply for isolated areas can be achieved. Finally the energy ecosystem space metamorphosis creates the new emerging structures and norms. © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Islands Renewable energy sources Energy storage Smart microgrids Socio-technical transition Quadruple helix
1. Introduction Throughout human history, energy transitions has always been the ground for several kinds of changes. To start with, energy transition has improved energy flows that are associated with energy ‘production’ and ‘consumption’, actions that are coordinated through energy markets. Secondly, there has been a change in technologies used for extracting, transforming and utilizing energy. Thirdly there are changes concerning policies regulating the sociopolitical role of energy systems, such as modernizing a country, increasing its independence, or reducing poverty [1]. The European Commission launched the Citizens' Energy Forum in 2008. It aims to explore consumers' perspective in the new era of energy retail market. The citizens’ Forum 2018 focused on presenting innovative solutions on the energy retail market in terms of consumer engagement and business models [2]. Renewable energy projects have more and more been proposed in many places around the world, which has raised public skepticism on these developments about siting decisions that in many
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Ktenidis). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.130 0960-1481/© 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
cases is followed by intense conflicts and debates [3]. Greece is known forbeing a country of many islands of various sizes. Most of large and medium-sized islands present an acceptable status of life. This does not apply to small and very small islands. Electrification problems affectthe life quality of the specific areas. The adoption of alternative electricity generation schemes, such as RES based energy storage configurations, should be investigated [4]. In order to solve energy issues it is essential to integrate solutions at all societal and institutional levels. The main source of energy for the industrialized world is based on great quantities of oil and gas, making it difficult to embrace the shift to local renewable or low-carbon energy systems [5]. TILOS demonstrates the optimal integration of local scale energy storage in a fully operating smart MG, on the island of Tilos, located at the South East Aegean Sea, Greece. Tilos island is currently supplied with oil-based generated electricity via an undersea cable from Kos island. The research questions underlying this study are: How TILOS delivers “Energy Transition” combining distributed energy resources, digitalization of energy, storage, smart MG and citizens’ energy? How will the helix mechanism contribute to electricity
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system future? To date, most contributions are bounded by conceptual ambiguity while the field is a living lab, an evolving entity. Ongoing experimental research shapes the procedure.
through this Partnership via Regulation ePolicy DeploymenteKnowledge Transfer e Social and cultural transition. 3. Insularity
2. TILOS “Stand-alone hybrid systems have turned into one of the most promising ways to handle the electrification requirements of numerous isolated consumers worldwide, including country houses, remote farms, shelters, telecommunication stations, small islands, light houses etc.” [6] TILOS is a European Horizon 2020 project which covers three sections: excellent science, industrial leadership and societal challenges. The TILOS project was classified in third position in section societal challenges, subtopic of secure, clean and efficient energy: Local/small-scale storage-LCE-08-2014. TILOS project develops solutions for reaching the goal of the European Agenda 2020 of 20% renewable energy generation and greenhouse gas reduction targets 80-95% by 2050. The main objective is to maximize the use of clean energy in covering the electricity needs of the Tilos island. The participation of the Tilos residents in this project promotes sustainable energy models with the aim of increasing energy autonomy. “In this context, a new prototype, hybrid system for electricity production and storage consisting of a 800 kW wind turbine, a 160 kW photovoltaic park and a 2.4 MWh/800 kW NaNiCl2 FIAMM battery for energy storage, is being constructed. A smart micro-grid, coordinating the operation of the system, is also developed in order to achieve the highest possible electricity autonomy and balance between intermittent Renewable Energy System (RES) like wind and PV, electricity production and electricity demand.” [7]. TILOS transforms energy system into a new smarter and more inclusive one. It creates a new smart integrated energy system with greater levels of decentralization e delivering a secure, resilient, clean, low carbon and affordable energy system. In addition it manages to minimise energy demand; diversify energy sources; maximise cost effective combinations of storage options; deploy smart platforms, technologies and management. TILOS project structures an energy market that recognises and rewards all players in enabling the transition to a flexible demand-led energy system. Norms change allowing to enable the Energy Transition (ET)
According to the Amsterdam Treaty, declaration No. 30, "… insular regions suffer from structural handicaps linked to their island status, the permanence of which impairs their economic and social development”. In this context, it is important to note that even today many of the European islands suffer from the so called insularity. 3.1. Greek islands In sunny and windy Greece, transportations throughout the Aegean Sea encounter struggles and difficulties due to the continuous winds of 6 and 7 Beaufort. (10.8e14.4 m/s) [8]. Kea, Chios, Kythnos, Naxos, Andros, Ikaria, Karpathos and Mykonos islands wind potential for typical wind years are presented in Table 1 [9]. Greek islands have excellent Renewable Energy Sources (RES) potentials. Small island communities all over the world face serious water and energy infrastructure problems. The electricity production for Greek Non Interconnected Islands (NII) exceeding in many cases 200V/MWh, while in very small islands this cost may even reach 1000V/MWh [10,11] (see Fig. 1). 3.2. Greek non Interconnected Islands regulation According to the Greek law and legislation the islands of the country, interconnected and not connected to the mainland, have been designated as saturated areas for wind and photovoltaic technologies [12]. Renewable Agency of Energy (RAE) determines by decision, the potential of the development of RES stations by area of a saturated network. Specifically for NII, the submission of the proposal by the NII Manager after a relevant study is necessary. Regulation, energy and environmental reasons indicating small islands as the research field where we observe impacts from the innovation meeting regulations. Creating excelled living labs where scientific project diffuse into society and resolve energy production issues.
Table 1 Greek Islands Wind Potential Characteristics [9]. Island Area
Main Annual Wind Speed (m/s)
Standard Deviation (m/s)
Calm spells' (<4 m/s) annual & max duration (hours)
Kea Chios Kythnos Naxos Andros Ikaria Karpathos Mykonos
5.48 5.79 6.36 6.94 9.16 9.3 9.09 11.16
4.07 4.60 4.62 4.22 4.85 5.14 5.29 6.63
3795e174 3653e83 3120e57 2427e71 1147e35 1614e45 1734e83 1285e38
Fig. 1. Total cost production for Greek NII 2017 [11].
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4. Quadruple Helix The Triple Helix (TH) concept and the Quadruple Helix (QH) approach are grounded on the idea that innovation is the outcome of an interactive process involving different spheres of actors. Each contributes according to its ‘institutional’ function in society. Local and regional authorities have an important role in Helix Models, integrating knowledge and skills in innovative thinking, community building, regulation, grants and rewards. Most important role of QH is that it provides Energy Culture to local community for sustainable energy use. The QH approach is far from being considered as a wellestablished concept in innovation research and policy. Common to all of the proposed versions is the inclusion of a fourth sphere/ helix to the TH model interacting between university, industry and government [13]. Universities across Europe have an important role in the delivery of energy transition and heading Quadruple Helix concept due to their trustful institutions profile, Non-profit character, connectivity with society, and their role for Knowledge transfer. They are truly transversal actors, as reflected in their current success across most pillars and thematic areas of Horizon 2020. Universities are, moreover, highly-responsive to societal needs and adept in addressing grand challenges. This is also mirrored in novel and agile institutional set-ups all across Europe. Last but not least, according to Eurostat, European universities educate and train 19.5 million students per year, an estimated 738,000 doctoral candidates and are home to almost 710,000 researchers. The university sector in Europe is therefore the world largest reservoir of creative, innovative and highly-skilled people who fuel the continent's labour market and economy and who will do so in the future [14]. TILOS is exclusively a European demonstration and research project with 13 participating enterprises and institutes from 7 European countries (DE, FR, EL, UK, SE, IT, ES). In the leading role of that consortium, Universities are providing innovation. Policy makers and public institutions adjust the legal framework formation, enterprises are helping commercialize the research and community engagement activates a sustainable future of energy. It
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provides an excellent research field for studying the QH mechanism as the environment that evolve energy transition. Tilos island offered as a natural living lab where are examined the sustainability and the interoperability of the energy solution that TILOS provides reaching sustainable energy transition solutions. 5. Energy transition One of the ground-breaking objectives of TILOS project is to address energy supply problems of island regions through the implementation of optimally integrated local scale RES-based energy storage systems, a quest that will advance collaboration with grid interconnectors [10]. Energy Efficiency Directive [COM (2013)762] points out the need of increased energy efficiency to all stages of energy chain from generation to final consumption. The transition to low-carbon energy systems is driving to improved energy access, accelerating the provision of low-cost, decentralized clean energy services, and hence directly contributing to social related issues like energy poverty reduction. Sustainable Energy Transition requires reforming the energy mix and revision of the regulatory framework by establishing a new era energy model in order to succeed the UN's Sustainable Development Goals SDG7 highlighting the importance of affordable and clean energy. 5.1. Energy transition network The Transition of Energy Sector is not a linear procedure. It's a technical issue involving crucial societal aspects. Scientific approach is the only way to understand the roadmap of this transition and make it happen successful and controlled. Record and valuation for every energy project are providing more valid forecasts for every new one. TILOS project used as an example, according to Fig. 2, to picture the roadmap of the transition taking place in Tilos island energy sector during the implementation of the innovative Energy Storage System. Energy Transitions’ 4Ds (Decentralization,
Fig. 2. Casual Loop Energy Transition Network. R: reinforcing loop; B: balancing loop.
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Decarbonisation, Digitalization and Democratization) are covered with main interactions aiming a sustainable energy solution using QH. 5.2. Digitalization of energy The digital world has three fundamental elements: Data: digital information Analytics: the use of data to produce useful information and insights Connectivity: exchange of data between humans, devices and machines (including machine-to-machine), through digital communications networks [15]. The first stage of the TILOS system commissioning took off on the island of Tilos, in mid-September 2017, encompassing installation of the Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) control room, establishment of communication between the former and the existing measuring equipment (weather stations and grid load meters) and test-installation of the smart-meter & Demand Side Management (DSM) prototype in a number of energy consumers, households and enterprises, of the island. Digitalization of energy provides a more efficient use of energy and assists to achieve energy efficiency targets. 5.3. Energy storage Advanced new energy storage seeks to respond to energy autonomy challenges, encompassing technical, market, and socialregulatory aspects, which call for the consideration of a holistic approach. To this end, TILOS project aspires to consider all of the above aspects, aiming also at the emergence of new applications for energy storage. At the technological level, TILOS challenges the potential of a single battery storage type to support a bundle of services and interacts with the rest of components in a smart MG energy system. Furthermore, it designates the interoperability between centralized and distributed energy storage employing aspects of DSM. At the market level, the study of different MG operation modes provides useful information on the value that can be assigned to energy storage services in a different operational context each time. At the social-regulatory level, through the engagement of the local population and the deeper understanding of public perception towards the novel system implemented on Tilos island, TILOS produces recommendations for regulatory and policy support measures, while takes into consideration public engagement, mainly with regards to distributed heat storage and DSM.
5.4. Smart MG MG are modern, small-scale versions of the centralized electricity system. Smart MG are an ideal way to integrate renewable resources on the community level and allow for customer participation in the electricity enterprise [16]. The main objective of TILOS is the development and operation of a prototype battery system based on NaNiCl2 batteries, provided with an optimum, real-environment smart grid control system and coping with the challenge of supporting multiple tasks, including:
Micro grid energy management Maximization of Renewable Energy System (RES) penetration Grid stability Export of guaranteed energy Ancillary services to the main grid of Kos.
The battery system supports both stand-alone and gridconnected operation, while proves its interoperability with the rest of micro grid components, such as demand side management aspects and distributed, residential heat storage in the form of domestic hot water. 5.5. Citizens’ participation Strategic Niche Management (SNM) either as frame or as tool supports the societal introduction of reforming sustainable innovations. The SNM approach suggests that sustainable innovation can be facilitated by creating technological niches. If such niches were constructed appropriately, they would act as building components for broader societal changes towards sustainable development [17]. Over the last months, Greece has made gradual and steady steps towards the promotion of energy democracy and boosting citizens’ participation. Last January, the new law on energy communities was voted in the Greek Parliament: it defined the role of citizens in the energy sector, giving particular emphasis on the promotion of social economy and on fighting energy poverty [18]. Aiming to deliver a novel, integrated energy solution, i.e. the TILOS system, TILOS project addresses different innovation aspects and goes beyond the state of the art at several levels. The design and execution of training seminars for the local population has gradually achieved a high degree of engagement. 6. Greek non Interconnected Islands The Smart Islands Initiative portrays islands as ideal test-beds that can host pilot and infrastructure management [19]. This knowledge will guide transitions in cases of mountainous, rural and generally geographically isolated areas but also scaled-up in cities. A number of examples is presented in Table 2. 7. TILOS paradigm Is TILOS Project a “Paradigm Change”? TILOS project is a decentralized MG holding since January 2018 a Power Purchase Agreement for a hybrid power station. The project provides solution for the new era of electrification for isolated areas. Through energy efficiency, autonomy and continuous learning the project became an energy culture paradigm change. TILOS project is testing the integration of an innovative local-scale, molten-salt battery (NaNiCl2) energy-storage system, in the real grid environment on the island of Tilos (Greece). It is planned to test smart grid control systems and provision of multiple services, ranging from the MG energy management, maximization of RES penetration and grid stability, to the export of guaranteed energy amounts and provision of ancillary services to the main grid. The battery system is used to support both stand-alone and grid-connected operations, while ensuring its interoperability with the rest of MG components and demand side management. If successful, this energy storage technology could be widely replicated on islands to complement and encourage the use of variable renewable energy sources [20]. In Fig. 3 is clear how Kuhn challenged the world's current conception of science, which was a steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas [21]. “Energy systems are socio-technological systems that involve
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Table 2 Greek Islands Projects data: www.deddie.gr Greek Islands Projects ISLAND
Kythnos
TIME/TABLE
A phase 1982 five wind turbines of 100 kW total capacity 1983 photovoltaic plant, 100 kWp 1989 Exchange of the wind turbines (5 33 kW) 165 kW 1998 Installation of the 500 kW wind turbine 2000 Operation of the new fully automatic autonomous power supply system with a 500 kW battery storage 2001 Installation of three new small stand-alone modular hybrid systems and AC coupled PV systems ENERGY DEMAND 2017 9.673 MWh AVERAGE POWER 2.96 MW DEMAND 2012e2016 CATEGORY SMALL5 MW
B phase Kythnos Microgrid of 12 houses comprising PVs and Batteries (52 kWh), 9 kVA Diesel (only back-up), flexible loads (1-2 kW irrigation pumps), Intelligent Load Controllers
not only machines, pipes, mines, refineries, and devices but also the humans who design and make technologies, develop and manage routines, while also use and consume energy.” [22]. TILOS gave a strong message through its participation in the historic United Nations Climate Change Conference, Conference of Parties (COP) 21 that was held in Paris in 2015. It did so by standing as an exemplary small island case that evidently fights against climate change and its consequences for island regions worldwide. A status recognized and internationally promoted in COP23, Bonn 2017. TILOS regards energy systems as sociotechnical ones and provides sustainable solutions embodying contemporary technologies and following open innovative models like QH. Scale up is the act of using results obtained from laboratory studies for designing a prototype and a pilot plant process. It is a place where the “5 M's” like money, material, man, method and
• There is no concensesus in any particular theory • Several incombatible and incomplete theories
Ikaria
Agios Efstratios
Sifnos
Ikaria hybrid power station: Consisting of 1.05 MW small hydro, 3 MW pumped storage and 2.7 MW wind farm (Almost completed)
The project of “Green Island - Agios Efstratios” is a research demonstration plan aiming to achieve 100% RES electricity penetration in the island. In this project, wind generators, photovoltaic systems, and biomass plants were constructed to replace some of the oil power stations.
SIC's project refers to a Hybrid Power Station consisting of a wind park and a pumped storage plant. It is foreseen to have the capacity to generate all the energy required in Sifnos through only Renewable Energy Sources (RES). All new facilities to be installed, will become a key objective of protecting the environment and the tourism product of the island, which is expected to increase
29.870 MWh 7.30 MW
1.136 MWh 0.32 MW
18.829 MWh 6.10 MW
MEDIUM>5 100 MW
SMALL 5 MW
MEDIUM>5 100 MW
machine are brought together for the manufacturing of the products [23]. This proposed definition underlines key principles for effective, wide-scale implementation, as well as a measurement of the effectiveness of scale-up efforts. Fig. 4 provides the four components that are essentially considered to define and measure scaleup efforts. (Proven efficacy, Quality, Equity, Sustainability) [24].
Fig. 4. Components of Scale up.
• Progress in normal science may reveal anomalies • In some cases, they may accumulate to the point where normal science becomes difficult and where weaknesses in the old paradigm are revealed • The phase in wich the underlying assumptions of the field are reexamined and a new paradigm is established
• The new paradigm's dominance is established and so scientists return to normal science, solving puzzles with the new paradigm
Fig. 3. Paradigm change.
Fig. 5. Replicability.
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TILOS project is Greece's first hybrid power station from Renewable Energy Sources, with a signed Power Purchase Agreement. The project combines RES production with storage systems in accumulators. It consists of an 800 kW wind turbine, a 160 kW photovoltaic and a battery with a storage capacity of 2.8 MWh, which can cover the energy requirements of Tilos Island for one and a half days in low demand periods [25]. Sustainability provided not only by project's nature; RES but also from the strategic planning; how we use produced energy. Equity is built through trust and knowledge is transfered to local population of islands by sharing a model. Quality is embodied to innovative character and scientific standards while proven efficacy is certain by the sociotechnical approach. TILOS is not limited to the demonstration and operation of the proposed hybrid power station, but also extends into taking account of additional attributes capturing business and social science disciplines. TILOS encourages increased levels of public engagement that facilitates the implementation of the proposed energy solution [26] and establish a lesson-learnt. The TILOS project, which belongs to Innovation and Networks Executive Agency's (INEA) Horizon 2020 energy portfolio, celebrated success at the European Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW 2017). It's been named the best energy island project as well as the citizens' choice, winning two EU Sustainable Energy Awards. The prizes recognize outstanding innovation in energy efficiency and renewables. In order to achieve greater results there is a need to
replicate pioneers (Fig. 5). Table 3 briefly presents the project's innovations that make it potential paradigm, which could be replicable and scaled-up. Furthermore, according to the energy and grid studies, TILOS system is designed to achieve high RES shares, in the order of 70% for the entire island of Tilos (equivalent to ~1.7 kt of CO2 emission savings otherwise produced by the oil-based power station of Kos island), which is beyond the state of art, while also increasing the reliability of the Tilos network and offering ancillary services to the host grid of Kos and Kalymnos. 8. Community renewable energy Renewable energy communities consists of group of citizens, social entrepreneurs, public authorities and community organisations that are actively involved in the Energy Transition by jointly investing in, producing, selling and distributing renewable energy. Decentralization of energy production and storage enables more people and businesses to participate in the energy system, creating the emergence of new business models and ownership structures of energy infrastructure. The terms “renewable energy community” is often used to describe such developments [27]. Table 4 describes the features of Quadruple Helix for European Renewable Energy Community examples and TILOS project [26,28e31].
Table 3 TILOS a Lighthouse case. PARADIGM CHANGE Scientific and technological paradigms are comprised of beliefs, assumptions, perceived problems, intended solutions, and the community that contains these components TILOS project is to address energy supply problems of island regions, through the implementation of optimally integrated, local scale, RES-based energy storage systems that can also confront collaboration with grid interconnectors. Production license for the hybrid, RES battery power station of Tilos island, the first of its kind in Greece and among very few in Europe. Two prototypes, i.e. the integrated battery-inverter system and the smart meter & DSM device, both featuring innovative characteristics and comprising key elements of the integrated TILOS solution. Established as the blueprint for local-scale batterybased hybrid stations, TILOS also influenced the making of the New Development Law of Greece (4399/2016)
REPLICABILITY Data replicability simply means that it is possible for an experiment to be carried out again, either by the same scientist or another.
SCALE UP It is a place where the 5 M's like money, material, man, method and machine are brought together for the manufacturing of the products.
Integration of high energy density and scalable battery storage solutions can offer flexibility and diversity to the industrial sector.
TILOS project is Greece's first hybrid power station from Renewable Energy Sources, with a signed Power Purchase Agreement.
Diffusion of RES systems in the residential sector (e.g. building-integrated PVs) together with smart-metering and DSM Utility-scale applications considering both peakshaving and power quality services could also be confronted by multi-tasking battery technologies that, owed to their scalability, are not limited to local level applications. Through project implementation, industrial partners aim at the development of a standardized integrated battery storage system, i.e. the TILOS system that will then be offered as a commercial solution, able to satisfy multiple energy tasks.
TILOS Project is the only integrated energy autonomy project of a Non-Interconnected Island in Hellenic territory. Social issues are also well considered through public engagement, and by developing novel business models and policy instruments
TILOS is a multinational European demonstration and research project. A strong and diverse consortium, setting high standards and covering all aspects of the problem investigated, while also guaranteeing project success.
Table 4 Quadruple Helix features for TILOS project and Renewable Energy Community projects [26,28e31], CASE
Quadruple Helix Features
PROJECT
STARTED 2018
11 Land Based Wind Turbines 11 MW& 10 off shore Wind Turbines 23 MW Buying Renewable Energy as a collective/Transform the Country's Energy Sector Renewable Energy Projects/Consulting Services to Municipalities Coordinating the Energy Transition/ Facilitates the collaboration between deferent players Hybrid Power Station/TILOS Project/ 0,96 MW
1997
GOVERNMENT INDUSTRY SOCIETY ACADEMIA Samsø (WIND) YES
NO
YES
NO
Som Energia
NO
NO
YES
YES
Ecopower cvba YES
NO
YES
NO
Leuven2030
NO
NO
YES
NO
TILOS
YES
YES
YES
YES
2010
1991 2013
2015
Energy production responds to island demand/ energy sales/reduces CO2 by 140% since 1997 Purchase and sale Renewable Energy 53976 Members Purchase and sale Renewable Energy 53500 Members Public Awareness/Consulting Services to Municipalities Trial Operation
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9. Conclusions Arguably, one of the most significant accomplishment of TILOS is the issuance of the production license for the hybrid, RES battery power station of Tilos Island, the first of its kind in Greece and among very few in Europe as a concrete deployed paradigm. The specific decision is believed to have signaled the beginning of a new era for the promotion of battery storage in both Greek and European island regions, with the licensed power station comprising of 800 kW of wind power, 160 kW of PV power and a battery storage system of two energy accumulators of the NaNiCl2 technology with storage capacity 1.44 MWh/400 kW each, thus, providing a guaranteed power output of 400 kW for 5 h per day [25]. TILOS project is a leading integrated energy autonomy project of a Non-Interconnected Island in Hellenic territory. TILOS is not just a paradigm but according to the facts presented is a beacon for Energy Culture, Energy Education, Energy Efficiency and Energy Autonomy for Non-Interconnected Islands. Implementation of a Scientific Plan of high technological research level provided grounded evidence of sustainable innovation, combining all actors of QH in a harsh environment during some challenging period with a strong local community partnership offering distinct knowledge and structuring a robust resilient energy transition. Acknowledgments The research leading to this paper was TILOS, a European research project which belongs to Innovation and Networks Executive Agency's (INEA) Horizon 2020 energy portfolio. The authors wish to thank project coordinator Dimitris Zafirakis, DirectorateGeneral for Energy (DG Ener), project TILOS team, Tilos island mayor Maria Kamma and local community, for participating and supporting helpful discussions pertaining to ideas described in the paper. References [1] Aleh Cherpa, Vadim Vinichenko, Jessica Jewell, Elina Brutschin, Benjamin Sovacool, Integrating techno-economic, socio-technical and political perspectives on national energy transitions: a meta-theoretical framework, Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 37 (2018) 175e190, 2 11 2017. [2] European Commission [Online] Available, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/ annual-citizens-energy-forums. (Accessed 21 October 2018). [3] J.K. Kaldellis, M. Kapsali, El Kaldelli, Ev Katsanou, Comparing recent views of public attitude on wind energy, photovoltaic and small hydro applications, Renew. Energy 52 (2013) 197e208, 23 11 2012. [4] J.K. Kaldellis, D. Zafirakis, E.L. Kaldelli, K. Kavadias, Cost benefit analysis of a photovoltaic-energy storage electrification solution for remote islands, Renew. Energy 34 (2009) 1299e1311, 11 11 2008. [5] Matthew J. Burkea, Jennie C. Stephensb, “Political power and renewable energy futures: a critical review,” Energy Research & Social Science, Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 35 (78e93) (2018), 15 11 2017. [6] J.K. Kaldellis, “An integrated model for performance simulation of hybrid
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windediesel systems, Renew. Energy 32 (2007) 1544e1564, 10 10 2006. [7] Gilles Notton, M.-L. Nivet, Dimitris Zafirakis, Fabrice Motte, Cyril Voyant, Alexis Fouilloy, Christophe Paoli, Tilos, the first autonomous renewable green island in Mediterranean: a Horizon 2020 project, in: 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems, ELMA), 2017, pp. 102e105. [8] J.K. Kaldellis, Penny Wise (Solar, Wind) Pound Foulish (Petroleum), 06 08 2017. [Online]. Available, https://mbaenergy.gr/fthinoi-sto-katharo-chrysafikai-akrivoi-sto-vromiko-petrelaio/. (Accessed 3 April 2018). [9] J.K. Kaldellis, D. Zafirakis, E. Kondili, Improved wind energy production prediction for remote Aegean Sea islands, in: IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2017 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), 2017. INSPEC Accession Number: 17030015, 13 07 2017. [10] J.K. Kaldellis, Gkikaki Ant, El Kaldelli, M. Kapsali, Investigating the Energy Autonomy of Very Small Non-interconnected Islands A Case Study: Agathonisi, Greece, Energy for Sustainable Development, 2012, pp. 476e485, 19 08. [11] G. Tzanes, E. Zafeiraki, C. Papapostolou, D. Zafirakis, K. Moustris, K. Kavadias, K. Chalvatzis, John K. Kaldellis, Assessing the status of electricity generation in the non-interconnected islands of the Aegean Sea region, Energy Procedia 159 (February 2019) 424e429. [12] RAE, Decision RAE N. 616/2016, Regulatory Authority for Energy, Athens, 2016. [13] Simona Cavallini, Rossella Soldi, Julia Friedl, Margherita Volpe (consortium Progress Consulting S.r.l. & Fondazione FORMIT), Using the Quadruple Helix Approach to Accelerate the Transfer of Research and Innovation Results to Regional Growth, Committee of the Regions, European Union, 2016. [14] European University Association, The Design of Missions in the Next Framework Programme, European University Association, Brussels, 2018. [15] IEA, Digitalization and Energy, International Agency of Energy, 2017. [16] N. Hatziargyriou, The microgrids concept, in: In Microgrids Architectures and Control, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Athens, 2014, p. 2. [17] Schot Johan, FrankW. Geels, Strategic Niche Management and Sustainable Innovation Journeys: Theory, Findings,research Agenda, and Policy, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 09 05 2008, pp. 537e554. [18] Greenpeace Greece & REScoop.eu, Energy Communities in Greece: New Legislation, 2018. [Online]. Available, https://www.rescoop.eu. (Accessed 1 April 2018). [19] Ioannis Kougias, Sandor Szabo, Alexandros Nikitas, Nicolaos Theodossiou, Sustainable energy modelling of non-interconnected Mediterranean islands, Renew. Energy 133 (2019) 930e940, 25 10 2018. [20] EC, Innovation and Networks Executive Agency, European Commission [Online]. Available, https://ec.europa.eu. (Accessed 1 April 2018). [21] T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 50th ed., University of Chicago Press, United States, 1962. [22] Clark A. Miller, Alastair Iles & Christopher F. Jones, The social dimensions of energy transitions, Sci. Cult. (2013) 135e148, 30 05. [23] M.,B. Trivedi, B.H. Shah, Scale up of API, International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 2012, pp. 190e196, 1 04. [24] Alexis D'Agostino, Jolene Wun, Anu Narayan, Manisha Tharaney, Defining Scale-Up of Nutrition Projects, US AID, Arlington, VA 22209 USA, 2012. [25] Tilos Project, TILOS Report Summary [Online]. Available, https://cordis.europa. eu. (Accessed 3 April 2018). [26] TilosHorizon, TilosHorizon [Online]. Available, https://www.tiloshorizon.eu. (Accessed 2 April 2018). [27] Interreg Europe, Renewable Energy Communities, Interreg Europe, 2018. [28] Samsø Energy Academy, Samsø a Renewable Energy Island 10 Years of Development and Evaluation, Samsø Energy Academy, 2017. [29] EU InnivatE, SOM ENERGIA A Renewable Energy Cooperative Changing the Spanish Market, FP7, 2017. [30] CITYNVEST, MODEL 25, ECOPOWER, 2017. [31] Simon Luyts, Collaboration between Local Authorities, KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management, STOCKHOLM, 2017.
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Renewable Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
TILOS local scale Technology Innovation enabling low carbon energy transition D. Boulogiorgou, P. Ktenidis* Soft Energy Applications & Environmental Protection Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica, P.O. Box 41046, 12201, Athens, Greece
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 23 December 2018 Received in revised form 3 April 2019 Accepted 21 June 2019 Available online 22 June 2019
Community renewable energy and citizens' energy needs are crucial issues on the global political agenda. The indispensable legislative and regulatory, while also the necessary technological, societal and behavioral developments in order to support the energy transition will require public understanding and ownership to deliver their full potential. The main discussion is how to enable low-carbon energy transitions based on renewable-energy technologies such as wind turbines, solar panels, biogas plants or geothermal plants. Digitalization of energy and distributed storage are shaping the future of electricity use. Micro Grids (MG) on the other hand represent the means by which the purpose will be achieved. In Tilos island Technology Innovation for the Local Scale Optimum Integration of Battery Energy Storage (TILOS) case, it has been identified that the Quadruple Helix's (QH) components are accelerating the transfer of research and innovation results to regional growth while stressing the replicating potentials. Taking into consideration all parameters involved, while learning from pioneers' evidence, low-carbon energy transition and energy supply for isolated areas can be achieved. Finally the energy ecosystem space metamorphosis creates the new emerging structures and norms. © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Islands Renewable energy sources Energy storage Smart microgrids Socio-technical transition Quadruple helix
1. Introduction Throughout human history, energy transitions has always been the ground for several kinds of changes. To start with, energy transition has improved energy flows that are associated with energy ‘production’ and ‘consumption’, actions that are coordinated through energy markets. Secondly, there has been a change in technologies used for extracting, transforming and utilizing energy. Thirdly there are changes concerning policies regulating the sociopolitical role of energy systems, such as modernizing a country, increasing its independence, or reducing poverty [1]. The European Commission launched the Citizens' Energy Forum in 2008. It aims to explore consumers' perspective in the new era of energy retail market. The citizens’ Forum 2018 focused on presenting innovative solutions on the energy retail market in terms of consumer engagement and business models [2]. Renewable energy projects have more and more been proposed in many places around the world, which has raised public skepticism on these developments about siting decisions that in many
* Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Ktenidis). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.130 0960-1481/© 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
cases is followed by intense conflicts and debates [3]. Greece is known forbeing a country of many islands of various sizes. Most of large and medium-sized islands present an acceptable status of life. This does not apply to small and very small islands. Electrification problems affectthe life quality of the specific areas. The adoption of alternative electricity generation schemes, such as RES based energy storage configurations, should be investigated [4]. In order to solve energy issues it is essential to integrate solutions at all societal and institutional levels. The main source of energy for the industrialized world is based on great quantities of oil and gas, making it difficult to embrace the shift to local renewable or low-carbon energy systems [5]. TILOS demonstrates the optimal integration of local scale energy storage in a fully operating smart MG, on the island of Tilos, located at the South East Aegean Sea, Greece. Tilos island is currently supplied with oil-based generated electricity via an undersea cable from Kos island. The research questions underlying this study are: How TILOS delivers “Energy Transition” combining distributed energy resources, digitalization of energy, storage, smart MG and citizens’ energy? How will the helix mechanism contribute to electricity
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system future? To date, most contributions are bounded by conceptual ambiguity while the field is a living lab, an evolving entity. Ongoing experimental research shapes the procedure.
through this Partnership via Regulation ePolicy DeploymenteKnowledge Transfer e Social and cultural transition. 3. Insularity
2. TILOS “Stand-alone hybrid systems have turned into one of the most promising ways to handle the electrification requirements of numerous isolated consumers worldwide, including country houses, remote farms, shelters, telecommunication stations, small islands, light houses etc.” [6] TILOS is a European Horizon 2020 project which covers three sections: excellent science, industrial leadership and societal challenges. The TILOS project was classified in third position in section societal challenges, subtopic of secure, clean and efficient energy: Local/small-scale storage-LCE-08-2014. TILOS project develops solutions for reaching the goal of the European Agenda 2020 of 20% renewable energy generation and greenhouse gas reduction targets 80-95% by 2050. The main objective is to maximize the use of clean energy in covering the electricity needs of the Tilos island. The participation of the Tilos residents in this project promotes sustainable energy models with the aim of increasing energy autonomy. “In this context, a new prototype, hybrid system for electricity production and storage consisting of a 800 kW wind turbine, a 160 kW photovoltaic park and a 2.4 MWh/800 kW NaNiCl2 FIAMM battery for energy storage, is being constructed. A smart micro-grid, coordinating the operation of the system, is also developed in order to achieve the highest possible electricity autonomy and balance between intermittent Renewable Energy System (RES) like wind and PV, electricity production and electricity demand.” [7]. TILOS transforms energy system into a new smarter and more inclusive one. It creates a new smart integrated energy system with greater levels of decentralization e delivering a secure, resilient, clean, low carbon and affordable energy system. In addition it manages to minimise energy demand; diversify energy sources; maximise cost effective combinations of storage options; deploy smart platforms, technologies and management. TILOS project structures an energy market that recognises and rewards all players in enabling the transition to a flexible demand-led energy system. Norms change allowing to enable the Energy Transition (ET)
According to the Amsterdam Treaty, declaration No. 30, "… insular regions suffer from structural handicaps linked to their island status, the permanence of which impairs their economic and social development”. In this context, it is important to note that even today many of the European islands suffer from the so called insularity. 3.1. Greek islands In sunny and windy Greece, transportations throughout the Aegean Sea encounter struggles and difficulties due to the continuous winds of 6 and 7 Beaufort. (10.8e14.4 m/s) [8]. Kea, Chios, Kythnos, Naxos, Andros, Ikaria, Karpathos and Mykonos islands wind potential for typical wind years are presented in Table 1 [9]. Greek islands have excellent Renewable Energy Sources (RES) potentials. Small island communities all over the world face serious water and energy infrastructure problems. The electricity production for Greek Non Interconnected Islands (NII) exceeding in many cases 200V/MWh, while in very small islands this cost may even reach 1000V/MWh [10,11] (see Fig. 1). 3.2. Greek non Interconnected Islands regulation According to the Greek law and legislation the islands of the country, interconnected and not connected to the mainland, have been designated as saturated areas for wind and photovoltaic technologies [12]. Renewable Agency of Energy (RAE) determines by decision, the potential of the development of RES stations by area of a saturated network. Specifically for NII, the submission of the proposal by the NII Manager after a relevant study is necessary. Regulation, energy and environmental reasons indicating small islands as the research field where we observe impacts from the innovation meeting regulations. Creating excelled living labs where scientific project diffuse into society and resolve energy production issues.
Table 1 Greek Islands Wind Potential Characteristics [9]. Island Area
Main Annual Wind Speed (m/s)
Standard Deviation (m/s)
Calm spells' (<4 m/s) annual & max duration (hours)
Kea Chios Kythnos Naxos Andros Ikaria Karpathos Mykonos
5.48 5.79 6.36 6.94 9.16 9.3 9.09 11.16
4.07 4.60 4.62 4.22 4.85 5.14 5.29 6.63
3795e174 3653e83 3120e57 2427e71 1147e35 1614e45 1734e83 1285e38
Fig. 1. Total cost production for Greek NII 2017 [11].
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4. Quadruple Helix The Triple Helix (TH) concept and the Quadruple Helix (QH) approach are grounded on the idea that innovation is the outcome of an interactive process involving different spheres of actors. Each contributes according to its ‘institutional’ function in society. Local and regional authorities have an important role in Helix Models, integrating knowledge and skills in innovative thinking, community building, regulation, grants and rewards. Most important role of QH is that it provides Energy Culture to local community for sustainable energy use. The QH approach is far from being considered as a wellestablished concept in innovation research and policy. Common to all of the proposed versions is the inclusion of a fourth sphere/ helix to the TH model interacting between university, industry and government [13]. Universities across Europe have an important role in the delivery of energy transition and heading Quadruple Helix concept due to their trustful institutions profile, Non-profit character, connectivity with society, and their role for Knowledge transfer. They are truly transversal actors, as reflected in their current success across most pillars and thematic areas of Horizon 2020. Universities are, moreover, highly-responsive to societal needs and adept in addressing grand challenges. This is also mirrored in novel and agile institutional set-ups all across Europe. Last but not least, according to Eurostat, European universities educate and train 19.5 million students per year, an estimated 738,000 doctoral candidates and are home to almost 710,000 researchers. The university sector in Europe is therefore the world largest reservoir of creative, innovative and highly-skilled people who fuel the continent's labour market and economy and who will do so in the future [14]. TILOS is exclusively a European demonstration and research project with 13 participating enterprises and institutes from 7 European countries (DE, FR, EL, UK, SE, IT, ES). In the leading role of that consortium, Universities are providing innovation. Policy makers and public institutions adjust the legal framework formation, enterprises are helping commercialize the research and community engagement activates a sustainable future of energy. It
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provides an excellent research field for studying the QH mechanism as the environment that evolve energy transition. Tilos island offered as a natural living lab where are examined the sustainability and the interoperability of the energy solution that TILOS provides reaching sustainable energy transition solutions. 5. Energy transition One of the ground-breaking objectives of TILOS project is to address energy supply problems of island regions through the implementation of optimally integrated local scale RES-based energy storage systems, a quest that will advance collaboration with grid interconnectors [10]. Energy Efficiency Directive [COM (2013)762] points out the need of increased energy efficiency to all stages of energy chain from generation to final consumption. The transition to low-carbon energy systems is driving to improved energy access, accelerating the provision of low-cost, decentralized clean energy services, and hence directly contributing to social related issues like energy poverty reduction. Sustainable Energy Transition requires reforming the energy mix and revision of the regulatory framework by establishing a new era energy model in order to succeed the UN's Sustainable Development Goals SDG7 highlighting the importance of affordable and clean energy. 5.1. Energy transition network The Transition of Energy Sector is not a linear procedure. It's a technical issue involving crucial societal aspects. Scientific approach is the only way to understand the roadmap of this transition and make it happen successful and controlled. Record and valuation for every energy project are providing more valid forecasts for every new one. TILOS project used as an example, according to Fig. 2, to picture the roadmap of the transition taking place in Tilos island energy sector during the implementation of the innovative Energy Storage System. Energy Transitions’ 4Ds (Decentralization,
Fig. 2. Casual Loop Energy Transition Network. R: reinforcing loop; B: balancing loop.
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Decarbonisation, Digitalization and Democratization) are covered with main interactions aiming a sustainable energy solution using QH. 5.2. Digitalization of energy The digital world has three fundamental elements: Data: digital information Analytics: the use of data to produce useful information and insights Connectivity: exchange of data between humans, devices and machines (including machine-to-machine), through digital communications networks [15]. The first stage of the TILOS system commissioning took off on the island of Tilos, in mid-September 2017, encompassing installation of the Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) control room, establishment of communication between the former and the existing measuring equipment (weather stations and grid load meters) and test-installation of the smart-meter & Demand Side Management (DSM) prototype in a number of energy consumers, households and enterprises, of the island. Digitalization of energy provides a more efficient use of energy and assists to achieve energy efficiency targets. 5.3. Energy storage Advanced new energy storage seeks to respond to energy autonomy challenges, encompassing technical, market, and socialregulatory aspects, which call for the consideration of a holistic approach. To this end, TILOS project aspires to consider all of the above aspects, aiming also at the emergence of new applications for energy storage. At the technological level, TILOS challenges the potential of a single battery storage type to support a bundle of services and interacts with the rest of components in a smart MG energy system. Furthermore, it designates the interoperability between centralized and distributed energy storage employing aspects of DSM. At the market level, the study of different MG operation modes provides useful information on the value that can be assigned to energy storage services in a different operational context each time. At the social-regulatory level, through the engagement of the local population and the deeper understanding of public perception towards the novel system implemented on Tilos island, TILOS produces recommendations for regulatory and policy support measures, while takes into consideration public engagement, mainly with regards to distributed heat storage and DSM.
5.4. Smart MG MG are modern, small-scale versions of the centralized electricity system. Smart MG are an ideal way to integrate renewable resources on the community level and allow for customer participation in the electricity enterprise [16]. The main objective of TILOS is the development and operation of a prototype battery system based on NaNiCl2 batteries, provided with an optimum, real-environment smart grid control system and coping with the challenge of supporting multiple tasks, including:
Micro grid energy management Maximization of Renewable Energy System (RES) penetration Grid stability Export of guaranteed energy Ancillary services to the main grid of Kos.
The battery system supports both stand-alone and gridconnected operation, while proves its interoperability with the rest of micro grid components, such as demand side management aspects and distributed, residential heat storage in the form of domestic hot water. 5.5. Citizens’ participation Strategic Niche Management (SNM) either as frame or as tool supports the societal introduction of reforming sustainable innovations. The SNM approach suggests that sustainable innovation can be facilitated by creating technological niches. If such niches were constructed appropriately, they would act as building components for broader societal changes towards sustainable development [17]. Over the last months, Greece has made gradual and steady steps towards the promotion of energy democracy and boosting citizens’ participation. Last January, the new law on energy communities was voted in the Greek Parliament: it defined the role of citizens in the energy sector, giving particular emphasis on the promotion of social economy and on fighting energy poverty [18]. Aiming to deliver a novel, integrated energy solution, i.e. the TILOS system, TILOS project addresses different innovation aspects and goes beyond the state of the art at several levels. The design and execution of training seminars for the local population has gradually achieved a high degree of engagement. 6. Greek non Interconnected Islands The Smart Islands Initiative portrays islands as ideal test-beds that can host pilot and infrastructure management [19]. This knowledge will guide transitions in cases of mountainous, rural and generally geographically isolated areas but also scaled-up in cities. A number of examples is presented in Table 2. 7. TILOS paradigm Is TILOS Project a “Paradigm Change”? TILOS project is a decentralized MG holding since January 2018 a Power Purchase Agreement for a hybrid power station. The project provides solution for the new era of electrification for isolated areas. Through energy efficiency, autonomy and continuous learning the project became an energy culture paradigm change. TILOS project is testing the integration of an innovative local-scale, molten-salt battery (NaNiCl2) energy-storage system, in the real grid environment on the island of Tilos (Greece). It is planned to test smart grid control systems and provision of multiple services, ranging from the MG energy management, maximization of RES penetration and grid stability, to the export of guaranteed energy amounts and provision of ancillary services to the main grid. The battery system is used to support both stand-alone and grid-connected operations, while ensuring its interoperability with the rest of MG components and demand side management. If successful, this energy storage technology could be widely replicated on islands to complement and encourage the use of variable renewable energy sources [20]. In Fig. 3 is clear how Kuhn challenged the world's current conception of science, which was a steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas [21]. “Energy systems are socio-technological systems that involve
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Table 2 Greek Islands Projects data: www.deddie.gr Greek Islands Projects ISLAND
Kythnos
TIME/TABLE
A phase 1982 five wind turbines of 100 kW total capacity 1983 photovoltaic plant, 100 kWp 1989 Exchange of the wind turbines (5 33 kW) 165 kW 1998 Installation of the 500 kW wind turbine 2000 Operation of the new fully automatic autonomous power supply system with a 500 kW battery storage 2001 Installation of three new small stand-alone modular hybrid systems and AC coupled PV systems ENERGY DEMAND 2017 9.673 MWh AVERAGE POWER 2.96 MW DEMAND 2012e2016 CATEGORY SMALL5 MW
B phase Kythnos Microgrid of 12 houses comprising PVs and Batteries (52 kWh), 9 kVA Diesel (only back-up), flexible loads (1-2 kW irrigation pumps), Intelligent Load Controllers
not only machines, pipes, mines, refineries, and devices but also the humans who design and make technologies, develop and manage routines, while also use and consume energy.” [22]. TILOS gave a strong message through its participation in the historic United Nations Climate Change Conference, Conference of Parties (COP) 21 that was held in Paris in 2015. It did so by standing as an exemplary small island case that evidently fights against climate change and its consequences for island regions worldwide. A status recognized and internationally promoted in COP23, Bonn 2017. TILOS regards energy systems as sociotechnical ones and provides sustainable solutions embodying contemporary technologies and following open innovative models like QH. Scale up is the act of using results obtained from laboratory studies for designing a prototype and a pilot plant process. It is a place where the “5 M's” like money, material, man, method and
• There is no concensesus in any particular theory • Several incombatible and incomplete theories
Ikaria
Agios Efstratios
Sifnos
Ikaria hybrid power station: Consisting of 1.05 MW small hydro, 3 MW pumped storage and 2.7 MW wind farm (Almost completed)
The project of “Green Island - Agios Efstratios” is a research demonstration plan aiming to achieve 100% RES electricity penetration in the island. In this project, wind generators, photovoltaic systems, and biomass plants were constructed to replace some of the oil power stations.
SIC's project refers to a Hybrid Power Station consisting of a wind park and a pumped storage plant. It is foreseen to have the capacity to generate all the energy required in Sifnos through only Renewable Energy Sources (RES). All new facilities to be installed, will become a key objective of protecting the environment and the tourism product of the island, which is expected to increase
29.870 MWh 7.30 MW
1.136 MWh 0.32 MW
18.829 MWh 6.10 MW
MEDIUM>5 100 MW
SMALL 5 MW
MEDIUM>5 100 MW
machine are brought together for the manufacturing of the products [23]. This proposed definition underlines key principles for effective, wide-scale implementation, as well as a measurement of the effectiveness of scale-up efforts. Fig. 4 provides the four components that are essentially considered to define and measure scaleup efforts. (Proven efficacy, Quality, Equity, Sustainability) [24].
Fig. 4. Components of Scale up.
• Progress in normal science may reveal anomalies • In some cases, they may accumulate to the point where normal science becomes difficult and where weaknesses in the old paradigm are revealed • The phase in wich the underlying assumptions of the field are reexamined and a new paradigm is established
• The new paradigm's dominance is established and so scientists return to normal science, solving puzzles with the new paradigm
Fig. 3. Paradigm change.
Fig. 5. Replicability.
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TILOS project is Greece's first hybrid power station from Renewable Energy Sources, with a signed Power Purchase Agreement. The project combines RES production with storage systems in accumulators. It consists of an 800 kW wind turbine, a 160 kW photovoltaic and a battery with a storage capacity of 2.8 MWh, which can cover the energy requirements of Tilos Island for one and a half days in low demand periods [25]. Sustainability provided not only by project's nature; RES but also from the strategic planning; how we use produced energy. Equity is built through trust and knowledge is transfered to local population of islands by sharing a model. Quality is embodied to innovative character and scientific standards while proven efficacy is certain by the sociotechnical approach. TILOS is not limited to the demonstration and operation of the proposed hybrid power station, but also extends into taking account of additional attributes capturing business and social science disciplines. TILOS encourages increased levels of public engagement that facilitates the implementation of the proposed energy solution [26] and establish a lesson-learnt. The TILOS project, which belongs to Innovation and Networks Executive Agency's (INEA) Horizon 2020 energy portfolio, celebrated success at the European Sustainable Energy Week (EUSEW 2017). It's been named the best energy island project as well as the citizens' choice, winning two EU Sustainable Energy Awards. The prizes recognize outstanding innovation in energy efficiency and renewables. In order to achieve greater results there is a need to
replicate pioneers (Fig. 5). Table 3 briefly presents the project's innovations that make it potential paradigm, which could be replicable and scaled-up. Furthermore, according to the energy and grid studies, TILOS system is designed to achieve high RES shares, in the order of 70% for the entire island of Tilos (equivalent to ~1.7 kt of CO2 emission savings otherwise produced by the oil-based power station of Kos island), which is beyond the state of art, while also increasing the reliability of the Tilos network and offering ancillary services to the host grid of Kos and Kalymnos. 8. Community renewable energy Renewable energy communities consists of group of citizens, social entrepreneurs, public authorities and community organisations that are actively involved in the Energy Transition by jointly investing in, producing, selling and distributing renewable energy. Decentralization of energy production and storage enables more people and businesses to participate in the energy system, creating the emergence of new business models and ownership structures of energy infrastructure. The terms “renewable energy community” is often used to describe such developments [27]. Table 4 describes the features of Quadruple Helix for European Renewable Energy Community examples and TILOS project [26,28e31].
Table 3 TILOS a Lighthouse case. PARADIGM CHANGE Scientific and technological paradigms are comprised of beliefs, assumptions, perceived problems, intended solutions, and the community that contains these components TILOS project is to address energy supply problems of island regions, through the implementation of optimally integrated, local scale, RES-based energy storage systems that can also confront collaboration with grid interconnectors. Production license for the hybrid, RES battery power station of Tilos island, the first of its kind in Greece and among very few in Europe. Two prototypes, i.e. the integrated battery-inverter system and the smart meter & DSM device, both featuring innovative characteristics and comprising key elements of the integrated TILOS solution. Established as the blueprint for local-scale batterybased hybrid stations, TILOS also influenced the making of the New Development Law of Greece (4399/2016)
REPLICABILITY Data replicability simply means that it is possible for an experiment to be carried out again, either by the same scientist or another.
SCALE UP It is a place where the 5 M's like money, material, man, method and machine are brought together for the manufacturing of the products.
Integration of high energy density and scalable battery storage solutions can offer flexibility and diversity to the industrial sector.
TILOS project is Greece's first hybrid power station from Renewable Energy Sources, with a signed Power Purchase Agreement.
Diffusion of RES systems in the residential sector (e.g. building-integrated PVs) together with smart-metering and DSM Utility-scale applications considering both peakshaving and power quality services could also be confronted by multi-tasking battery technologies that, owed to their scalability, are not limited to local level applications. Through project implementation, industrial partners aim at the development of a standardized integrated battery storage system, i.e. the TILOS system that will then be offered as a commercial solution, able to satisfy multiple energy tasks.
TILOS Project is the only integrated energy autonomy project of a Non-Interconnected Island in Hellenic territory. Social issues are also well considered through public engagement, and by developing novel business models and policy instruments
TILOS is a multinational European demonstration and research project. A strong and diverse consortium, setting high standards and covering all aspects of the problem investigated, while also guaranteeing project success.
Table 4 Quadruple Helix features for TILOS project and Renewable Energy Community projects [26,28e31], CASE
Quadruple Helix Features
PROJECT
STARTED 2018
11 Land Based Wind Turbines 11 MW& 10 off shore Wind Turbines 23 MW Buying Renewable Energy as a collective/Transform the Country's Energy Sector Renewable Energy Projects/Consulting Services to Municipalities Coordinating the Energy Transition/ Facilitates the collaboration between deferent players Hybrid Power Station/TILOS Project/ 0,96 MW
1997
GOVERNMENT INDUSTRY SOCIETY ACADEMIA Samsø (WIND) YES
NO
YES
NO
Som Energia
NO
NO
YES
YES
Ecopower cvba YES
NO
YES
NO
Leuven2030
NO
NO
YES
NO
TILOS
YES
YES
YES
YES
2010
1991 2013
2015
Energy production responds to island demand/ energy sales/reduces CO2 by 140% since 1997 Purchase and sale Renewable Energy 53976 Members Purchase and sale Renewable Energy 53500 Members Public Awareness/Consulting Services to Municipalities Trial Operation
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9. Conclusions Arguably, one of the most significant accomplishment of TILOS is the issuance of the production license for the hybrid, RES battery power station of Tilos Island, the first of its kind in Greece and among very few in Europe as a concrete deployed paradigm. The specific decision is believed to have signaled the beginning of a new era for the promotion of battery storage in both Greek and European island regions, with the licensed power station comprising of 800 kW of wind power, 160 kW of PV power and a battery storage system of two energy accumulators of the NaNiCl2 technology with storage capacity 1.44 MWh/400 kW each, thus, providing a guaranteed power output of 400 kW for 5 h per day [25]. TILOS project is a leading integrated energy autonomy project of a Non-Interconnected Island in Hellenic territory. TILOS is not just a paradigm but according to the facts presented is a beacon for Energy Culture, Energy Education, Energy Efficiency and Energy Autonomy for Non-Interconnected Islands. Implementation of a Scientific Plan of high technological research level provided grounded evidence of sustainable innovation, combining all actors of QH in a harsh environment during some challenging period with a strong local community partnership offering distinct knowledge and structuring a robust resilient energy transition. Acknowledgments The research leading to this paper was TILOS, a European research project which belongs to Innovation and Networks Executive Agency's (INEA) Horizon 2020 energy portfolio. The authors wish to thank project coordinator Dimitris Zafirakis, DirectorateGeneral for Energy (DG Ener), project TILOS team, Tilos island mayor Maria Kamma and local community, for participating and supporting helpful discussions pertaining to ideas described in the paper. References [1] Aleh Cherpa, Vadim Vinichenko, Jessica Jewell, Elina Brutschin, Benjamin Sovacool, Integrating techno-economic, socio-technical and political perspectives on national energy transitions: a meta-theoretical framework, Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 37 (2018) 175e190, 2 11 2017. [2] European Commission [Online] Available, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/ annual-citizens-energy-forums. (Accessed 21 October 2018). [3] J.K. Kaldellis, M. Kapsali, El Kaldelli, Ev Katsanou, Comparing recent views of public attitude on wind energy, photovoltaic and small hydro applications, Renew. Energy 52 (2013) 197e208, 23 11 2012. [4] J.K. Kaldellis, D. Zafirakis, E.L. Kaldelli, K. Kavadias, Cost benefit analysis of a photovoltaic-energy storage electrification solution for remote islands, Renew. Energy 34 (2009) 1299e1311, 11 11 2008. [5] Matthew J. Burkea, Jennie C. Stephensb, “Political power and renewable energy futures: a critical review,” Energy Research & Social Science, Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 35 (78e93) (2018), 15 11 2017. [6] J.K. Kaldellis, “An integrated model for performance simulation of hybrid
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