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Tissue fluid in trypanosomiasis
LABORATORY MEETING
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and GARNHAM (1966), it seems probable that the Ibadan parasite is a strain of Plasmodium
vaughani. A similar parasite was found in weaver birds which were also trapped in the mist-net. T h e weaver strain was passaged into yellow-fronted canaries (Serinus mozambicus) which were brought to Liverpool, and is now being maintained in canaries (S. canarius) at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. REFERENCES GARNHAM, P. C. C. (1966). Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia. Oxford: Blackwell Scientic Publications. LAIRD, M. (1962). J. Protozool., 9, 21. MANWELL, R. D. (1935). Am. J. Hyg., 21, 180. MOHAMMED, A. H. H. (1958). Protozoal Blood Parasites of Egyptian Birds. 1. Cairo University Press.
? sp. t r y p a n o s o m e s i n t h e s e m i - d i g e s t e d b l o o d m e a l o f a f e m a l e Culex pipiens c o l l e c t e d i n a n o u t h o u s e i n late A u g u s t 1971. C o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n o 6 c y s t s o f P. vivax a n d P. berghei as s e e n i n s e c t i o n s o f Anopheles stephensi P. G. S H U T E AND M. M A R Y O N
Malaria Reference Laboratory, Horton Hospital, Epsom ? sp. trypanosomes in the semi-digested blood meal of a female Culex pipiens collected in an outhouse in late August, 1971. T h e erythrocytes were nucleated. Our indigenous Culex pipiens have never been found feeding on any species of mammal. Section of mature and normal P. vivax o6cysts developing on the gut wall of A.
stephensi. Note: A. stephensi readily and heavily become infected with o6cysts of P. berghei when fed on mice with gametocytes, even after the 42nd direct blood passage. Sporozoites in the salivary glands are always scanty. As far as we know, no species of Anopheles has been found to be healthy carriers of P. berghei compared with, e . g . A , stephensi and human species of Plasmodia.
T i s s u e fluid i n t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s L. G. G O O D W I N , M. W. G U Y AND B. E. B R O O K E R
Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, Regent's Park, London Professor J. S. Calnan (Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital) has devised a technique for collecting tissue fluid, which we have applied to animals infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Plastic "hair-curlers" are implanted subcutaneously; tissue fluid collects inside them in 7-10 days and can be withdrawn at any time with a syringe. New, very vascular tissue forms around the curler, penetrates the orifices and forms a continuous sheet on the inner surface, which, in the rabbit, is complete in 3-4 weeks. T h e curlers can be removed under anaesthesia, and those made of soft plastic (such as " M i m i " brand; Woolworths), can readily be sectioned on the microtome. I n rabbits infected with T. brueei dividing parasites can be found in the fluid, and the tissue contains many mononuclear cells and enormous numbers of trypanosomes. T h e technique offers opportunities for investigating the effects of infections on tissue fluid constitutents, including immunologically active proteins, and should be useful in many fields of parasitology.
Tr),panosoma bruce/in the h a e m o c o e l e o f Glossina A. S. M S H E L B W A L A
Protozoology Section, Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Vom, Nigeria During the cyclical development of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly, trypanosomes are usually found in the midgut, proventriculus, hypopharynx and salivary glands (ROBERTSON, 1913). T h e only natural Occurrence of trypanosomes in the haemocoele of tsetse flies
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and GARNHAM (1966), it seems probable that the Ibadan parasite is a strain of Plasmodium
vaughani. A similar parasite was found in weaver birds which were also trapped in the mist-net. T h e weaver strain was passaged into yellow-fronted canaries (Serinus mozambicus) which were brought to Liverpool, and is now being maintained in canaries (S. canarius) at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. REFERENCES GARNHAM, P. C. C. (1966). Malaria Parasites and other Haemosporidia. Oxford: Blackwell Scientic Publications. LAIRD, M. (1962). J. Protozool., 9, 21. MANWELL, R. D. (1935). Am. J. Hyg., 21, 180. MOHAMMED, A. H. H. (1958). Protozoal Blood Parasites of Egyptian Birds. 1. Cairo University Press.
? sp. t r y p a n o s o m e s i n t h e s e m i - d i g e s t e d b l o o d m e a l o f a f e m a l e Culex pipiens c o l l e c t e d i n a n o u t h o u s e i n late A u g u s t 1971. C o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n o 6 c y s t s o f P. vivax a n d P. berghei as s e e n i n s e c t i o n s o f Anopheles stephensi P. G. S H U T E AND M. M A R Y O N
Malaria Reference Laboratory, Horton Hospital, Epsom ? sp. trypanosomes in the semi-digested blood meal of a female Culex pipiens collected in an outhouse in late August, 1971. T h e erythrocytes were nucleated. Our indigenous Culex pipiens have never been found feeding on any species of mammal. Section of mature and normal P. vivax o6cysts developing on the gut wall of A.
stephensi. Note: A. stephensi readily and heavily become infected with o6cysts of P. berghei when fed on mice with gametocytes, even after the 42nd direct blood passage. Sporozoites in the salivary glands are always scanty. As far as we know, no species of Anopheles has been found to be healthy carriers of P. berghei compared with, e . g . A , stephensi and human species of Plasmodia.
T i s s u e fluid i n t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s L. G. G O O D W I N , M. W. G U Y AND B. E. B R O O K E R
Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, Regent's Park, London Professor J. S. Calnan (Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital) has devised a technique for collecting tissue fluid, which we have applied to animals infected with Trypanosoma brucei. Plastic "hair-curlers" are implanted subcutaneously; tissue fluid collects inside them in 7-10 days and can be withdrawn at any time with a syringe. New, very vascular tissue forms around the curler, penetrates the orifices and forms a continuous sheet on the inner surface, which, in the rabbit, is complete in 3-4 weeks. T h e curlers can be removed under anaesthesia, and those made of soft plastic (such as " M i m i " brand; Woolworths), can readily be sectioned on the microtome. I n rabbits infected with T. brueei dividing parasites can be found in the fluid, and the tissue contains many mononuclear cells and enormous numbers of trypanosomes. T h e technique offers opportunities for investigating the effects of infections on tissue fluid constitutents, including immunologically active proteins, and should be useful in many fields of parasitology.
Tr),panosoma bruce/in the h a e m o c o e l e o f Glossina A. S. M S H E L B W A L A
Protozoology Section, Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research, Vom, Nigeria During the cyclical development of Trypanosoma brucei in the tsetse fly, trypanosomes are usually found in the midgut, proventriculus, hypopharynx and salivary glands (ROBERTSON, 1913). T h e only natural Occurrence of trypanosomes in the haemocoele of tsetse flies