- Email: [email protected]
Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project of Japan, CO2 Injection in Progress
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
EnergyProcedia Procedia00154 (2018) 3–8 Energy (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, CCUS 2018, 27–29 June 2018, Perth, Australia
Tomakomai Demonstration Project of Heating Japan,and CO TheCCS 15th International Symposium on District Cooling 2 Injection in Progress Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor a a a a Yoshihiro Sawada *, Jiro Tanaka Chiyoko Suzuki , Daijiheat Tanase , Yutaka forecast Tanakaa temperature function for a, long-term district demand a
Japan CCS Co., Ltd., SAPIA TOWER 19F, 1-7-12, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 JAPAN
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
A large-scale CCS demonstration project is being undertaken by the Japanese government in the Tomakomai area, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The objective is to demonstrate the viability of a full CCS system, from CO2 capture to injection and storage. One hundred thousand tonnes/year or more of CO2 is being injected and stored in offshore saline aquifers in the Tomakomai port area. The implementation of this project has been commissioned to Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS) by the New Energy and Abstract Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) with the subsidies for the operating expenses by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry District heating networks are(METI). commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the The CO2 source a pressure swing adsorption offgas fromsystems a hydrogen production unit (HPU) of anareoilreturned refinerythrough locatedthe in the greenhouse gas is emissions from the building sector. These require high investments which heat offgas to the Tomakomai demonstration projectcould CO2 decrease, capture coastal area of Theconditions HPU provides CO2 richrenovation sales. Due to Tomakomai the changed Port. climate and building policies, heat demand in the future facility via athe 1.4investment km pipeline. In the capture facility, gaseous CO2 of 99% or higher purity is recovered from the offgas by a prolonging return period. commercially proven amine scrubbing process with a design capacity of 200,000 per year. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demandtonnes – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Atforecast. the injection facility, the gaseous CO2 inis Lisbon compressed and injected different offshore reservoirs (Moebetsu The district of Alvalade, located (Portugal), was usedinto as two a case study. The district is consisted of 665 Formation/sandstone layers Takinoueperiod Formation/volcanic two dedicated deviatedhigh) injection wells.district The buildings that vary in both and construction and typology. rocks Three layers) weatherbyscenarios (low, medium, and three storage pointsscenarios are located at 3developed to 4 km offshore. renovation were (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were The project with is scheduled to run between heat the period ofmodel, JFY 2012 - 2020 (JFY is from of calendar to following March). compared results from a dynamic demand previously developed andApril validated by the year authors. began in April The injection of CO2 willthe bemargin conducted for three and monitoring for applications five years. The of CO2 that Theinjection results showed when only 2016. weather change is considered, of error couldyears be acceptable for some The 300,000 was tonnes in total years. (theinjection error in target annualis demand lower thanover 20%three for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation The main features of value this project are:up 1) to Extensive monitoringon system in seismically active country, 2) combination Deviated COconsidered). scenarios, the error increased 59.5% (depending the weather and renovation scenarios 2 injection wells onshore to offshore, 3) Marine environmental by3.8% domestic London Protocol, 4) to Low The drilled value offrom slope coefficient increased on average within the survey range of up tolaw 8%reflecting per decade, that corresponds the energy COin process, 5) Injection of of CO22-139h area. decrease the number of heating hours during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and 2 capture 2 near urban renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-3-6268-7387; fax: +81-3-6268-7385.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, CCUS 2018. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, CCUS 2018. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.002
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Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Capture, Capture, Utilization Utilization and and Storage, Storage, CCUS CCUS 2018. 2018. Keywords: CCS demonstratoin project; seismically active country; deviated injection well; London Protocal; low capture energy; two-stage absorption system; low pressure flash tower; injection near urban area
1. Overview of Tomakomai Project A large-scale CCS demonstration project is being undertaken by the Japanese government in the Tomakomai area, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The objective is to demonstrate the viability of a full CCS system, from CO2 capture to injection and storage. One hundred thousand tonnes/year or more of CO2 is being injected and stored in offshore saline aquifers in the Tomakomai port area. The implementation of this project has been commissioned to Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS) by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) with the subsidies for the operating expenses by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The flow scheme of the Tomakomai Project is shown in Fig. 1.1. The CO2 source is a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) offgas from a hydrogen production unit (HPU) of an oil refinery located in the coastal area of Tomakomai Port. The HPU provides CO2 rich offgas to the Tomakomai demonstration project CO2 capture facility via a 1.4 km pipeline. In the capture facility, gaseous CO2 of 99% or higher purity is recovered from the offgas by a commercially proven amine scrubbing process with a design capacity of 200,000 tonnes per year. At the injection facility, the gaseous CO2 is compressed and injected into two different offshore reservoirs by two dedicated deviated injection wells. The storage points are located 3 to 4 km offshore. As the number of dedicated geological storage projects is small, the Tomakomai Project is gaining valuable experience in CO2 injection into deep saline aquifers, comprising a sandstone layer and a volcanic rock layer. A schematic geological section is shown in Fig. 1.2. The shallow reservoir (Moebetsu Formation) is located at a depth of approximately 1,000 m below the seabed. This reservoir is a Lower Quaternary saline aquifer, mainly composed of sandstone and is approximately 200 m thick. The deep reservoir (Takinoue Formation) is located at a depth of approximately 2,400 m below the seabed. This reservoir is a Miocene saline aquifer composed of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and is approximately 600 m thick. The project is scheduled to run between the period of JFY 2012 - 2020 (JFY is from April of calendar year to following March) to demonstrate the viability of a full-cycle CCS system, from CO2 capture to injection and storage. The construction and commissioning of the onshore facilities was completed in March 2016, and CO2 injection began in April 2016. The injection of CO2 will be conducted for three years and monitoring for five years.
Fig. 1.1 Flow scheme of Tomakomai Project.
Fig. 1.2 Schematic Geological Section.
Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
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The cumulative injected volume is 207,209 tonnes as of September 1st, 2018. The injection rate varied between 7.6~25.3 tonnes/hr (180~600 tonnes/day), as it depends on the supply of CO2 containing gas from the oil refinery. The bottom hole pressure was 9.2MpaG before injection and reached 10MpaG during injection at a maximum injection rate of 600 tonnes/day. The bottom hole pressure at the maximum injection rate is much smaller than the allowable upper limit of the injection pressure (12.6MPaG) which was set at 90% of the breaking strength of the overlying cap rock. The permeability of the Moebetsu Formation is high. The injection into the Takinoue Formation (volcanic rocks) started in February, 2018. The analysis of initial injection results is underway. It is expected that the injectivity of the Takinoue Formation will be very small due to its low permeability. 2. Features of Tomakomai Project 2.1 Feature 1: Extensive monitoring system in a seismically active country To confirm the safety and stability of CO2 injection, it is necessary to monitor the CO2 behavior in the reservoirs and conduct observation continuously to detect any CO2 leakage. This is particularly important in a seismically active country. Japan is located in a very seismically active zone. Thus, the most important objective of the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project is to verify that: ・natural earthquakes have no influence on the CO2 stored ・no perceptible earth tremors are induced by the CO2 injected thereby removing concerns about CCS regarding earthquakes. To this end, an extensive monitoring system has been installed. The location of the wells and the monitoring facilities are shown in Fig. 2.1. The monitoring system is comprised of three observation wells equipped with pressure and temperature (PT) sensors, seismic sensors, comprehensive seismic instrumentation of one onshore seismic station, four ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) and an ocean bottom cable (OBC) with a total of 72 seismic censors. Baseline data acquisition of the monitoring system started from February 2016. A baseline 3D seismic survey was conducted in 2009 during the investigation period prior to the project, and a 2D seismic survey was conducted in 2013. The first time-lapse 2D seismic survey after the start of CO2 injection was conducted from January to February 2017 when the cumulative injection was at 7,200 tonnes, but did not show any anomaly. The first time-lapse 3D seismic survey was conducted from July to August 2017 at cumulative injection of 61,000 to 69,000 tonnes, and a clear anomaly was detected along the injection interval. Further data processing is currently underway.
Fig. 2.1 Location of wells and monitoring facilities.
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Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig. 2.2 Micro-Seismicity Monitoring Results.
Fig. 2.3 Natural Earthquakes Monitoring Results.
The micro-seismicity monitoring results are shown in Fig. 2.2. Before injection of CO2, a total of 9 events with a moment magnitude (Mw) of -0.09~0.24 were detected at depths of 5.9km~8.6km, whereas a total of 3 events with a Mw of 0.31~0.52 were detected at depths of 7.4km~7.7km after commencement of injection. As no micro-seismicity (Mw> -0.5) in/around the depth range of the reservoirs before and after the start of injection has been detected, it is deemed that the injection of CO2 has not induced micro-seismic activity. On July 1st, 2017, a natural earthquake of magnitude 5.1 occurred at a distance of about 40km from the CO2 injection area. The seismic intensity near the epicenter and in Tomakomai were approximately VI and IV respectively. At that time, injection was not being conducted due to annual maintenance of the facilities. As shown in Fig. 2.3, the borehole pressure and the borehole temperature maintained constant, and it was concluded that the large natural earthquake did not have any adverse effect on the stored CO2. On July 14th, 2017, injection was restarted, and the borehole pressure and temperature increased in response. 2.2 Feature 2: Deviated CO2 injection wells drilled from onshore to offshore The injection wells are shown in Fig. 2.4. The injection well for the Moebetsu Formation is an extended reach drilling (ERD) well with a maximum inclination of 83 degrees, a drill depth of 3,650 m, a vertical depth of 1,188 m and a horizontal reach of 3,058 m. The injection well for the Takinoue Formation has a maximum inclination of 72 degrees, a drill depth of 5,800 m, a vertical depth of 2,753 m and a horizontal reach of 4,346 m. The injection intervals of both injection wells exceed 1,100 m, and are completed with slotted or perforated liners.
Fig. 2.4 Injection wells for Tomakomai Project.
Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
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The injection wells were drilled from onshore to offshore, resulting in significant reduction of drilling, operation and maintenance costs, and the long injection interval length is intended to enhance injection efficiency. A tubing-retrievable safety value is installed in the upper portion of the tubing to prevent the blow out of CO2 in the extreme case the wellhead is destroyed by a tsunami. The tubing and casing are made of CO2 corrosion resistant steel (chrome steel), and CO2 resistant cement is used to prevent CO2 corrosion. 2.3 Feature 3: Marine environmental survey by domestic law reflecting London Protocol In Japan sub-seabed CO2 storage is governed by the Act for the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster reflecting the London 1996 Protocol, and regulated by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE). On February 22nd, 2016, METI submitted a permit application for offshore CO2 storage to MOE attaching a “Marine Environmental Survey Plan”. On March 31, 2016, METI received a 5-year permit from MOE. CO2 injection into Moebetsu Formation was launched on April 6, 2016. Since the start of CO2 injection, seasonal marine environmental surveys in compliance with the “Marine Environmental Survey Plan” have been conducted. The monitoring items are as follows: ・Seabed survey by side-scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler ・Current direction and speed survey by current meter ・Sampling of seawater by water sampler to obtain partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), dissolved oxygen (DO) etc. and plankton observation ・Seabed mud survey by bottom sampler ・Collection of benthos by net or dredge unit ・Observation of benthos by divers or ROV Baseline seasonal marine environmental surveys prior to CO2 injection were conducted from August 2013 to May 2014. 2.4 Feature 4: Low energy CO2 capture process The CO2 source is a hydrogen production unit (HPU) of an adjacent oil refinery, which supplies off gas containing approximately 50% CO2 from a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) hydrogen purification unit. In the capture facility, gaseous CO2 of 99% purity is recovered by a commercially proven amine scrubbing process (OASE® by BASF). A two-stage absorption system with a low pressure flash tower (LPFT) shown in Fig. 2.5 reduces the amine reboiler duty in the capture system, and an energy consumption of approximately 1.16 GJ/tonneCO2 for CO2 capture is achieved at almost maximum operation load. This is significantly lower than a conventional capture process for hydrogen production, which is typically around 2.5 GJ/tonne-CO2. The Tomakomai capture process utilizes the high pressure of the feed gas to the CO2 absorption tower and the high partial pressure of the CO2 in the feed gas. Around 70% of the CO2 is stripped at the LPFT and around 30% of the CO2 is stripped at the CO2 stripping tower. In the LPFT, CO2 is stripped by depressurization. The thermal energy of water vapor of entrained from the CO2 stripping tower is also utilized to strip CO2 in the LPFT. The greater part of semi-lean amine from the LPFT is returned to the CO2 absorption tower. As only the remaining smaller portion of semi-lean amine from the LPFT is sent to the CO2 stripping tower, the reboiler heat required is reduced. 2.5 Feature 5: Injection of CO2 near urban area Tomakomai City has a population of 172,000, and as the operation is taking place in the port area, intensive stakeholder engagement has been implemented since 2011. In 2011, when the city was still a candidate site, METI, JCCS and the local government hosted the first CCS forum in Tomakomai City, and shared information about CCS and the potential of this technology with the local citizens. A survey conducted in conjunction with the forum found that they were concerned due to their unfamiliarity with the technology, and requested open disclosure of information, confirmation of safety and reliability, and the dissemination
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Fig. 2.5 CO2 Capture Process.
Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig. 2.6 Public outreach activities.
of information to the younger generation as a technology for the future. On the basis of the survey results, we formulated the plans for our public outreach activities, as shown in Fig. 2.6. One of the most significant lessons we have learned from our public outreach experience is that there is no single formula that will work in all cases. Our core policy is the building of trust with each community we interact with, which we believe will broaden the opportunities for growing our audiences. 3. Conclusion A large-scale CCS demonstration project is being undertaken in the Tomakomai area, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan to demonstrate the viability of a full-cycle CCS system, from CO2 capture to injection and storage. One hundred thousand tonnes per year or more of CO2 is being captured, injected and stored in sub-seabed saline aquifers in Tomakomai Port. The construction and commissioning of the facilities was completed in March 2016, and CO2 injection began in April. CO2 injection will be conducted for three years, and monitoring for five years. An extensive monitoring system has been installed to confirm the safety and stability of CO2 injection. To date, it is deemed that the injection of CO2 has not induced micro-seismicity activity. Also, a large natural earthquake occurring some 40km from the project site did not have any effect on the stored CO2. The CO2 injection wells are deviated wells drilled from onshore to offshore which has resulted in a significant reduction of drilling, operation and maintenance costs, and a long injection interval length is intended to enhance injection efficiency. Japan has amended a domestic law reflecting the London Protocol, and the monitoring of the marine environment is being conducted in accordance with this law. A low energy CO2 capture process utilizing the high pressure of the feed gas to the CO2 absorption tower and the high partial pressure of the CO2 in the feed gas has been applied, and an energy consumption of approximately 1.16 GJ/tonne-CO2 for CO2 capture was achieved at almost maximum operation load. As the injection of CO2 is conducted near a large urban area, intensive stakeholder engagement is being implemented. CO2 injection into the Moebetsu Formation (sandstone layers) is proceeding smoothly. As of April 24th, 2018, 170,000 tonnes of CO2 has been injected. The target is to inject a total of 300,000 tonnes over three years. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express thanks to METI and NEDO for their kind permission to disclose information on the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project.
ScienceDirect Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
EnergyProcedia Procedia00154 (2018) 3–8 Energy (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, CCUS 2018, 27–29 June 2018, Perth, Australia
Tomakomai Demonstration Project of Heating Japan,and CO TheCCS 15th International Symposium on District Cooling 2 Injection in Progress Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor a a a a Yoshihiro Sawada *, Jiro Tanaka Chiyoko Suzuki , Daijiheat Tanase , Yutaka forecast Tanakaa temperature function for a, long-term district demand a
Japan CCS Co., Ltd., SAPIA TOWER 19F, 1-7-12, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 JAPAN
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
A large-scale CCS demonstration project is being undertaken by the Japanese government in the Tomakomai area, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The objective is to demonstrate the viability of a full CCS system, from CO2 capture to injection and storage. One hundred thousand tonnes/year or more of CO2 is being injected and stored in offshore saline aquifers in the Tomakomai port area. The implementation of this project has been commissioned to Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS) by the New Energy and Abstract Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) with the subsidies for the operating expenses by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry District heating networks are(METI). commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the The CO2 source a pressure swing adsorption offgas fromsystems a hydrogen production unit (HPU) of anareoilreturned refinerythrough locatedthe in the greenhouse gas is emissions from the building sector. These require high investments which heat offgas to the Tomakomai demonstration projectcould CO2 decrease, capture coastal area of Theconditions HPU provides CO2 richrenovation sales. Due to Tomakomai the changed Port. climate and building policies, heat demand in the future facility via athe 1.4investment km pipeline. In the capture facility, gaseous CO2 of 99% or higher purity is recovered from the offgas by a prolonging return period. commercially proven amine scrubbing process with a design capacity of 200,000 per year. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demandtonnes – outdoor temperature function for heat demand Atforecast. the injection facility, the gaseous CO2 inis Lisbon compressed and injected different offshore reservoirs (Moebetsu The district of Alvalade, located (Portugal), was usedinto as two a case study. The district is consisted of 665 Formation/sandstone layers Takinoueperiod Formation/volcanic two dedicated deviatedhigh) injection wells.district The buildings that vary in both and construction and typology. rocks Three layers) weatherbyscenarios (low, medium, and three storage pointsscenarios are located at 3developed to 4 km offshore. renovation were (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were The project with is scheduled to run between heat the period ofmodel, JFY 2012 - 2020 (JFY is from of calendar to following March). compared results from a dynamic demand previously developed andApril validated by the year authors. began in April The injection of CO2 willthe bemargin conducted for three and monitoring for applications five years. The of CO2 that Theinjection results showed when only 2016. weather change is considered, of error couldyears be acceptable for some The 300,000 was tonnes in total years. (theinjection error in target annualis demand lower thanover 20%three for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation The main features of value this project are:up 1) to Extensive monitoringon system in seismically active country, 2) combination Deviated COconsidered). scenarios, the error increased 59.5% (depending the weather and renovation scenarios 2 injection wells onshore to offshore, 3) Marine environmental by3.8% domestic London Protocol, 4) to Low The drilled value offrom slope coefficient increased on average within the survey range of up tolaw 8%reflecting per decade, that corresponds the energy COin process, 5) Injection of of CO22-139h area. decrease the number of heating hours during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and 2 capture 2 near urban renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-3-6268-7387; fax: +81-3-6268-7385.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, CCUS 2018. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, CCUS 2018. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.002
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Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Applied Energy Symposium and Forum, Carbon Capture, Capture, Utilization Utilization and and Storage, Storage, CCUS CCUS 2018. 2018. Keywords: CCS demonstratoin project; seismically active country; deviated injection well; London Protocal; low capture energy; two-stage absorption system; low pressure flash tower; injection near urban area
1. Overview of Tomakomai Project A large-scale CCS demonstration project is being undertaken by the Japanese government in the Tomakomai area, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The objective is to demonstrate the viability of a full CCS system, from CO2 capture to injection and storage. One hundred thousand tonnes/year or more of CO2 is being injected and stored in offshore saline aquifers in the Tomakomai port area. The implementation of this project has been commissioned to Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS) by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) with the subsidies for the operating expenses by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The flow scheme of the Tomakomai Project is shown in Fig. 1.1. The CO2 source is a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) offgas from a hydrogen production unit (HPU) of an oil refinery located in the coastal area of Tomakomai Port. The HPU provides CO2 rich offgas to the Tomakomai demonstration project CO2 capture facility via a 1.4 km pipeline. In the capture facility, gaseous CO2 of 99% or higher purity is recovered from the offgas by a commercially proven amine scrubbing process with a design capacity of 200,000 tonnes per year. At the injection facility, the gaseous CO2 is compressed and injected into two different offshore reservoirs by two dedicated deviated injection wells. The storage points are located 3 to 4 km offshore. As the number of dedicated geological storage projects is small, the Tomakomai Project is gaining valuable experience in CO2 injection into deep saline aquifers, comprising a sandstone layer and a volcanic rock layer. A schematic geological section is shown in Fig. 1.2. The shallow reservoir (Moebetsu Formation) is located at a depth of approximately 1,000 m below the seabed. This reservoir is a Lower Quaternary saline aquifer, mainly composed of sandstone and is approximately 200 m thick. The deep reservoir (Takinoue Formation) is located at a depth of approximately 2,400 m below the seabed. This reservoir is a Miocene saline aquifer composed of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and is approximately 600 m thick. The project is scheduled to run between the period of JFY 2012 - 2020 (JFY is from April of calendar year to following March) to demonstrate the viability of a full-cycle CCS system, from CO2 capture to injection and storage. The construction and commissioning of the onshore facilities was completed in March 2016, and CO2 injection began in April 2016. The injection of CO2 will be conducted for three years and monitoring for five years.
Fig. 1.1 Flow scheme of Tomakomai Project.
Fig. 1.2 Schematic Geological Section.
Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
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The cumulative injected volume is 207,209 tonnes as of September 1st, 2018. The injection rate varied between 7.6~25.3 tonnes/hr (180~600 tonnes/day), as it depends on the supply of CO2 containing gas from the oil refinery. The bottom hole pressure was 9.2MpaG before injection and reached 10MpaG during injection at a maximum injection rate of 600 tonnes/day. The bottom hole pressure at the maximum injection rate is much smaller than the allowable upper limit of the injection pressure (12.6MPaG) which was set at 90% of the breaking strength of the overlying cap rock. The permeability of the Moebetsu Formation is high. The injection into the Takinoue Formation (volcanic rocks) started in February, 2018. The analysis of initial injection results is underway. It is expected that the injectivity of the Takinoue Formation will be very small due to its low permeability. 2. Features of Tomakomai Project 2.1 Feature 1: Extensive monitoring system in a seismically active country To confirm the safety and stability of CO2 injection, it is necessary to monitor the CO2 behavior in the reservoirs and conduct observation continuously to detect any CO2 leakage. This is particularly important in a seismically active country. Japan is located in a very seismically active zone. Thus, the most important objective of the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project is to verify that: ・natural earthquakes have no influence on the CO2 stored ・no perceptible earth tremors are induced by the CO2 injected thereby removing concerns about CCS regarding earthquakes. To this end, an extensive monitoring system has been installed. The location of the wells and the monitoring facilities are shown in Fig. 2.1. The monitoring system is comprised of three observation wells equipped with pressure and temperature (PT) sensors, seismic sensors, comprehensive seismic instrumentation of one onshore seismic station, four ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) and an ocean bottom cable (OBC) with a total of 72 seismic censors. Baseline data acquisition of the monitoring system started from February 2016. A baseline 3D seismic survey was conducted in 2009 during the investigation period prior to the project, and a 2D seismic survey was conducted in 2013. The first time-lapse 2D seismic survey after the start of CO2 injection was conducted from January to February 2017 when the cumulative injection was at 7,200 tonnes, but did not show any anomaly. The first time-lapse 3D seismic survey was conducted from July to August 2017 at cumulative injection of 61,000 to 69,000 tonnes, and a clear anomaly was detected along the injection interval. Further data processing is currently underway.
Fig. 2.1 Location of wells and monitoring facilities.
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Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig. 2.2 Micro-Seismicity Monitoring Results.
Fig. 2.3 Natural Earthquakes Monitoring Results.
The micro-seismicity monitoring results are shown in Fig. 2.2. Before injection of CO2, a total of 9 events with a moment magnitude (Mw) of -0.09~0.24 were detected at depths of 5.9km~8.6km, whereas a total of 3 events with a Mw of 0.31~0.52 were detected at depths of 7.4km~7.7km after commencement of injection. As no micro-seismicity (Mw> -0.5) in/around the depth range of the reservoirs before and after the start of injection has been detected, it is deemed that the injection of CO2 has not induced micro-seismic activity. On July 1st, 2017, a natural earthquake of magnitude 5.1 occurred at a distance of about 40km from the CO2 injection area. The seismic intensity near the epicenter and in Tomakomai were approximately VI and IV respectively. At that time, injection was not being conducted due to annual maintenance of the facilities. As shown in Fig. 2.3, the borehole pressure and the borehole temperature maintained constant, and it was concluded that the large natural earthquake did not have any adverse effect on the stored CO2. On July 14th, 2017, injection was restarted, and the borehole pressure and temperature increased in response. 2.2 Feature 2: Deviated CO2 injection wells drilled from onshore to offshore The injection wells are shown in Fig. 2.4. The injection well for the Moebetsu Formation is an extended reach drilling (ERD) well with a maximum inclination of 83 degrees, a drill depth of 3,650 m, a vertical depth of 1,188 m and a horizontal reach of 3,058 m. The injection well for the Takinoue Formation has a maximum inclination of 72 degrees, a drill depth of 5,800 m, a vertical depth of 2,753 m and a horizontal reach of 4,346 m. The injection intervals of both injection wells exceed 1,100 m, and are completed with slotted or perforated liners.
Fig. 2.4 Injection wells for Tomakomai Project.
Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
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The injection wells were drilled from onshore to offshore, resulting in significant reduction of drilling, operation and maintenance costs, and the long injection interval length is intended to enhance injection efficiency. A tubing-retrievable safety value is installed in the upper portion of the tubing to prevent the blow out of CO2 in the extreme case the wellhead is destroyed by a tsunami. The tubing and casing are made of CO2 corrosion resistant steel (chrome steel), and CO2 resistant cement is used to prevent CO2 corrosion. 2.3 Feature 3: Marine environmental survey by domestic law reflecting London Protocol In Japan sub-seabed CO2 storage is governed by the Act for the Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime Disaster reflecting the London 1996 Protocol, and regulated by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE). On February 22nd, 2016, METI submitted a permit application for offshore CO2 storage to MOE attaching a “Marine Environmental Survey Plan”. On March 31, 2016, METI received a 5-year permit from MOE. CO2 injection into Moebetsu Formation was launched on April 6, 2016. Since the start of CO2 injection, seasonal marine environmental surveys in compliance with the “Marine Environmental Survey Plan” have been conducted. The monitoring items are as follows: ・Seabed survey by side-scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler ・Current direction and speed survey by current meter ・Sampling of seawater by water sampler to obtain partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), dissolved oxygen (DO) etc. and plankton observation ・Seabed mud survey by bottom sampler ・Collection of benthos by net or dredge unit ・Observation of benthos by divers or ROV Baseline seasonal marine environmental surveys prior to CO2 injection were conducted from August 2013 to May 2014. 2.4 Feature 4: Low energy CO2 capture process The CO2 source is a hydrogen production unit (HPU) of an adjacent oil refinery, which supplies off gas containing approximately 50% CO2 from a Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) hydrogen purification unit. In the capture facility, gaseous CO2 of 99% purity is recovered by a commercially proven amine scrubbing process (OASE® by BASF). A two-stage absorption system with a low pressure flash tower (LPFT) shown in Fig. 2.5 reduces the amine reboiler duty in the capture system, and an energy consumption of approximately 1.16 GJ/tonneCO2 for CO2 capture is achieved at almost maximum operation load. This is significantly lower than a conventional capture process for hydrogen production, which is typically around 2.5 GJ/tonne-CO2. The Tomakomai capture process utilizes the high pressure of the feed gas to the CO2 absorption tower and the high partial pressure of the CO2 in the feed gas. Around 70% of the CO2 is stripped at the LPFT and around 30% of the CO2 is stripped at the CO2 stripping tower. In the LPFT, CO2 is stripped by depressurization. The thermal energy of water vapor of entrained from the CO2 stripping tower is also utilized to strip CO2 in the LPFT. The greater part of semi-lean amine from the LPFT is returned to the CO2 absorption tower. As only the remaining smaller portion of semi-lean amine from the LPFT is sent to the CO2 stripping tower, the reboiler heat required is reduced. 2.5 Feature 5: Injection of CO2 near urban area Tomakomai City has a population of 172,000, and as the operation is taking place in the port area, intensive stakeholder engagement has been implemented since 2011. In 2011, when the city was still a candidate site, METI, JCCS and the local government hosted the first CCS forum in Tomakomai City, and shared information about CCS and the potential of this technology with the local citizens. A survey conducted in conjunction with the forum found that they were concerned due to their unfamiliarity with the technology, and requested open disclosure of information, confirmation of safety and reliability, and the dissemination
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Fig. 2.5 CO2 Capture Process.
Yoshihiro Sawada et al. / Energy Procedia 154 (2018) 3–8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
Fig. 2.6 Public outreach activities.
of information to the younger generation as a technology for the future. On the basis of the survey results, we formulated the plans for our public outreach activities, as shown in Fig. 2.6. One of the most significant lessons we have learned from our public outreach experience is that there is no single formula that will work in all cases. Our core policy is the building of trust with each community we interact with, which we believe will broaden the opportunities for growing our audiences. 3. Conclusion A large-scale CCS demonstration project is being undertaken in the Tomakomai area, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan to demonstrate the viability of a full-cycle CCS system, from CO2 capture to injection and storage. One hundred thousand tonnes per year or more of CO2 is being captured, injected and stored in sub-seabed saline aquifers in Tomakomai Port. The construction and commissioning of the facilities was completed in March 2016, and CO2 injection began in April. CO2 injection will be conducted for three years, and monitoring for five years. An extensive monitoring system has been installed to confirm the safety and stability of CO2 injection. To date, it is deemed that the injection of CO2 has not induced micro-seismicity activity. Also, a large natural earthquake occurring some 40km from the project site did not have any effect on the stored CO2. The CO2 injection wells are deviated wells drilled from onshore to offshore which has resulted in a significant reduction of drilling, operation and maintenance costs, and a long injection interval length is intended to enhance injection efficiency. Japan has amended a domestic law reflecting the London Protocol, and the monitoring of the marine environment is being conducted in accordance with this law. A low energy CO2 capture process utilizing the high pressure of the feed gas to the CO2 absorption tower and the high partial pressure of the CO2 in the feed gas has been applied, and an energy consumption of approximately 1.16 GJ/tonne-CO2 for CO2 capture was achieved at almost maximum operation load. As the injection of CO2 is conducted near a large urban area, intensive stakeholder engagement is being implemented. CO2 injection into the Moebetsu Formation (sandstone layers) is proceeding smoothly. As of April 24th, 2018, 170,000 tonnes of CO2 has been injected. The target is to inject a total of 300,000 tonnes over three years. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express thanks to METI and NEDO for their kind permission to disclose information on the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project.