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Toward a visualization of the cognitive function: Traditional approaches and new attempts
International Journal of Psychophysiology 94 (2014) 120–261
identification, a modification of the technique proposed by Wehrens et al., 2011 was applied to the JTCI and to the EEG separately and combined. This technique is aimed to diminish the negative effects produced by the high number of variables, compared to the small number of subjects. The biomarkers are extracted in a multivariate analysis, which preserves the correlation between the variables, eliciting a group of biomarkers with a reasonable predictive performance. To measure the classification power of the selected set of biomarkers the stable ROC technique was used. The ROC area was calculated for the 10, 20 and 100% of False Positive (FP). The ADHD-C + ODD children had significant higher values of NS (Z score = 2.35), and significant lower values of SD (Z score = −2.39) and C (Z score = −2.88) than ADHD-C children. TCI measurements showed a high regression between the two groups: SD (m = −1.3 p b 0.001) and C (m = −2.4 p b 0.001) showed the highest scores during the biomarkers selection procedure (90%). NS (m = 0.86, p b 001) was selected about 70% of the times. t-Tests of qEEG (FDR corrected for multiple comparisons) for all sources and frequencies revealed group differences at 1.95 Hz and at 9.75 Hz (ADHD-C b ADHD_C + ODD). The classification method showed that TCI and qEEG when analyzed together, had the best discriminant power, especially at the low FP range (AUC = 0.9 at FP = 0.10, AUC = 0.96 at FP = 0.20). The most significant classifiers (channels and frequencies) were F4 at 1.17 Hz and at 5.47 Hz and F8 at 17.58. The right prefrontal and frontal areas that regulate attention and behaviour are impaired in the two groups. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.765
No-Go P3, a heritable neural marker of inhibitory control, prospectively predicts regular smoking in adolescents Andrey P. Anokhin, Simon Golosheykin Washington University School of Medicine, United States Susceptibility to tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence has a significant genetic component; however, neurobehavioral pathways mediating genetic influences on smoking behavior are little understood. Converging evidence suggests that genetically transmitted dysfunction of the brain mechanisms supporting inhibitory control can increase the risk of addictive behaviors. We have previously shown that ERP indicators of inhibition-related brain activity in a Go-NoGo task (frontocentral N2 and P3 components) show substantial heritability (Anokhin et al., 2004). Here we tested a hypothesis that these neurophysiological markers can prospectively predict the onset of regular smoking in adolescents. Adolescent twins (n = 414) were administered a Go-NoGo task at age 14, and smoking behavior was assessed at age 18 using a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Smaller No-Go P3 component predicted regular smoking (defined as having smoked 100 cigarettes) four years later (F1,411 = 10.43, p = 0.001). This effect tended to be stronger in girls, although gender by smoking interaction was not significant. No significant relationship between N2 amplitude and smoking was observed. These results suggest that No-Go P3, a heritable neural correlate of response inhibition, can serve as an intermediate phenotype (endophenotype) for regular tobacco smoking in adolescents. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.766
Symposium C9 Toward a visualization of the cognitive function: Traditional approaches and new attempts Organizer: Seiji Tamakoshi (Japan) Discussant: Robert J. Barry (Australia)
181
There are various research domains regarding cognitive functions that need further investigation: attention, mental imagery, and higherorder cognitive functions. In order to elucidate the mechanisms and related brain activities behind these functions, we need to study how event-related brain potentials (ERPs) can be used. Through the use of a workshop, we will introduce recent studies, from two different perspectives, conducted by young Japanese psychophysiologists. One is from a traditional approach in understanding the mechanism of attention, and the other shows new attempts to clarify relations between cognitive functions and ERPs. In the context of the traditional perspectives, Morimoto will talk about whether the time-course changes in attention are reflected in P3. Sugimoto will talk about the effects of task difficulty on cross-modal attentional capture indexed by P3. In terms of new research areas, Yamazaki will talk about the relationships between visual image and visual short-term memory, by using contralateral delay activity. Kamijo will talk about the negative association between childhood obesity and neuroelectric measures of cognitive control. We will engage in discussions on which perspective should be adopted, when using ERPs as a measurement tool in examining various research questions. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.767
Transition of attentional allocation for deviant stimulus reflected by ERP P3 Fumihito Morimoto Jin-ai University, Japan In everyday life, as well as in experimental situations, human attention shifts to infrequent events moment by moment, rather than constantly. Temporal transitions in attention to infrequent, deviant events were investigated by using ERP P3s elicited by visual stimuli. Participants (n = 100) pressed a button during a three-stimulus oddball task to discriminate targets from deviant and standard stimuli. A standard (80%; blue circle), an infrequent deviant (15%; task-irrelevant doctored picture) and an infrequent target (5%; small blue circle) were presented in a random series, once every 1.2 s for a duration of 120 ms. Participants performed the task for approximately 32 min: in four 8-minute blocks, and their ERPs were recorded. Results indicated that infrequent stimuli elicited deviant P3s in all the blocks. Over a designated time period, the scalp distribution of the deviant P3 changed from central to parietal and the amplitude of the deviant P3 attenuated, whereas this tendency was not seen for the target P3. Detailed analysis of this change of amplitude and distribution indicated that in each block, the accumulated number of deviant stimuli, rather than the position of deviant stimuli influenced this change. These results indicate that task-irrelevant deviation captured attention at the beginning, and were subsequently treated as taskrelevant deviations. In other analysis, we examined the deviant P3s elicited by infrequent deviant stimuli as a function of time distance from the previous target in stimuli stream. Amplitude of deviant P3 that occurred within 15 s after the previous target was not influenced by the interval between the target and eliciting deviant. Whereas, the P3 elicited by the deviants which occurred after 15 s from the previous target became larger as the interval was prolonged. The interval between target and deviant had no effect on behavioral performance or deviant P3 latencies. These results indicate that the attention to the task-irrelevant deviation changed depending on the timing of occurrence between target stimuli, which would reflect expectation and anticipation of the target in tasks. In addition, this symposium is due to describe the ergonomic investigation adapting these results.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.768
identification, a modification of the technique proposed by Wehrens et al., 2011 was applied to the JTCI and to the EEG separately and combined. This technique is aimed to diminish the negative effects produced by the high number of variables, compared to the small number of subjects. The biomarkers are extracted in a multivariate analysis, which preserves the correlation between the variables, eliciting a group of biomarkers with a reasonable predictive performance. To measure the classification power of the selected set of biomarkers the stable ROC technique was used. The ROC area was calculated for the 10, 20 and 100% of False Positive (FP). The ADHD-C + ODD children had significant higher values of NS (Z score = 2.35), and significant lower values of SD (Z score = −2.39) and C (Z score = −2.88) than ADHD-C children. TCI measurements showed a high regression between the two groups: SD (m = −1.3 p b 0.001) and C (m = −2.4 p b 0.001) showed the highest scores during the biomarkers selection procedure (90%). NS (m = 0.86, p b 001) was selected about 70% of the times. t-Tests of qEEG (FDR corrected for multiple comparisons) for all sources and frequencies revealed group differences at 1.95 Hz and at 9.75 Hz (ADHD-C b ADHD_C + ODD). The classification method showed that TCI and qEEG when analyzed together, had the best discriminant power, especially at the low FP range (AUC = 0.9 at FP = 0.10, AUC = 0.96 at FP = 0.20). The most significant classifiers (channels and frequencies) were F4 at 1.17 Hz and at 5.47 Hz and F8 at 17.58. The right prefrontal and frontal areas that regulate attention and behaviour are impaired in the two groups. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.765
No-Go P3, a heritable neural marker of inhibitory control, prospectively predicts regular smoking in adolescents Andrey P. Anokhin, Simon Golosheykin Washington University School of Medicine, United States Susceptibility to tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence has a significant genetic component; however, neurobehavioral pathways mediating genetic influences on smoking behavior are little understood. Converging evidence suggests that genetically transmitted dysfunction of the brain mechanisms supporting inhibitory control can increase the risk of addictive behaviors. We have previously shown that ERP indicators of inhibition-related brain activity in a Go-NoGo task (frontocentral N2 and P3 components) show substantial heritability (Anokhin et al., 2004). Here we tested a hypothesis that these neurophysiological markers can prospectively predict the onset of regular smoking in adolescents. Adolescent twins (n = 414) were administered a Go-NoGo task at age 14, and smoking behavior was assessed at age 18 using a semi-structured diagnostic interview. Smaller No-Go P3 component predicted regular smoking (defined as having smoked 100 cigarettes) four years later (F1,411 = 10.43, p = 0.001). This effect tended to be stronger in girls, although gender by smoking interaction was not significant. No significant relationship between N2 amplitude and smoking was observed. These results suggest that No-Go P3, a heritable neural correlate of response inhibition, can serve as an intermediate phenotype (endophenotype) for regular tobacco smoking in adolescents. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.766
Symposium C9 Toward a visualization of the cognitive function: Traditional approaches and new attempts Organizer: Seiji Tamakoshi (Japan) Discussant: Robert J. Barry (Australia)
181
There are various research domains regarding cognitive functions that need further investigation: attention, mental imagery, and higherorder cognitive functions. In order to elucidate the mechanisms and related brain activities behind these functions, we need to study how event-related brain potentials (ERPs) can be used. Through the use of a workshop, we will introduce recent studies, from two different perspectives, conducted by young Japanese psychophysiologists. One is from a traditional approach in understanding the mechanism of attention, and the other shows new attempts to clarify relations between cognitive functions and ERPs. In the context of the traditional perspectives, Morimoto will talk about whether the time-course changes in attention are reflected in P3. Sugimoto will talk about the effects of task difficulty on cross-modal attentional capture indexed by P3. In terms of new research areas, Yamazaki will talk about the relationships between visual image and visual short-term memory, by using contralateral delay activity. Kamijo will talk about the negative association between childhood obesity and neuroelectric measures of cognitive control. We will engage in discussions on which perspective should be adopted, when using ERPs as a measurement tool in examining various research questions. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.767
Transition of attentional allocation for deviant stimulus reflected by ERP P3 Fumihito Morimoto Jin-ai University, Japan In everyday life, as well as in experimental situations, human attention shifts to infrequent events moment by moment, rather than constantly. Temporal transitions in attention to infrequent, deviant events were investigated by using ERP P3s elicited by visual stimuli. Participants (n = 100) pressed a button during a three-stimulus oddball task to discriminate targets from deviant and standard stimuli. A standard (80%; blue circle), an infrequent deviant (15%; task-irrelevant doctored picture) and an infrequent target (5%; small blue circle) were presented in a random series, once every 1.2 s for a duration of 120 ms. Participants performed the task for approximately 32 min: in four 8-minute blocks, and their ERPs were recorded. Results indicated that infrequent stimuli elicited deviant P3s in all the blocks. Over a designated time period, the scalp distribution of the deviant P3 changed from central to parietal and the amplitude of the deviant P3 attenuated, whereas this tendency was not seen for the target P3. Detailed analysis of this change of amplitude and distribution indicated that in each block, the accumulated number of deviant stimuli, rather than the position of deviant stimuli influenced this change. These results indicate that task-irrelevant deviation captured attention at the beginning, and were subsequently treated as taskrelevant deviations. In other analysis, we examined the deviant P3s elicited by infrequent deviant stimuli as a function of time distance from the previous target in stimuli stream. Amplitude of deviant P3 that occurred within 15 s after the previous target was not influenced by the interval between the target and eliciting deviant. Whereas, the P3 elicited by the deviants which occurred after 15 s from the previous target became larger as the interval was prolonged. The interval between target and deviant had no effect on behavioral performance or deviant P3 latencies. These results indicate that the attention to the task-irrelevant deviation changed depending on the timing of occurrence between target stimuli, which would reflect expectation and anticipation of the target in tasks. In addition, this symposium is due to describe the ergonomic investigation adapting these results.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.768