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Toxicity of binary mixtures of heavy metals against the freshwater algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
S178
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 180S (2008) S32–S246
yield a risk assessment and a classification of the ecotoxicity of their products. The data from this classification have the potential to be a very influential source of knowledge for assessment of pharmaceutical effects in the environment. This study is the first part of an ongoing project that will evaluate the scientific basis, actual workings, and efficiency towards reducing environmental risk of this classification scheme. The overall purpose of the first part is to generate knowledge about how incentives are created for voluntary risk management systems. Therefore, a questionnaire has been sent to all the key actors within organizations and participating industries involved in the development of the system (n = 29) and answers have been received from a majority of these actors (n = 21). The results shows that a combination of several factors, such as a governmental report, a local initiative in the health care sector, the general environmental debate and reports in the media, acted as a driving force for this initiative. The general attitude towards the system is positive even though the expected results from the system, such as changes in prescription patterns or reduced environmental risks, are thought to be limited. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.154 E003 Combine effect of mercury accumulation and acidification on lysosomal DNase activity in Perca fluviatilis Violetta
Amelina ∗ ,
Rimma Vysotskaya
Institute of Biology KarRS RAS, Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russian Federation To study modification of biological effects of Hg on fish in conditions of water acidification and humification, activity and multiple forms of acid deoxyribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.6) were analyzed in tissues of perch from nine lakes in Karelia (Russia, North-West region) with different pH and humic acids rate. Average Hg content in tested fishes ranged from 0.12 to 0.53 mg/kg wet weight. Data obtained showed that Hg accumulation mostly caused decreasing of acid DNase activity and disappearance of some isoforms on zymograms. Furthermore inhibition of studied nucleolytic enzyme in fish liver and gills was determined by different factors. Thus in liver extent of DNase activity inhibition depended upon Hg concentration, but in gills reduction of enzymatic activity was strongly correlated with acidity of water in lake that the fish inhabits. Perch males are more sensitive to Hg exposure: value of DNase inhibition in male’s liver was two-fold greater than in females in the same conditions. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.155 E004 Toxicity of binary mixtures of heavy metals against the freshwater algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Ruth Angerville 1,∗ , Evens Emmanuel 2 , Yves Perrodin 1 1
ENTPE, Lyon, Vaulx-En-Velin, France, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
2
Université Quisqueya,
bioassay of the growth inhibition of this freshwater alga was carried out for each binary mixture prepared in predefined ratios of 4:1, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3, and 1:4 (wt/wt). Joint-action evaluations were studied using the mixture toxicity index (MTI). Moderate interactions were observed for each binary mixtures tested. For the binary mixtures Pb:Zn, the interactions between these metallic compounds reveal that Pb significantly increases the toxic effect of Zn when tested jointly against P. subcapitata. The interactions between the constituent metals in the various test proportions of the mixture Pb:Cu were in conformity with the model of antagonism, except for the ratio 4:1. For the binary mixtures Pb:Cd various interactive effects (synergistic, antagonistic or additive) were observed, depending on concentration ratios. These results underline that joint-action toxicity evaluations have to be taken into account to ecological risk assessment and also when setting up environmental safe limits of pollutants. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.156 E005 Rare earth elements in atmospheric PM10: Analytical and toxicological implications Carla Fanizza 1,∗ , Geraldo Capannesi 2 , Maurizio Alberto Rosada 2 , Pasquale Avino 1 1
DIPIA-ISPESL, Rome, Italy,
2
ENEA, Rome, Italy
The particulate matter pollutant is considered one of the most difficult tasks in environmental chemistry for its complex composition. During these last years a particular interest is assuming the determination of rare earth elements (REEs), e.g. Ce, Eu and Yb, being used in different industrial applications such as optical fibers and electronics. Their sanitary role in atmosphere does not totally clear because of analytical limitations for determining them. In any case, Ce and the other REEs are considered moderately toxic: recent studies suggest that REEs may bind specifically to endothelial sites in the brain and be relevant to the physiological functions of brains. In this study we have applied a nuclear technique, i.e. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), for studying REE composition in PM10. The investigation was performed in downtown Rome during a 15-day intensive campaign. The filters were irradiated at the nuclear reactor Triga Mark II, ENEA-Casaccia: a first gamma measurements were determined La, Sm and W whereas a second series was performed for determining Ce, Cs, Eu, Hf, Nd, Rb, Sc, Th, Yb. In table are reported the REE levels (ng/m3 ; * pg/m3 ). Element
Average
Ce Cs Eu* Hf* La* Nd Rb Sc* Sm* Th* W Yb*
0.754 0.138 14.2 73.2 186 0.212 2.94 51.2 48.6 241 1.04 18.2
Keywords: Heavy metals; Joint-action toxicity; Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; Mixture toxicity index doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.157 Heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are known to be toxic for aquatic organisms. Few studies have dealt with the combined toxicity of metallic compounds against algae. In this study, the toxicity of binary mixtures of Pb:Cd, Pb:Cu and Pb:Zn was evaluated using the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata as test organism. The chronic
Manigrasso 1 ,
Min–Max 0.109–1.54 0.010–0.162 3.69–22.6 17.1–154 18.5–184 0.121–0.415 0.71–84 7.3–108 5.7–120 21.4–385 0.21–3.83 6.3–28.4
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 180S (2008) S32–S246
yield a risk assessment and a classification of the ecotoxicity of their products. The data from this classification have the potential to be a very influential source of knowledge for assessment of pharmaceutical effects in the environment. This study is the first part of an ongoing project that will evaluate the scientific basis, actual workings, and efficiency towards reducing environmental risk of this classification scheme. The overall purpose of the first part is to generate knowledge about how incentives are created for voluntary risk management systems. Therefore, a questionnaire has been sent to all the key actors within organizations and participating industries involved in the development of the system (n = 29) and answers have been received from a majority of these actors (n = 21). The results shows that a combination of several factors, such as a governmental report, a local initiative in the health care sector, the general environmental debate and reports in the media, acted as a driving force for this initiative. The general attitude towards the system is positive even though the expected results from the system, such as changes in prescription patterns or reduced environmental risks, are thought to be limited. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.154 E003 Combine effect of mercury accumulation and acidification on lysosomal DNase activity in Perca fluviatilis Violetta
Amelina ∗ ,
Rimma Vysotskaya
Institute of Biology KarRS RAS, Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russian Federation To study modification of biological effects of Hg on fish in conditions of water acidification and humification, activity and multiple forms of acid deoxyribonuclease (EC 3.1.4.6) were analyzed in tissues of perch from nine lakes in Karelia (Russia, North-West region) with different pH and humic acids rate. Average Hg content in tested fishes ranged from 0.12 to 0.53 mg/kg wet weight. Data obtained showed that Hg accumulation mostly caused decreasing of acid DNase activity and disappearance of some isoforms on zymograms. Furthermore inhibition of studied nucleolytic enzyme in fish liver and gills was determined by different factors. Thus in liver extent of DNase activity inhibition depended upon Hg concentration, but in gills reduction of enzymatic activity was strongly correlated with acidity of water in lake that the fish inhabits. Perch males are more sensitive to Hg exposure: value of DNase inhibition in male’s liver was two-fold greater than in females in the same conditions. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.155 E004 Toxicity of binary mixtures of heavy metals against the freshwater algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata Ruth Angerville 1,∗ , Evens Emmanuel 2 , Yves Perrodin 1 1
ENTPE, Lyon, Vaulx-En-Velin, France, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
2
Université Quisqueya,
bioassay of the growth inhibition of this freshwater alga was carried out for each binary mixture prepared in predefined ratios of 4:1, 3:2, 1:1, 2:3, and 1:4 (wt/wt). Joint-action evaluations were studied using the mixture toxicity index (MTI). Moderate interactions were observed for each binary mixtures tested. For the binary mixtures Pb:Zn, the interactions between these metallic compounds reveal that Pb significantly increases the toxic effect of Zn when tested jointly against P. subcapitata. The interactions between the constituent metals in the various test proportions of the mixture Pb:Cu were in conformity with the model of antagonism, except for the ratio 4:1. For the binary mixtures Pb:Cd various interactive effects (synergistic, antagonistic or additive) were observed, depending on concentration ratios. These results underline that joint-action toxicity evaluations have to be taken into account to ecological risk assessment and also when setting up environmental safe limits of pollutants. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.156 E005 Rare earth elements in atmospheric PM10: Analytical and toxicological implications Carla Fanizza 1,∗ , Geraldo Capannesi 2 , Maurizio Alberto Rosada 2 , Pasquale Avino 1 1
DIPIA-ISPESL, Rome, Italy,
2
ENEA, Rome, Italy
The particulate matter pollutant is considered one of the most difficult tasks in environmental chemistry for its complex composition. During these last years a particular interest is assuming the determination of rare earth elements (REEs), e.g. Ce, Eu and Yb, being used in different industrial applications such as optical fibers and electronics. Their sanitary role in atmosphere does not totally clear because of analytical limitations for determining them. In any case, Ce and the other REEs are considered moderately toxic: recent studies suggest that REEs may bind specifically to endothelial sites in the brain and be relevant to the physiological functions of brains. In this study we have applied a nuclear technique, i.e. Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), for studying REE composition in PM10. The investigation was performed in downtown Rome during a 15-day intensive campaign. The filters were irradiated at the nuclear reactor Triga Mark II, ENEA-Casaccia: a first gamma measurements were determined La, Sm and W whereas a second series was performed for determining Ce, Cs, Eu, Hf, Nd, Rb, Sc, Th, Yb. In table are reported the REE levels (ng/m3 ; * pg/m3 ). Element
Average
Ce Cs Eu* Hf* La* Nd Rb Sc* Sm* Th* W Yb*
0.754 0.138 14.2 73.2 186 0.212 2.94 51.2 48.6 241 1.04 18.2
Keywords: Heavy metals; Joint-action toxicity; Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; Mixture toxicity index doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.157 Heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are known to be toxic for aquatic organisms. Few studies have dealt with the combined toxicity of metallic compounds against algae. In this study, the toxicity of binary mixtures of Pb:Cd, Pb:Cu and Pb:Zn was evaluated using the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata as test organism. The chronic
Manigrasso 1 ,
Min–Max 0.109–1.54 0.010–0.162 3.69–22.6 17.1–154 18.5–184 0.121–0.415 0.71–84 7.3–108 5.7–120 21.4–385 0.21–3.83 6.3–28.4