Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site

Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint

Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site Alfred Pawlik a, *, Jürgen Thissen b a b

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Albert Hall, Quezon City 1101, Philippines LVR Amt für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland (ABR), Aussenstelle Titz, Ehrenstrasse 14-16, 52445 Titz, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Available online xxx

Inden-Altdorf in western Germany revealed the first open-site habitation features with associated hearths and stone tools for the Middle Palaeolithic in Central Europe. Various dating methods place the site into an earlier phase of MIS 5, between ca. 120e100 ka, and the time of early Neanderthals in Europe. Use-wear and residue analysis demonstrated that various activities using different materials were undertaken at the camp, including hafting/retooling, multiple tool use and complex, multi-stage tasks. Numerous lithic artefacts were implements attached to hafts. Residues found on those implements were identified as remains of an organic adhesive, likely birch pitch, that was used for the fixation of the lithic implements. This report describes and discusses selected artefacts from the Micoquian camp site of Inden-Altdorf that underwent microwear analysis. In addition to more commonly observed use-wear traces on Middle Palaeolithic artefacts like those deriving from the working of hides, bone, wood or antler, several artefacts from Inden-Altdorf exhibited some rather ‘unusual’ traces which are rarely reported from such contexts in central Europe. Several activity zones could be identified by combining the spatial distribution data of artefacts with microwear analysis giving further evidence to the function of Inden-Altdorf as a camp. The results of the study indicate a high cognitive level and the ability for constructive planning of the hominins of Altdorf, ca. 100 ka. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Microwear and residue analysis Hafting adhesives Functional zoning Behavioral modernity Micoquian Central Europe

1. Introduction The excavation of the Micoquian site Inden-Altdorf is part of the “Palaeolithic Prospection in the Inde Valley Project”, initiated by the Rhineland Regional Council (LVR) and aimed at rescue excavations within the vast lignite mining area of the Inde valley (Thissen, 2007). Open-cast lignite mining activities in the region of Inden are accompanied by large scale archaeological prospections conducted by the Rhineland Regional Service (LVR) under the direction of Jürgen Thissen since 2005 (Fig. 1) that led to the discovery and excavation of 34 Palaeolithic and two Mesolithic sites between 2005 and 2013 in the Inde-Rur estuary. The area is situated in a transitional landscape between the plains and uplands of the Lower Rhine region and considered an attractive habitat where seasonal

* Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J. Thissen).

(A.

Pawlik),

[email protected]

movements of probably larger animal herds can be expected. The Micoquian site of Inden-Altdorf is located within a palaeosol of the Eemian-Interglacial or MIS 5e, which in itself is embedded in large loess deposits on the western terrace of the valley (Pawlik and Thissen, 2011a). Analysis of charcoal samples determined the presence of Picea, Pinus and probably Abies and places the site into the first half of phase D (120e118 ka) at the end of Isotope-stage 5e (Lang, 1994). The pedological analysis confirmed the in-situ position of the archaeological layer and obtained a slightly earlier age interval (phase E6a) of 120.5e118.6 ka (Litt et al., 1996; Boettger et al., 2000). Geochronological investigations of loess/palaeosol sections in the area determined a somewhat later age of 99.4 ± 11 ka for the horizon associated with the archaeological material through isothermal thermoluminescence dating (ITL) (Fischer et al., 2012). An early Pleistocene Maas river terrace is cropping out between the Inde and Wurm valley, carrying large quantities of flint pebbles from the Dutch-Belgian 'chalk-flint’ region. Where the Maas terrace was exposed on the surface during the Pleistocene, an attractive and almost unlimited supply of high

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.125 1040-6182/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

2

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

2007; Pawlik and Thissen, 2011a). Those features were located in the centre of the site and associated with several fireplaces, pits, large stones and over 600 stone artefacts. The lithic assemblage is completely isolated within the deep loess deposits, with no evidence of overlying, later, archaeological sequences that could have intruded. It includes typical Micoquian tools like unifacial knives, Kostenki- and Pradnik-knives, Levallois flakes and cores, and also seemingly Upper Palaeolithic elements like burins, scrapers, blades and blade-cores. The artefacts appeared well-preserved and showed no signs of reworking which made them very suitable for microwear analysis. The application of this method was especially important for the functional characterization of the site. Microwear analysis has, furthermore, the potential to display the structure and organization of this middle Palaeolithic site. Fig. 1. Geographic situation of Inden-Altdorf 1 and view of the ongoing excavation overlooking the lignite mining (Photo: Sarah Baumert).

quality raw material was available. The archaeologically investigated area of the Palaeolithic site in Altdorf was about 3000 m2, and about 30,000 tons of sediment had been excavated (Pawlik and Thissen, 2011a). In 2006 the research activities and systematic probing of the area around the Middle Palaeolithic finds at Altdorf focussed on localities WW 2005/91 and WW 2006/74 (Pawlik and Thissen, 2011a, 2011b). To master the task of excavating a large area within a short period of time the team had to apply methods that could handle excessive amounts of sediments. The Eemian horizon was carefully exposed using a backhoe. All artefacts recovered in situ were 3-D mapped and documented (Fig. 2). Three large round features were found (Feature 240, 300 and 330), distinguishable from the reddish-brown soil by their lightcoloured sediment filling (Al-horizon), and associated with fireplaces and numerous lithic artefacts. It became evident, that these were hollow fallen-tree structures (Kooi, 1974), which probably originated from uprooted spruce trees (Kels et al., 2009). Considering the archaeological context, Pawlik and Thissen (2011a) suggested that the fallen trees might have been selected by the Middle Palaeolithic hunter/gatherers of Altdorf to set-up shelters (Thissen,

2. Methods All modified artefacts and selected non-retouched pieces from Inden-Altdorf (n ¼ 136) were subjected to a multi-level microscopic use-wear analysis. Optical microscopic analysis of the artefacts was carried out with an Olympus SZX-9 stereo-microscope with a magnification range of 6e57 (‘low power analysis’), and a reflected-light microscope Olympus BXFM-LWD with DifferentialInterference-Contrast attachment and 100e500 magnification (‘high power analysis’). The microphotographs were taken with Canon G9 and Canon A80 digital cameras attached to the microscopes via a Promicron photo tube. Additionally, a Keyence VHX1000 digital microscope was used. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted with a Zeiss DSM 940A SEM and energy dispersive Xray spectroscopy with a JEOL JXA-8100 Electron Probe Microanalyzer. 120 artefacts were identified as being used. Residues of organic origin were observed on 82 artefacts. The residues appear already under the stereo-microscope as a dried black viscous liquid and show a strong similarity to birch pitch (Pawlik, 1995). The size of the residues was below the minimum sample size for GC/MS analysis. Therefore, a non-destructive method combining optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was applied, using experimentally created birch pitch and well-preserved archaeological birch pitch samples from

Fig. 2. General plan of the excavation Altdorf with the sites WW 2005/91 and WW 2006/74 and relevant finds and features. Key: Excavated area (yellow), camp area (grey), hearth (red), thermally altered sediment (orange), pits (brown), fallen tree feature (light blue), artefacts (black). Lower right shows enlarged the camp area. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

3

Fig. 3. Selected artefacts from Inden-Altdorf with residues of birch pitch and other organic matter: a) no. 279-4, b) no. 470-1, c) no. 467-1, d) no. 455-1, e) no. 291-1, f) no. 263-1.

Mesolithic and Neolithic lake dwellings as reference material (Pawlik, 1995, 1997, 2004, 2011; Baales, 2002; Dinnis et al., 2009). The same method was used for the Inden-Altdorf analysis (Pawlik and Thissen, 2011b, 2011c). The artefacts with residues were identified as being either hafted implements or tools that were probably associated with hafting and retooling processes. The wear traces and their illustrations presented here are exemplary for the reconstructed activity and not complete. A more detailed and encompassing description of all observed traces on the analysed stone tools from Inden-Altdorf can be found in Pawlik and Thissen (2011a). 3. Results Out of the 136 artefacts that underwent microwear analysis, 120 possessed identifiable traces. In total, 144 activities were recognized, among them scraping, cutting, engraving, and chiselling

actions, and combinations of these tasks (Table 1). Only 15 projectile implements were identified while most other artefacts have characteristic wear patterns associated with the processing of plants, hide and skins, and hard materials like wood, bone or antler. Traces of these hard organic materials were found on 34 tools. In some cases was the working of hard materials possibly connected to the maintenance of the hunting gear but could not be clearly identified. However, on 17 tools traces from hafting and retooling processes (Keeley, 1982) were recognized. Also the presence of used and worn projectile implements in the site can be considered as a result of retooling. Three projectiles even showed a secondary use as cutting tool while one was additionally used for engraving. Not uncommon at the Altdorf camp was the working of hide and leather with at least 21 cases. Generally problematic for use-wear analysis of artefacts is the recognition of meat processing since this activity hardly results in developed wear traces (Unrath et al.,

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

4

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

artefacts identified as projectile implements, e.g. a pointed and triangular shaped flake (no. 470-1, Fig. 3b), and a blade with transverse termination (no. 467-1, Fig. 3c), residues occur mainly on their proximal parts including the platform remnant. At least 39 artefacts were determined at being hafted (Table 2), other artefacts with residues were possibly connected to hafting/retooling activities, including pitch-covered sandstone pebbles (no. 263-1, Fig. 3f).

1986). Only for three tools, cutting of meat was assumed. 20 tools showed multiple uses. A sandstone pebble was used as a grinder. Residues were observed on the surfaces of 82 artefacts, on projectile points as well as on working tools. They appeared as blackish drops and streaks of resin-type material and often on the potential hafting areas, e.g. at the base of a unifacial point (no. 279-4; Fig. 3a) or along the edge of a laterally hafted blade (no. 455-1; Fig. 3d). On

Table 1 Reconstruction of tool functions and contact materials (136 analysed artefacts). Identified contact material/Function Total Butchering/ Hide/ Wood/Bone/ Ivory Plants Mineral Birch pitch ”Hafting and Multiple Hunting Undeterminable No traces Meat Leather Antler Material production Retooling”a Materials processing Activity Projectile implement Scraping, Smoothing Cutting Scraping & Cutting Other multiple uses Drilling, perforating Engraving, Grooving Chiseling, Chopping Grinding Pitch production Undeterminable No traces Gesamt a b

15b 3

1 10 4 1 4

17 3 2

1 1

3 3 5

1

7

1 1 3 15 1

6 6

3

1 3 1

1 2

2 1 3

21

2 34

2

13

5 4

2

17

9 20

15

13

16 16

15 31 20 15 16 5 11 11 1 2 17 16 160

“Hafting-and-Retooling (after Keeley, 1982): Replacement of worn and damaged implements, maintenance and repair of shafts and shaft slots. 3 Projectile implements were additionally used as cutting tools.

Table 2 Use-wear analysis: Morphology and function of hafted tools and implements (39 artefacts). Morphology and function of hafted tools at Inden-Altdorf Artefact no.

Morphology

Contact material

Function

120-11 182-1 189-1 190-1 191-1 193-1 198-2 199-1 202-1 202-2 204-1 209-1 230-2 232-2 245-2 279-4 285-4 291-1 309-1 343-2 347-2 383-3 389-1 391-4 398-1 399-2 401-1 401-5 406-2 441-1 455-1 458-2 467-1 470-1 473-2 474-1 475-1 480-1 488-664

Ridge blade Lateral retouched flake Blade fragment Blade-like flake Blade-like flake Flake Blade Pointed flake Blade fragment Blade Notched pointed blade Scraper Flake Point/Burin Flake Unifacial point Blade-like flake Scraper Lateral retouched flake Triangular flake Pointed flake Blade-like flake Pointed flake Blade-like flake Blade Blade Scraper Fragment Blade Discoidal flake Blade Ridge blade Blade-like flake Triangular pointed flake Trapezoidal flake Ridge blade Fragment Lateral retouched flake Elongated pointed flake

e Hard organic undeterminable e undeterminable Plants Multiple e Plants e Multiple Multiple Hard organic Multiple e Multiple Hide/Leather Multiple Hard organic poss. Wood e Ivory Multiple Hide/Leather Multiple Hide/Leather Hard organic undeterminable e Hard organic Soft organic e e e Multiple Hide/Leather undeterminable e e

Projectile point Laterally hafted scraper and knife Knife Projectile point Laterally hafted tool Scraping and cutting Knife Projectile point Knife Projectile point Projectile point and knife Scraping Scraping Projectile point and “engraver” Projectile point Projectile point and knife Knife Scraping Scraping Scraping Projectile point Scraping and engraving Projectile point and knife Scraping and cutting Multiple activities Knife Scraping undeterminable Laterally hafted projectile implement Scraping Knife Projectile point Projectile point Projectile point Scraping and cutting Knife undeterminable Projectile point Projectile point

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 4. Blade with burin-tip shaped distal end, no 170-2.

Two artefacts were probably used for working ivory as the comparison with experimentally created ivory micropolish indicated (Pawlik 1992: 71e75, Pawlik 1995). Very similar polish appears on the burin-tip shaped distal end of a blade (no. 170-2, Fig. 4). The polish is highly reflective and its microstructure appears domed and smooth. Significant micropitting is observed on the ventral face as well as so-called “microbubbles” on the polish surface (Pos. 1, Figs. 5 and 6), except for the immediate edge where the polish was removed by microscarring. Striations appear transverse to the edge, indicating dominantly scraping action. Opposite on the dorsal face a similarly well-developed polish can be observed that shows a rough surface structure with transversal brush-stroke striations (Pos. 2, Fig. 7). This polish resembles micropolishes caused by contact with inorganic materials like clay and slate. However, in combination with the smooth and bright polish on the opposite face and the presence of “microbubbles”, this was solely observed on experimental ivory working and the resulting polish (Pawlik, 1992) where it appeared as diagnostic pattern. Similar use-wear was detected on the distal end of an elongated flake (no. 383-3, Fig. 8). Its triangular cross-section made it appear like a “pseudo burin”. Also, burin-like removals have reduced the dorsal face. Both edges show obvious abrasion at the distal end (Pos. A, Fig. 9, Pos. B, Fig. 10). The immediate tip is faceted and

Fig. 5. No. 170-2, micropolish showing “microbubbles” at Position 1.

5

Fig. 6. Detailed view of the micropolish.

Fig. 7. Brush-stroke striations on polish surface at Position 2.

Fig. 8. Flake tool no 383-3.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

6

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 9. Edge abrasion at the distal end at Position A.

Fig. 12. Micropolish in reticular patter at Position 1.

displays abrasion (Fig. 11). Here, particularly well-developed polishes have formed in a reticular pattern, reaching a depth of ca. 8 mm from the tip into the interior of the tool's surface (Pos 4, Fig. 12). Their rough surface structure is traversed by short longitudinal striations and appears very similar to the polishes observed

on no. 170-2 (Pos. 5: Fig. 13). Both tools were probably used for engraving of a very hard material that has been posited by the developed micropolish as ivory. Function and handling of the tools were equivalent to technical burins. While the morphology of both

Fig. 10. Edge abrasion at the distal end at Position B.

Fig. 13. Transverse striations on polish surface at Position 2.

Fig. 11. Abrasion of the immediate distal tip of no. 383-3.

Fig. 14. Artefact no. 135-2.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

7

Fig. 18. Scraper no. 291-1.

Fig. 15. “sickle gloss”-like plant polish at Position 1.

Fig. 19. Plant polish with transverse striations at Position 1.

artefacts did not show any burin modification, their tips were used as such. Processing of phytolith-rich, grassy plants was observed on 13 tools from Inden-Altdorf. On some tools, the intensity of the wear traces reaches almost the level of “sickle gloss”, so on no. 135-2

(Fig. 14), there associated with transversal and longitudinal striations and a steep, rounded edge (Pos. 1, Fig. 15; Pos. 2, Fig. 16). Residues on the same edge appear to be carbonized plant remains. Their cell structures can be still identified under polarized light (Pos. 3, Fig. 17). A scraper, no. 291-1 (Fig. 18) displays intensive phytolith polish with striations transverse and perpendicular to the edge (Pos. 1, Fig. 19). Also here, residues that appear as remains of plant fibres were detected (Pos. 2, Fig. 20). Both tools seem to have been used for scraping activities, e.g. to retrieve the silica-rich fibers which could have been further processed into cords (Pawlik and

Fig. 17. Plant residues under polarized light at Position 3.

Fig. 20. Remains of plant fibres at Position 2.

Fig. 16. Plant polish with longitudinal striations at Position 2.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

8

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 21. Hafting residues in hairline fissures on no. 291-1 at Position A.

Fig. 24. High reflective micropolish at Position 1.

Thissen, 2011). No. 291-1 also shows signs of hafting. Residues of the hafting adhesive, probably birch pitch are found on the tool's surface. Its presence inside hairline fissures in the flint surface evidences the liquid state of the pitch during its application (Pos. A, Fig. 21). Associated are delicate reticular polish patterns with relative bright reflection on elevated parts of the micro-topography that seem to have been caused by the contact with the shaft (Pos. 3, Fig. 22). The working and engraving of mineral materials, probably softer rocks, was observed in six cases, including on two multifunctional tools. On no. 209-1 (Fig. 23) the wear traces reach an

Fig. 25. Brush-stroke striation and micropitting at Position 2.

Fig. 22. Potential hafting polish at Position 3.

Fig. 23. Scraper-like flake no 209-1.

Fig. 26. Unifacially retouched point no 279-4.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 27. Potential mineral polish at Position 1.

intensity similar to phytolith polish (Pos. 1, Fig. 24). However, at higher magnification a rough and blotting paper-like appearance with brush-stroke striations and micropitting becomes visible (Pos. 2, Fig. 25). The intensive abrasion suggests a rather long use of this tool. Similar polish patterns appear on a unifacial point, no.

Fig. 30. Pointed flake no. 389-1.

Fig. 31. Potential mineral polish at Position 1.

Fig. 28. Potential mineral polish at Position 2.

Fig. 29. Glossy areas visible at low magnifications at Position A.

Fig. 32. Detailed view of the polish.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

9

10

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 33. Intense polish linkage at the tip of no. 389-1.

Fig. 36. Dark coloration on face B caused by pitch residues.

Fig. 34. Mineral polish at the tip of no. 389-1 on dorsal.

Fig. 37. Scars and breaks on face C.

Fig. 35. Sandstone pebble no 351-1 with wear traces.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 38. Parallel grooves on face F.

Fig. 41. Limited scarring along distal edge on Position A.

Fig. 39. Blackish residues inside the grooves on face F.

Fig. 42. Generic weak polish on Position 1.

279-4 (Fig. 26), along the distal part of the tool (Pos. 1, Fig. 27; Pos. 2, Fig. 28). Due to their strong reflection they are already visible under low magnifications (Pos. A, Fig. 29). Also for this multifunctional tool, the intensity of wear and tear indicates a long

Fig. 40. Trapezoidal flake no 401-1.

11

use. No. 389-1 was clearly used as an engraving tool (Fig. 30). Here, a very bright and well-developed polish appears on the tip of this pointed, triangular flake (Pos. 1, Figs. 31 and 32). It shows the same dense and rather rough surface structure with

Fig. 43. Bright reflecting polish on Position 2.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

12

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 44. Polish band with vague transverse striations on Position 3.

Fig. 47. Reddish residues on dorsal at Position 5.

Fig. 45. Hafting residues associated with micropolish at Position 4.

Fig. 48. Cellular structure under polarized light at Position 6.

micropitting and numerous striations in longitudinal and transverse orientation. The most intense polish linkage appears at the immediate tip (Pos. 2, Fig. 33). The micropolish developed in similar intensity on ventral and dorsal (Pos. 3, Fig. 34). The polish reaches only a depth of ca. 3 mm from the tip and weakens fast

towards the interior, indicating the use of the pencil-like tip as an engraver. The purpose of these activities remains mysterious although it is not impossible that they were associated with artwork. Without finding such an object of art, however, such an interpretation remains speculative.

Fig. 46. Reddish residues on ventral at Position B.

Fig. 49. Positive hemoglobin reaction of the residue under UV light.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

13

Fig. 50. Location of functional areas at Inden-Altdorf.

Several grinding stones and querns were found in Altdorf 1. Some were covered with birch pitch and still show significant pitch residues on their surfaces (e.g. no. 263-1, Fig. 3f), assuming that they played a role in the process of pitch production. Experimental replication of prehistoric birch pitch suggests a function as a ‘pitch catcher’, placed at the bottom of the ‘retort’, the necessary airtight device for the distillation of pitch (Sandermann, 1965; Czarnowski €nder, 1991; et al., 1990; Kurzweil and Todtenhaupt, 1990; Rottla Pawlik, 2004; Palmer, 2007; Pawlik and Thissen, 2011c). A sandstone pebble, no. 351-1 (Fig. 35), shows cut-mark like grooves on the smoothened surfaces. Dark coloration appears on its face B (Pos. A, Fig. 36), while face C shows pit-like breaks and scars, pointing to a secondary use as retoucher (Pos. B, Fig. 37). Parallel deep grooves

were cut into the stone on face F (Fig. 38). While it is not entirely unlikely that the edges of stone tools were intentionally ground (see no. 389-1), some blackish residues appearing in the grooves (Fig. 39) might as well suggest a “cleaning” of pitch-covered edges of hafted tools after the hafting process by simply whetting the edges against the sandstone. A somewhat mysterious artefact is no. 401-1, a trapezoidal unretouched flake without significant damage (Fig. 40). The thin and almost straight distal end shows only few scars and weakly developed initial polish that give few clues on the artefact's use (Pos. A, Fig. 41; Pos. 1, Fig. 42). Isolated small polish spots with a smooth and slightly micropitted structure, thin transverse striations and bright reflection might point to a sporadic contact with a

Fig. 51. A) tool no. 139-2; B) no. 149-1.

Fig. 52. Artefact no. 136-2.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

14

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 53. Drop-shaped flake no. 023-8.

Fig. 56. Plant micropolish on Position 1.

light a cellular structure becomes visible (Pos. 6: Fig. 48), giving them the optical appearance of dried blood (Loy, 1983; Gurfinkel and Franklin, 1988; Loy and Dixon, 1998). Therefore, chemical tests were conducted at the forensic institute of the Baden-Württemberg State Police in Stuttgart, Germany (Kriminaltechnisches Institut, Landeskriminalamt Stuttgart) under the direction of Dr.

Fig. 54. Micro-fractures on the distal edge at Position A.

harder organic material, perhaps bone as part of butchering activity (Pos. 2: Fig. 43; Pos. 3: Fig. 44). Pitch residues associated with delicate reticular micropolish mainly in the proximal part of the tool indicate hafting (Pos. 4: Fig. 45). Remarkable are reddish colored smudgy residues that appear opposite of each other on dorsal and ventral (Pos. B: Fig. 46; Pos. 5: Fig. 47). Under the reflected light microscope and using polarized

Fig. 55. Scars and breaks on the proximal part at Position B.

Fig. 57. Projectile points, A) no. 199-1; B) no. 202-2.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

15

Fig. 58. Pebble tool no. 180-7.

Fig. 61. Micropolish caused by hide/leather working on Position 2.

Whether the appearance of brown algae residues is in context with the artefact's function or post-depositional could not be determined, yet. However, the results of the residue analysis give a cautionary note on the issue of blood residues and basic methods of hemoglobin testing (see Custer et al., 1988).

4. Functional zoning and site organisation An attempt was made to associate the results from the microscopic use-wear analysis with specific areas and features that were uncovered at the site. Ten distinctive activity areas could be recognized (Fig. 50): Fig. 59. Greasy lustre along lateral edge at Position A.

Werner Pflug. A porphyrine test of a using concentrated sulfuric acid returned a positive result (light red to orange red) under UV light (Fig. 49). However, successive analysis using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gave no PCR signal. Considering that the porphyrine test also reacts positive on chlorophyll the nature of the residues are more likely plant remains, probably brown algae or Phaeophyta (Pflug 2008, pers. comm). Despite of the variety of wear traces, this artefact remains enigmatic. The hafting of the tool is somewhat in contrast to the sporadic use and the very limited wear traces.

Fig. 60. Micropolish caused by hide/leather working on Position 1.

Fig. 62. Multifunctional tool no 204-1.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

16

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 63. Torsion fracture at Position A. Fig. 66. Formerly hafted knife no. 285-4.

Fig. 64. Plant micropolish at Position 1.

Fig. 67. Residues of a hafting adhesive on no. 285-4 at Position A.

Area 1 is located along the northern hillside and associated with the localities nos. 23, 50 and 152. It is considered a workshop area for various activities where tools were used in multiple functions as chisels and scrapers on wood and/or bone as well as the longitudinal and transversal working of silica-rich plants (no. 139-2,

Fig. 51a; no. 149-1, Fig. 51b; no. 135-2, Fig. 14; no. 136-2, Fig. 52). No. 023-8, a drop shaped flake (Fig. 53), was used as a chisel-like instrument. Fractures and a shattered appearance on the distal working edge (Pos. A, Fig. 54) were observed on this tool together with scars and breaks on the corresponding proximal part (Pos. B,

Fig. 65. Microwear caused by butchering activity at Position 2.

Fig. 68. Dull micropolish with brighter reflecting spots, probably resulting from butchering at Position 1.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

17

Fig. 72. Trapezoidal flake no. 381-2.

Fig. 69. Micropolish in a reticular pattern at Position 2.

Fig. 73. Micropolish of a mineral material at Position 1.

Fig. 55). Despite the reduction and scarring of the working edge, micropolishes from previous plant working process remained visible on elevated areas of the edge's microtopography (Pos. 1, Fig. 56). Area 2 is situated in the South Trench and associated with a possible fallen-tree feature (St. 200). Here, blank production and the repair, respectively the rehafting/retooling of hunting gear took place. Two projectile points could be refitted. No. 199-1 (Fig. 57a) could be directly attached to a prepared core (no. 198-1), and no. 202-2 (Fig. 57b) fits onto a blade (no. 170-2). Fig. 70. Blade tool no. 279-3.

Fig. 71. Micropolish probably caused by contact with bone at Position 1.

Fig. 74. Micropolish of a mineral material at Position 2.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

18

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 75. Chisel-like tool no. 381-3.

Fig. 78. Breaks and scars at Position B.

Fig. 76. Battering marks and brush-stroke striations at Position 1.

Area 3 in the South Trench (St. 210) includes several stone tools including a core made from a small pebble (no. 180-7, Fig. 58), that shows a greasy lustre along its lateral edge (Pos. A, Fig. 59) as well as micropolish (Pos. 1, Fig. 60; Pos. 2, Fig. 61), caused by the Fig. 79. Blade no 406-2.

Fig. 77. Breaks and scars at Position A.

Fig. 80. Residues of hafting adhesive at Position A.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

19

Fig. 81. Blade fragment no. 437-2. Fig. 84. Micropolish from processing hide or leather at Position 1.

Fig. 82. Micropolish probably resulting from butchering on Position 1.

processing hide or leather. In addition, a multi-functional tool (no. 209-1, Fig. 23) that was used for butchering also showed signs of a contact with mineral material. Another multi-functional tool (no. 204-1, Fig. 62) had traces of use as a weapon implement, like

impact induced torsion fractures (Pos. A, Fig. 63) and as a knife for cutting silica-rich plants (Pos. 1, Fig. 64) and butchering (Pos. 2, Fig. 65). Area 4 is also associated with a fallen-tree feature (St. 240; Fig. 50): Here, the grinding stone with pitch residues on its surface (no. 351-1, Fig. 35) that was used as a retoucher, and possibly as well for the application of pitch onto the edges of hafted implements, was found. This place served probably as a workplace for tool production and their repair. Area 5 includes several pits southwest of the main camp (St. 295; Fig. 50): Tools probably used for butchering, like a formerly hafted knife, no. 285-4, Fig. 66, that still has visible residues of hafting adhesive on its surface (e.g. Pos. A, Fig. 67). Dull micropolishes were caused by a softer contact material with occasional contacts of a harder organic material, indicated by better developed polish forming a reticular pattern on elevated parts of the microtopography, typical for butchering and meat cutting (Pos. 1, Fig. 68; Pos. 2, Fig. 69). Also a blade (no. 279-3, Fig. 70) with traces of bone working (Pos. 1, Fig. 71), and a multi-functional tool with traces of use as a weapon implement and as a knife (no. 279-4, Fig. 26) associate this area with meat processing and food preparation.

Fig. 83. Pointed tool with triangular cross-section no. 439-1.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

20

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 87. Battered area at Position A on tool no. 371-1.

Area 6 is part of the camp area and located around a fallen-tree feature (St. 300; Fig. 50). Here, the manufacture and repair of composite tools and weapons, including the application of birch pitch on projectile points was observed (no. 470-1, Fig. 3b; no. 4671, Fig. 3c). The presence of a hearth feature (St. 300-9, Fig. 50) suggests also domestic activities like preparation of food. Area 7: Three post holes between the fallen-tree features no. 240 and 300 (Fig. 50) were observed in this area during the excavation. Among the reconstructed activities were the processing of ivory (no. 383-3, Fig. 8), engraving of a mineral material with both distal tips of a trapezoidal flake (no. 381-2, Fig. 72), most likely softer rock (Pos. 1, Fig. 73; Pos. 2, Fig. 74), and the use of a chisel-like tool (no. 381-3, Fig. 75). This tool displays battering marks and brush-stroke striations on the platform remnant caused by a hammer (Pos. 1, Fig. 76) and breaks and scars on the corresponding distal edge (Pos. A, Fig. 77; Pos. B, Fig. 78). The tool was probably applied on wood or bone. Area 7 can be interpreted as part of a camp and as workplace (St. 301e303; Fig. 50) as well. Area 8 features camp-like contexts with several pits east of shelter 3 (St. 304 and 305; Abb. 50): Among the tools with identified wear traces were several projectile implements including a

blade (no. 406-2, Fig. 79) that was used laterally hafted as numerous pitch residues indicate (Pos. A, Fig. 80). On no. 437-2 (Fig. 81), traces probably associated with butchering were observed (Pos. 1, Fig. 82). A hafted flake, no. 401-1 (Fig. 40), had traces of occasional contact with bone (Pos. 2, Fig. 43; Pos. 2, Fig. 44), while on no. 439-1 (Fig. 83) cutting of hide or leather was identified (Pos. 1, Fig. 84). This suggests the use of that area for butchering, food preparation and the processing of fur and hide. Area 9 is located around the fallen tree feature no. 330 (Fig. 50). The area has delivered two lithic artefacts (no. 398-1, Fig. 85; no. 371-1, Fig. 86) that were probably used as chisels for working harder materials as battered areas on opposite areas of the tools show (no. 371-1: Pos. A, Fig. 87; Pos. B, Fig. 88; no. 398-1: Pos. A, Fig. 89). No. 371-1 was multifunctional and also applied for cutting and fraying fibrous, phytolith-rich plants (Pos. 1, Fig. 90). Two more artefacts (no. 371-3, Fig. 91; no. 372-1, Fig. 92) were used for the same purpose (no 372-1: Pos. 1, Fig. 93). The activities were possibly associated with the repair of hunting gear and other equipment. Area 10 consists of several pit-like features southwest of the main camp (St. 331e335; Fig. 50). It contained tools that were used for scraping wood and cutting silica-rich plants (no. 291-1, Fig. 18), butchering (no. 296-1, Fig. 94; no. 298-1, Fig. 95) with hide and bone contacts (no. 298-1: Pos. 1, Fig. 96; Pos. 2, Fig. 97), and scraping and chopping fresh bone (no. 299-1, Fig. 98; Pos. 1, Fig. 99).

Fig. 86. Trapezoidal flake no 371-1 used as chisel.

Fig. 88. Fracture at Position B on tool no. 371-1.

Fig. 85. Blade-like artefact no. 398-1 used as chisel.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

21

Fig. 91. Flake tool no. 371-3. Fig. 89. Frontal breaks at Position A on tool no. 398-1.

This area can be interpreted as a workplace and locality for butchering and food processing.

5. Discussion and conclusions In a multi-level micro-wear analysis, residues on stone tools from Inden-Altdorf have been identified as pitch produced by the distillation of birch bark (Pawlik and Thissen, 2011c). Birch pitch is the oldest known synthetic material and was used in Prehistoric Europe as an adhesive to fix stone tools on wooden shafts (Weiner, 2005). This kind of composite tool making was until now commonly associated with modern Homo sapiens of the last glacial period and the Holocene. The pitch residues found on the lithic artefacts from Inden-Altdorf predate this by far. The use of birch pitch in the Middle Palaeolithic is furthermore supported by two artefacts with pitch from Campitello in Italy (Mazza et al., 2006), ^s¸nov Cave in Romania also from the lower layers of Gura Cheii-Ra ^rciumaru et al., 2012), and from another Micoquian site at (Ca €nigsaue (Mania and Toepfer, 1973; Koller et al., 2001; Grünberg, Ko 2002). However, only at Altdorf appeared formerly hafted tools in higher numbers and associated with settlements structures within a stratigraphical secured context. The good preservation of the organic residues like birch pitch and plant fibres is remarkable and supported the residue analysis significantly.

This analysis delivered direct evidence that Micoquian lithic technology featured the use of stone tools as hafted implements fixed onto wooden shafts. The hafting traces appeared not only on projectile points but on working tools as well. Evidence for the production of synthetic pitch and the use of an innovative composite tool technology is still uncommon in the Palaeolithic record. This kind of multi-component tool making requires a complex constructive memory (Ambrose, 2010) and was until recently almost exclusively associated with modern Homo sapiens of the last glacial period and the Holocene. The pitch remains found at the Micoquian site of Inden-Altdorf predate these sites by tens of

Fig. 90. Micropolish caused by plant processing at Position 1.

Fig. 93. Intensive phytolith polish at Position 1.

Fig. 92. Flake tool. No 372-1.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

22

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 94. Flake tool no. 296-1 probably used for butchering.

millennia, and demonstrate advanced behavioural patterns and mastery of complex technological processes by hominin populations in central Europe as early as the Eemian/MIS 5e. Material evidence for the synthetic production of such adhesives directly at the site and in a complex multi-stage process was found through microstructural analysis of possible remains of a “retort”, a device for the dry distillation of birch bark into pitch (Pawlik et al., submitted for publication). The results of the fieldworks and the correlation of lithic analysis and microwear analysis with the recorded spatial distribution of the stone tools together with observed features and contexts allowed for the first time the identification of different functional areas at an open site of the Eemian period. The results of the usewear analysis substantiated further the interpretation of IndenAltdorf as a habitation site. Whether the tree bole features observed in Inden-Altdorf were indeed “fallen-tree shelters” remains hypothetical. However, such a possibility appears plausible in context with the observed cultural remains and the reconstructed tool functions. Experiments have demonstrated that it is indeed possible to erect a stable tent-like structure with the aid of some branches and animal hide (Pawlik and Thissen, 2011a). The results of the use-wear analysis show that numerous and diverse activities were conducted at Inden-Altdorf, including domestic tasks like hide processing. The identified activities suggest some€fer what longer occupations, not uncommon for “base camps” (Scha et al., 2006; Sch€ afer, 2011). The interpretation as a base camp is further substantiated by the geographic setting of Inden-Altdorf.

Fig. 95. Flake tool no. 298-1 probably used for butchering.

Fig. 96. Micropolish resulting from occasional bone contacts at Position 1.

The site is ideally located in a saddle position above the Inde Valley, and situated in close proximity to the Inde River and the large €lchen” where a gully flint raw material source of the “Altdorfer Ta provided access to high quality flint pebbles of the old Maas River terraces (Thissen, 2007; Pawlik and Thissen, 2011b). The observed zoning of activities might suggest that IndenAltdorf was occupied by more than one group. The 10 reconstructed activity zones might not all have been in use at the same time, and frequent visits of hunter/gatherer groups during the final stage of MIS 5e, respectively MIS 5 as the supposed time period for Inden-Altdorf are probable. Some if not all groups were acquainted with complex technologies like hafting and composite tool making. Also, evidence for rather unusual tool uses during this early period was acquired from the microwear analysis of the Inden-Altdorf tool assemblage. Among them were the processing of phytolith-rich grasses that left intensive, sickle-gloss like traces on several artefacts and the working of mineral materials. The exact purpose of the latter activity remains enigmatic and might even hint towards the fabrication of ornamental objects. Such products, however, were absent at the site. Several unretouched and rather small flakes could only be identified as projectile points with the aid of microwear analysis. The appearance and purpose of edge grinding on some of these projectile implements is quite remarkable and to our knowledge has not been observed on similarly old assemblages in Central Europe. As of now, the reason

Fig. 97. Micropolish resulting from occasional bone contacts at Position 2.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

Fig. 98. Round flake no. 299-1.

Fig. 99. Micropolish resulting from bone working at Position 1.

for such a modification remains unclear and still needs to be further investigated. Inden-Altdorf is certainly an unusual site for the Middle Palaeolithic record in Central Europe with regards to the richness and variety of its artefacts and contexts. It also demonstrated the potential of microwear and residue analysis and microstructural analysis to significantly enhance current knowledge of the culture, behavior and technological capacities of those early humans. Acknowledgements €rderung der Arch€ We thank the Foundation “Fo aologie im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier” who supported the research at Inden-Altdorf and the Archaeological Services in Rhineland (LVRABR), as well as its staff members. Alfred Pawlik received support from the Office of the Vice-President for Academic Affairs of the University of the Philippines and its Creative Work and Research Scholarship Program. We like to express our thanks to the Landes-Museum Bonn who facilitated the laboratories for this research, and to the Landeskriminalamt Stuttgart, Kriminaltechnisches Institut and Dr. Werner Pflug for conducting additional forensic residue analysis. References Ambrose, S.H., 2010. Coevolution of composite-tool technology, constructive memory, and language. Implications for the evolution of modern human behavior. Current Anthropology 51 (Suppl. 1), 135e147. Baales, M., 2002. Der sp€ atpal€ aolithische Fundplatz Kettig. RGZM, p. 51.

23

Boettger, T., Junge, F.W., Litt, Th, 2000. Stable climatic conditions in central Germany during the last interglacial. Journal of Quaternary Science 15 (5), 469e473. ^rciumaru, M., Ion, R., Nitu, E., 2012. New evidence of adhesive as hafting material Ca ^s¸nov Cave on Middle and Upper Palaeolithic artefacts from Gura Cheii-Ra (Romania). Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (7), 1942e1950. Custer, J.F., Ilgenfritz, J., Doms, K., 1988. A cautionary note on the use of Chemstrips for detection of blood residues on prehistoric stone tools. Journal of Archaeological Science 15 (3), 343e346. €rer, P., 1990. Zur Herstellung von Birkenpech im Czarnowski, E., Neubauer, D., Schwo Neolithikum. Acta praehistorica et archaeologica 22, 169e173. Dinnis, R., Pawlik, A., Gaillard, C., 2009. Bladelet cores as weapon tips? Hafting residue identification and micro-wear analysis of three carinated burins from the late Aurignacian of Les Vachons, France. Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 1922e1934. Fischer, P., Hilgers, A., Protze, J., Kels, H., Lehmkuhl, F., Gerlach, R., 2012. Formation and geochronology of Last Interglacial to Lower Weichselian loess/palaeosol sequences e case studies from the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany. E&G Quaternary Science Journal 61 (1), 48e63. Grünberg, J.M., 2002. Middle Palaeolithic birch-bark pitch. Antiquity 76, 15e16. Gurfinkel, D., Franklin, U., 1988. A study of the feasibility of detecting blood residues on artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science 15 (1), 83e98. Keeley, L.H., 1982. Hafting and retooling: effects in the archaeological record. American Antiquity 47, 798e809. Kels, H., Kehl, M., Lehmkuhl, F., Tegtmeier, U., Thissen, J., 2009. Natur€olithischen Camp von Indenwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum mittelpala Altdorf. Arch€ aologie im Rheinland 2008, 36e39. Koller, J., Baumer, U., Mania, D., 2001. High-tech in the Middle Palaeolithic: Neanderthal-Manufactured pitch identified. European Journal of Archaeology 4 (3), 385e397. Kooi, P.B., 1974. De orkaan van 13 November 1972 en het ontstan van ‘hoefeijservormige’ grondsporen. Helinium 14, 57. Kurzweil, A., Todtenhaupt, D., 1990. Das Doppeltopf-Verfahren: Eine rekonstruierte mittelalterliche Methode der Holzteergewinnung. Arch€ aologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland. Beiheft 4, 472e479. Lang, G., 1994. Quart€ are Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Gustav Fischer, Jena/ Stuttgart/New York. € ttger, T., 1996. Climate during the Eemian in northLitt, T., Junge, F.W., Bo central Europe a critical review of the palaeobotanical and stable isotope data from central Germany. Vegetation, History and Archaeobotany 5, 247e256. Loy, T., 1983. Prehistoric blood residues: detection on tool surfaces and identification of species of origin. Science 220, 1269e1271. Loy, T.H., Dixon, E.J., 1998. Blood residues on fluted points from eastern Beringia. American Antiquity 63, 21e46. € € nigsaue. Gliederung, Okologie Mania, D., Toepfer, V., 1973. Ko und mittelpal€ aolithi€ffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für sche Funde der letzten Eiszeit. Vero Vorgeschichte Halle, p. 26. Mazza, P., Martini, F., Sala, B., Magi, M., Colombini, M., Giachi, G., Landucci, F., Lemorini, C., 2006. A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed. Journal of Archaeological Science 33, 1310e1318. Palmer, F., 2007. Die Entstehung von Birkenpech in einer Feuerstelle unter pal€ aolithischen Bedingungen. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 16, 75e83. Pawlik, A., 1992. Mikrogebrauchsspurenanalyse. Methoden - Forschungsstand e Neue Ergebnisse. Urgeschichtliche Materialhefte 9. Archaeologica Venatoria, Tübingen. Pawlik, A., 1995. Die mikroskopische Analyse von Steinger€ aten. Experimente e Auswertungsmethoden e Artefaktanalyse. Urgeschichtliche Materialhefte 10. Archaeologica Venatoria, Tübingen. Pawlik, A., 1997. Funktionsanalyse an Artefakten aus Henauhof Nord II. In: Kind, C.-J. (Ed.), Die letzten Wildbeuter. Henauhof Nord II und das Endmesolithikum in €ologie in Baden-Württemberg, Baden-Württemberg, Materialhefte zur Archa 39, pp. 150e178. Pawlik, A., 2004. Identification of hafting traces and residues by scanning electron microscopes and energy-dispersive analysis of x-rays. In: Walker, E.A., WenbanSmith, F., Healy, F. (Eds.), Lithics in Action: Papers from the Conference Lithic Studies in the Year 2000. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 172e183. Pawlik, A., 2011. Functional analysis of the stone tools and the reconstruction of activities at the mesolithic site of Ullafelsen. In: Sch€ afer, D. (Ed.), Das €n Tirols 1. Mesolithikum-Projekt Ullafelsen. Mensch und Umwelt im Holoza Philipp von Zabern, Innsbruck, pp. 319e423. €olithische Camp von Inden-Altdorf. Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., 2011a. Das mittelpala Bonner Jahrbücher 209, 33e94. Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., 2011b. The ‘Palaeolithic prospection in the Inde Valley’ project. E&G Quaternary Science Journal 60e1, 35e46. Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., 2011c. Hafted armatures and multi-component tool design at the Micoquian site of Inden-Altdorf, Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 1699e1708. Pawlik, A., Telle, R., Thissen, J., 2015. Micro-structural analysis of remains of a Middle Palaeolithic manufacturing device for hafting adhesive from IndenAltdorf, western Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science (submitted for publication).

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125

24

A. Pawlik, J. Thissen / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e24

€nder, R.C.A., 1991. Untersuchungen an der Kittmasse von gescha €fteten Rottla Feuersteinklingen. In: Waterbolk, H.T., van Zeist, W. (Eds.), Niederwil, eine Siedlung der Pfyner Kultur, IV Holzartefakte und Textilien, I/IV. Academica Helvetica, Bern, pp. 249e250. €berharze” und Sandermann, W., 1965. Untersuchungen vorgeschichtlicher “Gra €ge zur Arch€ Kitte. Technische Beitra aologie 2, 58e73. €fer, D. (Ed.), 2011. Das Mesolithikum-Projekt Ullafelsen. Mensch und Umwelt Scha €n Tirols 1. Philipp von Zabern., Innsbruck, pp. 319e424. im Holoza €fer, D., Holdermann, C., Pawlik, A., Affolter, J., Ikinger, A., Bertola, S., 2006. Mesolithic Scha Subsistence at Ullafelsen/Tyrol. Preliminary studies 1995e2002. In: Kind, C.-J. (Ed.),

After the Ice Age. Settlements, Subsistence and Social Development in the Meso€ologie, pp. 201e210. lithic of Central Europe, 78. Materialhefte zur Archa €ologie im Thissen, J., 2007. Ein Camp des Micoquian im Indetal bei Altdorf. Archa Rheinland 2006, 42e45. Unrath, G., Owen, L., Van Gijn, A., Moss, E., Plisson, H., Vaughan, P., 1986. An evaluation of microwear studies: a multi-analyst approach. In: Unrath, G., Owen, L. (Eds.), Technical Aspects of Microwear Studies on Stone Tools, Early Man News 9/10/11. Archaeologica Venatoria, Tübingen. Weiner, J., 2005. Another word on pitch. Some comments on a “Sticky Issue” from Old Europe. Bulletin of Primitive Technology 29, 20e27.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawlik, A., Thissen, J., Traceological analysis of “unusual” wear traces on lithic artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site Inden-Altdorf and the functional context of the site, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2015.11.125