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Tradeoff diagrams for the integrated design of the physical environment in buildings
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only need to derive the expressions for the energies (strain or kinetic) and the expressions for the displacements or stresses and their derivatives in terms of nodal' variables. Tedious calculations to obtain the matrices are avoided. Such programs would facilitate checking of existing matrices, and assist in the development of new element models.
A finite element analysis is presented of the geometrically nonlinear behaviour of plates using a Mindlin formulation with the assumption of small rotations. A comparison of the performance of Linear, Serendipity, Lagrangian and Heterosis elements is given for square, skew, circular, and elliptical plates subjected to distributed and point Ioadings. All results are presented numerically.
and the convergence of the solution is studied.
Krishnamurthy, N 'Modelling and prediction of steel bolted connection behaviour', Comput. 5truct. Vol 11 No 1 - 2 (February 1980) pp 7 5 - 8 2
Radford, A D and Gero, J S 'Tradeoff diagrams for the integrated design of the physical environment in buildings' Computer Report CR32, Department of Architecturla Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia 2006 (1979)
Electrical electronic and logic engineering
The paper describes the form and application of environmental tradeoff diagrams as an alternative computer aid for the design of the physical environment in buildings. Environmental tradeoff diagrams utilize the concepts of Pareto optimality in multicriterion decision making to offer a designer prescriptive quantitative information which relates the performance achievable in different environmental components both to the building design and to each other. They are generated using a mathematical model of building/environment behaviour imbeded within an optimization problem formulation.
Based on the assumption that, precluding faults in the microprocessor itself, gate level simulation of a microprocessorbased system is too expensive, this paper presents a method whereby microprocessors may be simulated at the behavioural level. The microprocessor model itself is constrained at its interface with the remainder of the system to accept and generate data compatible with normal MSI simulation techniques. The model is developed by describing the data and program structures required in a stand-alone Microprocessor Simulation Program (MSP) and the scheduling and signal timing requirements depending on the environment (event or time driven). This model is then extended to show how it can be made to fit into a general simulation package which allows for mixed scale (MSI/LSI) designs and for multi-microprocessor systems.
The complicated geometry, support conditions, loading sequence, and material properties of steel connections fabricated with high-strength, pretens!oned steel bolts, have been modelled by finite element techniques. 2 and 3D models and programs have been developed and used in parameter studies on three different types of connections. Prediction equations for connection behaviour have been developed from the data produced. The general methodology and unique features of the studies are presented. Near, A K, and Peters, I M 'Nonlinear dynamic analysis of spa&e trusses' Comput. Methods in App. Mech. and Eng. Vol 21 No 2 (February 1980) pp 131-151 A computational procedure is presented for predicting the dynamic response of space trusses with both geometric and material nonlinearities. A mixed formulation is used with fundamental unknowns consisting of member forces, nodal velocities and nodal displacements. The advantages of the proposed computational procedure over explicit methods used with the displacement formulation are discussed. The high accuracy of the procedure is demonstrated by means of numerical examples of plane and space trusses. Oluyomi, M A and Tabarrok, B 'A generalized energy approach to the optimum design of plates and skeletal structures' Comput. andStruct. Vol 10 No 1/2 (April 1979) pp 2 6 9 - 2 7 5 The problem of the optimum design of discretized elastic systems is formulated as an energy extremization problem. Unlike conventional optimality criteria methods where only the optimality condition itself is derived from an energy extremization process, the approach proposed here derives all the pertiment equations of the problem, viz. the governing equations of equilibrium; the optimality criteria; and the constraint equations from the stationary conditions of a single functional. To accomplish this, the constraints on stresses, deflections, fundamental frequencies and critical buckling loads are posed in the form of equivalent potentials. Pica, A, Wood, R D, and Hinton, E 'Finite element analysis of geometrically nonlinear plate behaviour using a Mindlin formulation' Comput. & Struct. Vol 11, No 3 (March 1980) pp 203--215
v o l u m e 12 n u m b e r 5 s e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 0
Radford, A D, and Gero, J S 'On the design of windows' Env. and Planning B Vol 6 (1979) pp 4 1 - 4 5 The paper outlines an approach to the generation of prescriptive information for window design, based on an algorithm for the determination of the number, position, and size of windows in a room, in relation to a specified performance objective. The
manipulation of topology separately from geometry and material characteristics is shown to permit considerable control by the designer over the forms of solution generated by the optimization method. Russell, A D and Choudhary, K T 'Cost optimization of buildings', J. 5truct. Division, Proc. ASCE Vol 106 No ST1 (January 1980) pp 2 8 3 - 3 0 0 The paper considers the cost optimization of light industrial buildings. Attention is first directed at a detailed statement of the problem in which the design of the roofing bent, foundation, and cladding systems is treated. Capital cost has been selected as the most important single performance criterion for the systems considered herein. A modified version of Box's complex method, as described in the paper, is used to determine the optimal values.
Sundararajan, C 'Stability analysis of plates by a complementary energy method' Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. Vol 15 No 3 (March 1980) pp 3 4 3 - 3 4 9 A complementary energy method for the stability analysis of plates is presented. Buckling loads of rectangular plates with different boundary conditions are obtained,
Collated by James G Orbison, Cornell University, N Y, USA and HaW Murthy, University of Sydney, A ustralie
Armstrong, J R, and Woodruff, G W 'Chiplevel simulation of microprocessors' IEEE Comput. Vol 13 No 1 (January 1980) pp 94--100
Cliff, R A, 'Acceptable testing of VLSI components which contain error correctors' IEEE J. of 5olid-State Cir; Vol 15 No 1 (February 1980) pp 6 1 - 7 0 If a VLSI chip is partitioned into functional units (FU's) and redundant FU's are added, error correcting codes may be employed to increase the yield and/or reliability of the chip. Acceptable testing is defined to be testing the chip with the error corrector functioning, thus obtaining the maximum increase in yield afforded by the error correction. The acceptable testing theorem shows that the use of coding and error correction in conjunction with acceptable testing can significantly increase the yield of VLSI chips without seriously compromising their reliability. Foulk, P W, McLean, J A, Mason, R A, and O'Callaghan, P J 'AIDS - an integrated design system for digital hardware' lEE Proc. Comput. Digital Tech; Vol 127 No 2 (March 1980) pp 4 5 - 5 4 A computer-aided-design system is described which is aimed at the expression, analysis, implementation and realization of any type of computer system, but is of most value in those systems exhibiting parallelism. A formal model has been specially developed with parallel systems in mind. The model uses a directed-graph representation which
269
~!ii~ii!!!!
,
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
only need to derive the expressions for the energies (strain or kinetic) and the expressions for the displacements or stresses and their derivatives in terms of nodal' variables. Tedious calculations to obtain the matrices are avoided. Such programs would facilitate checking of existing matrices, and assist in the development of new element models.
A finite element analysis is presented of the geometrically nonlinear behaviour of plates using a Mindlin formulation with the assumption of small rotations. A comparison of the performance of Linear, Serendipity, Lagrangian and Heterosis elements is given for square, skew, circular, and elliptical plates subjected to distributed and point Ioadings. All results are presented numerically.
and the convergence of the solution is studied.
Krishnamurthy, N 'Modelling and prediction of steel bolted connection behaviour', Comput. 5truct. Vol 11 No 1 - 2 (February 1980) pp 7 5 - 8 2
Radford, A D and Gero, J S 'Tradeoff diagrams for the integrated design of the physical environment in buildings' Computer Report CR32, Department of Architecturla Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia 2006 (1979)
Electrical electronic and logic engineering
The paper describes the form and application of environmental tradeoff diagrams as an alternative computer aid for the design of the physical environment in buildings. Environmental tradeoff diagrams utilize the concepts of Pareto optimality in multicriterion decision making to offer a designer prescriptive quantitative information which relates the performance achievable in different environmental components both to the building design and to each other. They are generated using a mathematical model of building/environment behaviour imbeded within an optimization problem formulation.
Based on the assumption that, precluding faults in the microprocessor itself, gate level simulation of a microprocessorbased system is too expensive, this paper presents a method whereby microprocessors may be simulated at the behavioural level. The microprocessor model itself is constrained at its interface with the remainder of the system to accept and generate data compatible with normal MSI simulation techniques. The model is developed by describing the data and program structures required in a stand-alone Microprocessor Simulation Program (MSP) and the scheduling and signal timing requirements depending on the environment (event or time driven). This model is then extended to show how it can be made to fit into a general simulation package which allows for mixed scale (MSI/LSI) designs and for multi-microprocessor systems.
The complicated geometry, support conditions, loading sequence, and material properties of steel connections fabricated with high-strength, pretens!oned steel bolts, have been modelled by finite element techniques. 2 and 3D models and programs have been developed and used in parameter studies on three different types of connections. Prediction equations for connection behaviour have been developed from the data produced. The general methodology and unique features of the studies are presented. Near, A K, and Peters, I M 'Nonlinear dynamic analysis of spa&e trusses' Comput. Methods in App. Mech. and Eng. Vol 21 No 2 (February 1980) pp 131-151 A computational procedure is presented for predicting the dynamic response of space trusses with both geometric and material nonlinearities. A mixed formulation is used with fundamental unknowns consisting of member forces, nodal velocities and nodal displacements. The advantages of the proposed computational procedure over explicit methods used with the displacement formulation are discussed. The high accuracy of the procedure is demonstrated by means of numerical examples of plane and space trusses. Oluyomi, M A and Tabarrok, B 'A generalized energy approach to the optimum design of plates and skeletal structures' Comput. andStruct. Vol 10 No 1/2 (April 1979) pp 2 6 9 - 2 7 5 The problem of the optimum design of discretized elastic systems is formulated as an energy extremization problem. Unlike conventional optimality criteria methods where only the optimality condition itself is derived from an energy extremization process, the approach proposed here derives all the pertiment equations of the problem, viz. the governing equations of equilibrium; the optimality criteria; and the constraint equations from the stationary conditions of a single functional. To accomplish this, the constraints on stresses, deflections, fundamental frequencies and critical buckling loads are posed in the form of equivalent potentials. Pica, A, Wood, R D, and Hinton, E 'Finite element analysis of geometrically nonlinear plate behaviour using a Mindlin formulation' Comput. & Struct. Vol 11, No 3 (March 1980) pp 203--215
v o l u m e 12 n u m b e r 5 s e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 0
Radford, A D, and Gero, J S 'On the design of windows' Env. and Planning B Vol 6 (1979) pp 4 1 - 4 5 The paper outlines an approach to the generation of prescriptive information for window design, based on an algorithm for the determination of the number, position, and size of windows in a room, in relation to a specified performance objective. The
manipulation of topology separately from geometry and material characteristics is shown to permit considerable control by the designer over the forms of solution generated by the optimization method. Russell, A D and Choudhary, K T 'Cost optimization of buildings', J. 5truct. Division, Proc. ASCE Vol 106 No ST1 (January 1980) pp 2 8 3 - 3 0 0 The paper considers the cost optimization of light industrial buildings. Attention is first directed at a detailed statement of the problem in which the design of the roofing bent, foundation, and cladding systems is treated. Capital cost has been selected as the most important single performance criterion for the systems considered herein. A modified version of Box's complex method, as described in the paper, is used to determine the optimal values.
Sundararajan, C 'Stability analysis of plates by a complementary energy method' Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. Vol 15 No 3 (March 1980) pp 3 4 3 - 3 4 9 A complementary energy method for the stability analysis of plates is presented. Buckling loads of rectangular plates with different boundary conditions are obtained,
Collated by James G Orbison, Cornell University, N Y, USA and HaW Murthy, University of Sydney, A ustralie
Armstrong, J R, and Woodruff, G W 'Chiplevel simulation of microprocessors' IEEE Comput. Vol 13 No 1 (January 1980) pp 94--100
Cliff, R A, 'Acceptable testing of VLSI components which contain error correctors' IEEE J. of 5olid-State Cir; Vol 15 No 1 (February 1980) pp 6 1 - 7 0 If a VLSI chip is partitioned into functional units (FU's) and redundant FU's are added, error correcting codes may be employed to increase the yield and/or reliability of the chip. Acceptable testing is defined to be testing the chip with the error corrector functioning, thus obtaining the maximum increase in yield afforded by the error correction. The acceptable testing theorem shows that the use of coding and error correction in conjunction with acceptable testing can significantly increase the yield of VLSI chips without seriously compromising their reliability. Foulk, P W, McLean, J A, Mason, R A, and O'Callaghan, P J 'AIDS - an integrated design system for digital hardware' lEE Proc. Comput. Digital Tech; Vol 127 No 2 (March 1980) pp 4 5 - 5 4 A computer-aided-design system is described which is aimed at the expression, analysis, implementation and realization of any type of computer system, but is of most value in those systems exhibiting parallelism. A formal model has been specially developed with parallel systems in mind. The model uses a directed-graph representation which
269