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Training anticipatory skill in a natural setting of cricket batting through selective visual occlusion: A preliminary investigation
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Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (2010) e1–e232
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The effect of attentional cues on cycling performance at different levels of skill development
Training anticipatory skill in a natural setting of cricket batting through selective visual occlusion: A preliminary investigation
E. Appleton 1,2,∗ , P. Thomas 1 , D. Neumann 1 1 Griffith
University of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport
2 Centre
Introduction: Cycling is predominantly an endurance sport where the attentional focus adopted may have a significant impact on performance. The level of skill development may also determine the optimal attentional focus cues for successful performance. The purpose of the research was to examine the effect of different attentional focus cues on cycling performance in novice (n = 16), experienced (n = 16), and elite (n = 15) cyclists. Methodology: Attentional focus was overtly manipulated by giving instructions to the cyclist. Following a baseline trial, cyclists were required to complete four 5-min time trials at maximum intensity while focusing attention towards process, performance, or outcome goals, or to use a nonawareness strategy. Performance was measured by average power output. Results/discussion: Groups were matched by age (novice: 29.8, range 19–43 years; experienced: 33.6, range 20–45 years; elite 33.3, range 22–45 years) and BMI (novice: 25.6 ± 3.6 kg m−2 ; experienced: 24.3 ± 2.9 kg m−2 ; elite: 23.9 ± 2.1 kg m−2 ). There was no interaction between skill level and attentional focus condition. All groups performed significantly better under a performance goal (novice: 200.04 ± 30.30 W; experienced: 303.30 ± 61.25 W; elite: 335.44 ± 70.96 W) than a process goal (novice: 177.70 ± 33.09 W; experienced: 270.84 ± 55.15 W; elite: 306.67 ± 66.61 W) or using a non-awareness strategy (novice: 173.53 ± 40.71 W; experienced: 268.29 ± 52.50 W; elite: 298.34 ± 61.17 W). In addition, all groups achieved higher average power output using an outcome focus (novice: 193.24 ± 35.77 W; experienced: 314.93 ± 66.31 W; elite: 333.98 ± 68.93 W) than a non-awareness focus. These results have implications for the goal setting strategies suggested to cyclists of all levels. Cyclists may benefit from focusing on performance or outcome cues (rather than process or non-awareness) when cycling in a controlled environment. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.029
S. Muller 1,∗ , B. Abernethy 2 , D. Farrow 3 , E. Tor 1 1 RMIT
University of Hong Kong & University of Queensland 3 Australian Institute of Sport 2 University
Introduction: Expert cricket batsmen have a superior capability to anticipate ball types from the actions’ of bowlers. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the degree of perception and action coupling required to gain anticipatory training benefits in club level cricket batsmen through selective visual occlusion. Methodology: Eighteen batsmen of club standard were recruited from three different clubs to form three equal groups, with six, three and six participants retained per group, respectively. Vision occlusion spectacles, worn by the batsman, were used to train anticipation through progressive occlusion of vision of the bowler’s action and ball flight to balls delivered by swing bowlers. In addition to club practice, group one (perception–action coupled) batted against bowlers and attempted to strike delivered balls, whilst group two (perception only) stood behind a practice net and made a verbal prediction of ball type. Group three (control) participated only in club practice. Intervention groups received one session of approximately 20 min duration over a 6 week period. A pre and post test design was used where the batsmen attempted to strike balls delivered by swing bowlers whilst their vision was occluded through spectacles either just prior to ball release, just prior to ball bounce or not at all. In test and training phases, the bowlers delivered three different ball types; a full length outswinger, a full length inswinger and a short length ball. Dependent measures included number of correct definitive foot movements and ‘good’ bat–ball contacts. Results/discussion: In relation to foot movements, for full length deliveries, group one attained a significantly superior number of correct definitive foot movements to group three, but not group two, in the post-test across all vision conditions. For short length deliveries, only group one significantly improved their foot positioning under the prior to ball release condition. In relation to ‘good’ bat–ball contacts, for full length deliveries, only group one showed significant improvement from pre to post tests under the no occlusion condition. For short length deliveries, group one and two showed a trend for improvement in contacts across all vision conditions, whilst group three showed no improvement. The results indicate that greater anticipatory training benefits are found when perception–action is coupled, however, perception only training appears also beneficial. Implications for coupled and
Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (2010) e1–e232
uncoupled anticipatory training in the natural skill setting will be discussed.
e15
31 Arthroscopic undersurface rotator cuff repair
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.030
X. Wu ∗ , C. Baldwick, L. Briggs, G. Murrell
30
Department of Orthopaedics, St George Hospital
Outcomes of arthroscopic repair of partial thickness versus full thickness rotator cuff tears K. Peters ∗ , S. McCallum, G. Murrell Orthopaedic Research Institute Introduction: Partial thickness rotator cuff tears are common and are diagnosed with increased frequency due to greater awareness and improved diagnostic methods. The current consensus is to repair partial tears that involve 50% or more of the tendon thickness, however the outcomes from repair of partial thickness rotator cuff tears, are, for the most part, unknown. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the outcome of repair of partial thickness compared with full thickness rotator cuff tears. Methodology: Of 425 consecutive arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs, 143 met the inclusion criteria for this study. Ninety-five had a full thickness tear measuring less than 3 cm2 (full thickness group) and 48 had a partial thickness tear (partial thickness group). All were repaired using a knotless single row “tension band” arthroscopic repair (Arthrocare Corporation). Standardized patientand examiner-determined outcomes were obtained preoperatively and at 6,12 and 24 weeks, and where possible 2 years post surgery. Rotator cuff integrity was determined at 6 months and 2 years post surgery by ultrasound. Results: Patient determined shoulder function, supraspinatus strength and pain scores were superior to pre-operative scores at 6 months (p < 0.001) and at mean follow-up of 18.5 months (p < 0.001) in both groups. Examiner determined post-operative stiffness at 6 weeks was common (47% in partial thickness, 45% in full thickness group) but decreased to 19% and 18% (p < 0.01) at 3 months and 13% and 14% at 6 months. The re-tear rate was very small (2% in the partial thickness group and 5% in the full thickness group; p = 0.83) at 6 months and small (6% and 15%; p = 0.23) at 18.5 months. Revision surgery for a re-tear was required in 4 patients (2 in each group). Conclusions: Arthroscopic repair of partial thickness and small and medium full thickness tears was associated with excellent and comparable medium term clinical outcomes with low re-tear rates.
Introduction: The standard method to repair a torn rotator cuff usually involved an arthroscopic evaluation of the glenohumeral joint, then placing the arthroscope in the subacromial space, debridement of the torn edges of the tendon and the landing site and reattachment of the torn tendon to bone with suture anchors. We modified the repair technique so that these steps were performed while the arthroscope remained in the glenohumeral joint. Thus the repair was visualized from the undersurface rather than the bursal side of the rotator cuff. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the “undersurface” technique and evaluate its effect on operative time, early clinical outcomes and cuff integrity. Methods: The operative time, patient determined outcomes, range of motions, and ultrasound determined cuff integrity of two cohorts of consecutive patients who had a rotator cuff tear repaired arthroscopically with a knotless system (Opus Magnum, ArthroCare Corporation, Sydney, Australia) either via the standard bursal side approach (bursal repair; n = 60) or undersurface repair; (n = 50) were compared. The groups were matched for age (mean 60 years for both groups) and tear size (2.8 cm2 vs 2.9 cm2 ; p = 0.81). Those patients who had a combined undersurface and bursal repair, partial thickness rotator cuff tear, and those who had other significant shoulder pathologies or surgeries, or were unable to complete 6 months follow up were excluded. Results: The average operative time for the bursal repair group was 48 min and for the undersurface repair was 16 min (p < 0.001). Patients in the undersurface group reported 12% and 17% less frequent pain during overhead activity at 6 weeks and 3 months (p = 0.02 and 0.03), 30% less difficulty with reaching behind the back(p = 0.01) and had better forward flexion at 3 months (151 ± 4ovs 138 ± 4o, p = 0.02) and internal rotation at 6 months (by 2.5 vertebral levels, p < 0.001). All other outcome measures, including ultrasonographic re-tear rate at six months (bursal 15%; undersurface 20%, p = 0.7), were similar. Conclusion: The undersurface approach to arthroscopic rotator cuff repair was on average more than three times faster than the conventional bursal side approach, and resulted in similar re-tear rate but more superior clinical outcomes in the first six months post repair. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.032
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.031
Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (2010) e1–e232
28
29
The effect of attentional cues on cycling performance at different levels of skill development
Training anticipatory skill in a natural setting of cricket batting through selective visual occlusion: A preliminary investigation
E. Appleton 1,2,∗ , P. Thomas 1 , D. Neumann 1 1 Griffith
University of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport
2 Centre
Introduction: Cycling is predominantly an endurance sport where the attentional focus adopted may have a significant impact on performance. The level of skill development may also determine the optimal attentional focus cues for successful performance. The purpose of the research was to examine the effect of different attentional focus cues on cycling performance in novice (n = 16), experienced (n = 16), and elite (n = 15) cyclists. Methodology: Attentional focus was overtly manipulated by giving instructions to the cyclist. Following a baseline trial, cyclists were required to complete four 5-min time trials at maximum intensity while focusing attention towards process, performance, or outcome goals, or to use a nonawareness strategy. Performance was measured by average power output. Results/discussion: Groups were matched by age (novice: 29.8, range 19–43 years; experienced: 33.6, range 20–45 years; elite 33.3, range 22–45 years) and BMI (novice: 25.6 ± 3.6 kg m−2 ; experienced: 24.3 ± 2.9 kg m−2 ; elite: 23.9 ± 2.1 kg m−2 ). There was no interaction between skill level and attentional focus condition. All groups performed significantly better under a performance goal (novice: 200.04 ± 30.30 W; experienced: 303.30 ± 61.25 W; elite: 335.44 ± 70.96 W) than a process goal (novice: 177.70 ± 33.09 W; experienced: 270.84 ± 55.15 W; elite: 306.67 ± 66.61 W) or using a non-awareness strategy (novice: 173.53 ± 40.71 W; experienced: 268.29 ± 52.50 W; elite: 298.34 ± 61.17 W). In addition, all groups achieved higher average power output using an outcome focus (novice: 193.24 ± 35.77 W; experienced: 314.93 ± 66.31 W; elite: 333.98 ± 68.93 W) than a non-awareness focus. These results have implications for the goal setting strategies suggested to cyclists of all levels. Cyclists may benefit from focusing on performance or outcome cues (rather than process or non-awareness) when cycling in a controlled environment. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.029
S. Muller 1,∗ , B. Abernethy 2 , D. Farrow 3 , E. Tor 1 1 RMIT
University of Hong Kong & University of Queensland 3 Australian Institute of Sport 2 University
Introduction: Expert cricket batsmen have a superior capability to anticipate ball types from the actions’ of bowlers. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the degree of perception and action coupling required to gain anticipatory training benefits in club level cricket batsmen through selective visual occlusion. Methodology: Eighteen batsmen of club standard were recruited from three different clubs to form three equal groups, with six, three and six participants retained per group, respectively. Vision occlusion spectacles, worn by the batsman, were used to train anticipation through progressive occlusion of vision of the bowler’s action and ball flight to balls delivered by swing bowlers. In addition to club practice, group one (perception–action coupled) batted against bowlers and attempted to strike delivered balls, whilst group two (perception only) stood behind a practice net and made a verbal prediction of ball type. Group three (control) participated only in club practice. Intervention groups received one session of approximately 20 min duration over a 6 week period. A pre and post test design was used where the batsmen attempted to strike balls delivered by swing bowlers whilst their vision was occluded through spectacles either just prior to ball release, just prior to ball bounce or not at all. In test and training phases, the bowlers delivered three different ball types; a full length outswinger, a full length inswinger and a short length ball. Dependent measures included number of correct definitive foot movements and ‘good’ bat–ball contacts. Results/discussion: In relation to foot movements, for full length deliveries, group one attained a significantly superior number of correct definitive foot movements to group three, but not group two, in the post-test across all vision conditions. For short length deliveries, only group one significantly improved their foot positioning under the prior to ball release condition. In relation to ‘good’ bat–ball contacts, for full length deliveries, only group one showed significant improvement from pre to post tests under the no occlusion condition. For short length deliveries, group one and two showed a trend for improvement in contacts across all vision conditions, whilst group three showed no improvement. The results indicate that greater anticipatory training benefits are found when perception–action is coupled, however, perception only training appears also beneficial. Implications for coupled and
Abstracts / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (2010) e1–e232
uncoupled anticipatory training in the natural skill setting will be discussed.
e15
31 Arthroscopic undersurface rotator cuff repair
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.030
X. Wu ∗ , C. Baldwick, L. Briggs, G. Murrell
30
Department of Orthopaedics, St George Hospital
Outcomes of arthroscopic repair of partial thickness versus full thickness rotator cuff tears K. Peters ∗ , S. McCallum, G. Murrell Orthopaedic Research Institute Introduction: Partial thickness rotator cuff tears are common and are diagnosed with increased frequency due to greater awareness and improved diagnostic methods. The current consensus is to repair partial tears that involve 50% or more of the tendon thickness, however the outcomes from repair of partial thickness rotator cuff tears, are, for the most part, unknown. The aim of this study therefore was to assess the outcome of repair of partial thickness compared with full thickness rotator cuff tears. Methodology: Of 425 consecutive arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs, 143 met the inclusion criteria for this study. Ninety-five had a full thickness tear measuring less than 3 cm2 (full thickness group) and 48 had a partial thickness tear (partial thickness group). All were repaired using a knotless single row “tension band” arthroscopic repair (Arthrocare Corporation). Standardized patientand examiner-determined outcomes were obtained preoperatively and at 6,12 and 24 weeks, and where possible 2 years post surgery. Rotator cuff integrity was determined at 6 months and 2 years post surgery by ultrasound. Results: Patient determined shoulder function, supraspinatus strength and pain scores were superior to pre-operative scores at 6 months (p < 0.001) and at mean follow-up of 18.5 months (p < 0.001) in both groups. Examiner determined post-operative stiffness at 6 weeks was common (47% in partial thickness, 45% in full thickness group) but decreased to 19% and 18% (p < 0.01) at 3 months and 13% and 14% at 6 months. The re-tear rate was very small (2% in the partial thickness group and 5% in the full thickness group; p = 0.83) at 6 months and small (6% and 15%; p = 0.23) at 18.5 months. Revision surgery for a re-tear was required in 4 patients (2 in each group). Conclusions: Arthroscopic repair of partial thickness and small and medium full thickness tears was associated with excellent and comparable medium term clinical outcomes with low re-tear rates.
Introduction: The standard method to repair a torn rotator cuff usually involved an arthroscopic evaluation of the glenohumeral joint, then placing the arthroscope in the subacromial space, debridement of the torn edges of the tendon and the landing site and reattachment of the torn tendon to bone with suture anchors. We modified the repair technique so that these steps were performed while the arthroscope remained in the glenohumeral joint. Thus the repair was visualized from the undersurface rather than the bursal side of the rotator cuff. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the “undersurface” technique and evaluate its effect on operative time, early clinical outcomes and cuff integrity. Methods: The operative time, patient determined outcomes, range of motions, and ultrasound determined cuff integrity of two cohorts of consecutive patients who had a rotator cuff tear repaired arthroscopically with a knotless system (Opus Magnum, ArthroCare Corporation, Sydney, Australia) either via the standard bursal side approach (bursal repair; n = 60) or undersurface repair; (n = 50) were compared. The groups were matched for age (mean 60 years for both groups) and tear size (2.8 cm2 vs 2.9 cm2 ; p = 0.81). Those patients who had a combined undersurface and bursal repair, partial thickness rotator cuff tear, and those who had other significant shoulder pathologies or surgeries, or were unable to complete 6 months follow up were excluded. Results: The average operative time for the bursal repair group was 48 min and for the undersurface repair was 16 min (p < 0.001). Patients in the undersurface group reported 12% and 17% less frequent pain during overhead activity at 6 weeks and 3 months (p = 0.02 and 0.03), 30% less difficulty with reaching behind the back(p = 0.01) and had better forward flexion at 3 months (151 ± 4ovs 138 ± 4o, p = 0.02) and internal rotation at 6 months (by 2.5 vertebral levels, p < 0.001). All other outcome measures, including ultrasonographic re-tear rate at six months (bursal 15%; undersurface 20%, p = 0.7), were similar. Conclusion: The undersurface approach to arthroscopic rotator cuff repair was on average more than three times faster than the conventional bursal side approach, and resulted in similar re-tear rate but more superior clinical outcomes in the first six months post repair. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.032
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.031