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Transactional analysis and health promotion
International Congress Series 1287 (2006) 164 – 167
www.ics-elsevier.com
Transactional analysis and health promotion Masato Murakami a,*, Toshio Matsuno a, Kazuyoshi Koike b, Shoichi Ebana c, Keiko Hanaoka a, Taisaku Katsura d a
Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, Oyaguchikami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 175-8610, Japan b Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Nihon University Dental Hospital, Japan c Department of Psychosomatic Medicine , Yokohama Rousai Hospital, Japan d LCC Institute on Stress Medicine, Japan
Abstract. Our investigation indicated that unsolved complicated trouble of human relations and the presence of negative feelings against another person are the most important background of psychological stress. Psychological reaction may develop to anxiety, feeling of imperfection, frustration and depression, and further more to psychosomatic disorders. By comparison of our patient with psychosomatic disorders and normal subjects, egogram pattern of patients tended to become near N type with self-negation and self-sacrifice, and suggested that resistance for stress of patients was low. When we practice psychosomatic medical care, general medical management based on bmedical modelQ but also psychological care based on bself-growth modelQ is very important. Transactional analysis is one of the most effective psychological theories that enables us to elucidate the mechanism of stress and assists a process for solution of problems in human relations. Analysis of ego-state, game, life script and processes for re-decision may play an important role in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders. A final goal of treatment of stress associated diseases is not merely an improvement of physical condition but also an achievement of quality of life and discovery of new way of happy life. Transactional analysis can be one of the professional psychotherapies suitable for psychosomatic care and contributory for health promotion of mind and body. D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Transactional analysis; Health promotion; Egogram; Self-growth model; Psychotherapy
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 3 3972 8111; fax: +81 3 3972 0015. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Murakami). 0531-5131/ D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ics.2005.12.055
M. Murakami et al. / International Congress Series 1287 (2006) 164–167
165
1. Introduction Various kinds of health disturbances of mind and body are caused by psychological stress such as trouble of human relations and problems of the daily life. Psychological reaction may develop to anxiety, feeling of imperfection, frustration and depression, and further more to psychosomatic disorders. Transactional analysis (TA) is one of the most effective psychological theories that enables us to elucidate mechanism of stress and assists a process for solution of problems in human relations. TA is applicable in various aspects of clinical fields when we deal with human relation in the situation of psychotherapy, education and training at the school or workplace. Also TA is one of the most popular and contributory psychological theories among the physicians and psychologists in the field of psychosomatic medicine. This paper will briefly mention about how TA is adopted in the clinical practice and how it contributes to the health promotion. 2. TA and psychosomatic medicine Various kinds of health disturbances of mind and body are caused by psychological stress such as trouble of human relations and problem of the daily life [1]. The presence of unpleasant provocative person or unhappy incidents may be realistic in daily life regardless of age or race. For example, frustration between daughter-in-law and mother-inlaw is one of the everyday episodes still considerable in Japan. Our investigations indicated that unsolved complicated trouble of human relations and the presence of negative feelings against another person are the most important background of psychological stress [2]. 2.1. Psychological stress and psychosomatic disorder Psychological reaction may develop to anxiety, feeling of imperfection, frustration and depression, and further more to psychosomatic disorders such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular or neuromuscular diseases. We investigated the distribution of stress degree evaluated by our stress checklist comparing 70 patients with psychosomatic disorders and 160 healthy control subjects. It showed that there were significantly more stressful subjects in the group of patients with strong stress degree of 3 and strongest degree of 4 [3]. 2.2. Stress and ego-state It has been suggested that adapted child (AC) dominant ego-state is easy to fall into self-sacrifice and self-inhibitory lifestyle. Our results also indicated that the mean egogram of patients with psychosomatic disorders became nearly the N type of self-negation with NP and AC dominance (Fig. 1) [3]. Relationship of ego-state and stress level was investigated. By comparison of patients with psychosomatic disorders and healthy controlled subjects, egogram pattern of patients tended to become near N type as the stress degree moved to stronger level, even if stress degree was evaluated with equivalent level with healthy subjects. These results indicated that ego-state of AC in five ego-state components is mostly related to the stressful condition (Fig. 2) [3]. This N type ego-state often organizes stress-related life style. For instance, the development of bdriverQ, which urges our behavior and thinking, and
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M. Murakami et al. / International Congress Series 1287 (2006) 164–167
Fig. 1. AC dominant egogram in patients with psychosomatic disorder.
distorted life style based on injunction or dysfunctional life script may relate to psychosomatic disorders. 3. TA as bself grow-up modelQ When we practice psychosomatic medical care, management based on two models is essential for establishment of healthy state of body and mind. One is bmedical modelQ based on ordinary medical diagnosis, examination and treatment, and the other one is bself grow-up modelQ based on the development and growth of human capacity or ability. 3.1. Self grow-up and ego-function The growing-up of human power cultivated by various abilities and capacities may improve the ego-function and ! ! ! !
strengthen the stress tolerance, correct unhealthy thinking and behavior, discover the healthy way of thinking and life, lead to health- and future-oriented life.
Fig. 2. AC dominant egogram in patients with psychosomatic disorder.
M. Murakami et al. / International Congress Series 1287 (2006) 164–167
167
It may be said that TA is the most effective and sophisticated psychotherapy to satisfy the bself grow-up modelQ. TA is future-oriented theory to aim the true healthy state of human beings and may be most contributory to the health promotion. 3.2. Changing ourselves Changing ourselves may relieve stress-induced psychosomatic reaction, and we become able to discover the healthy and functional way of life the healthy oriented life style TA may change ourselves by ! improving the ego-function and stress tolerance, ! being aware of the driver which urges our irrational belief and behavior and aware of distorted life style based on dysfunctional life script, ! getting rid of injunction and dysfunctional life script and by modification of selfdestructive life script. 3.3. Changing the human relations TA is expected to contribute in changing human relations through ! improvement of intercommunicative pattern by stopping the playing of games and reconstruct a pleasant human relations; ! realization of pleasant workplace and improve the human social environment. People can spend an efficient life and enrich the productivity by structuring their time. As mentioned so far, TA is supposed to be one of the most effective psychological theories that enables us to elucidate the mechanism of stress and assists a process for solution of problems in human relations. Consequently, it may be contributory to health promotion of mind and body. The final goal of treatment of stress-associated diseases is not merely an improvement of physical condition but also an achievement of quality of life and discovery of new way of happy life [4]. References [1] R. Shinzato, Object relation and mechanism of onset of psychosomatic disorder, Japanese Journal of Transactional Analysis 5 (3) (1984) 31 – 43. [2] M. Murakami, et al., Investigation of stress state among the healthy people, Shinshin Iryo1 (1) (1989) 72 – 82. [3] M. Murakami, et al., Mental health and health promotion in the medical fields, Japanese Journal of Transactional Analysis 231 (1) (1996) 84 – 92. [4] M. Murakami, et al., Final goal of psychosomatic treatment and transactional analysis, Japanese Journal of Transactional Analysis 23 (1) (1998) 27 – 31.
www.ics-elsevier.com
Transactional analysis and health promotion Masato Murakami a,*, Toshio Matsuno a, Kazuyoshi Koike b, Shoichi Ebana c, Keiko Hanaoka a, Taisaku Katsura d a
Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, Oyaguchikami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 175-8610, Japan b Department of Psychosomatic Dentistry, Nihon University Dental Hospital, Japan c Department of Psychosomatic Medicine , Yokohama Rousai Hospital, Japan d LCC Institute on Stress Medicine, Japan
Abstract. Our investigation indicated that unsolved complicated trouble of human relations and the presence of negative feelings against another person are the most important background of psychological stress. Psychological reaction may develop to anxiety, feeling of imperfection, frustration and depression, and further more to psychosomatic disorders. By comparison of our patient with psychosomatic disorders and normal subjects, egogram pattern of patients tended to become near N type with self-negation and self-sacrifice, and suggested that resistance for stress of patients was low. When we practice psychosomatic medical care, general medical management based on bmedical modelQ but also psychological care based on bself-growth modelQ is very important. Transactional analysis is one of the most effective psychological theories that enables us to elucidate the mechanism of stress and assists a process for solution of problems in human relations. Analysis of ego-state, game, life script and processes for re-decision may play an important role in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders. A final goal of treatment of stress associated diseases is not merely an improvement of physical condition but also an achievement of quality of life and discovery of new way of happy life. Transactional analysis can be one of the professional psychotherapies suitable for psychosomatic care and contributory for health promotion of mind and body. D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Transactional analysis; Health promotion; Egogram; Self-growth model; Psychotherapy
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 3 3972 8111; fax: +81 3 3972 0015. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Murakami). 0531-5131/ D 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.ics.2005.12.055
M. Murakami et al. / International Congress Series 1287 (2006) 164–167
165
1. Introduction Various kinds of health disturbances of mind and body are caused by psychological stress such as trouble of human relations and problems of the daily life. Psychological reaction may develop to anxiety, feeling of imperfection, frustration and depression, and further more to psychosomatic disorders. Transactional analysis (TA) is one of the most effective psychological theories that enables us to elucidate mechanism of stress and assists a process for solution of problems in human relations. TA is applicable in various aspects of clinical fields when we deal with human relation in the situation of psychotherapy, education and training at the school or workplace. Also TA is one of the most popular and contributory psychological theories among the physicians and psychologists in the field of psychosomatic medicine. This paper will briefly mention about how TA is adopted in the clinical practice and how it contributes to the health promotion. 2. TA and psychosomatic medicine Various kinds of health disturbances of mind and body are caused by psychological stress such as trouble of human relations and problem of the daily life [1]. The presence of unpleasant provocative person or unhappy incidents may be realistic in daily life regardless of age or race. For example, frustration between daughter-in-law and mother-inlaw is one of the everyday episodes still considerable in Japan. Our investigations indicated that unsolved complicated trouble of human relations and the presence of negative feelings against another person are the most important background of psychological stress [2]. 2.1. Psychological stress and psychosomatic disorder Psychological reaction may develop to anxiety, feeling of imperfection, frustration and depression, and further more to psychosomatic disorders such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular or neuromuscular diseases. We investigated the distribution of stress degree evaluated by our stress checklist comparing 70 patients with psychosomatic disorders and 160 healthy control subjects. It showed that there were significantly more stressful subjects in the group of patients with strong stress degree of 3 and strongest degree of 4 [3]. 2.2. Stress and ego-state It has been suggested that adapted child (AC) dominant ego-state is easy to fall into self-sacrifice and self-inhibitory lifestyle. Our results also indicated that the mean egogram of patients with psychosomatic disorders became nearly the N type of self-negation with NP and AC dominance (Fig. 1) [3]. Relationship of ego-state and stress level was investigated. By comparison of patients with psychosomatic disorders and healthy controlled subjects, egogram pattern of patients tended to become near N type as the stress degree moved to stronger level, even if stress degree was evaluated with equivalent level with healthy subjects. These results indicated that ego-state of AC in five ego-state components is mostly related to the stressful condition (Fig. 2) [3]. This N type ego-state often organizes stress-related life style. For instance, the development of bdriverQ, which urges our behavior and thinking, and
166
M. Murakami et al. / International Congress Series 1287 (2006) 164–167
Fig. 1. AC dominant egogram in patients with psychosomatic disorder.
distorted life style based on injunction or dysfunctional life script may relate to psychosomatic disorders. 3. TA as bself grow-up modelQ When we practice psychosomatic medical care, management based on two models is essential for establishment of healthy state of body and mind. One is bmedical modelQ based on ordinary medical diagnosis, examination and treatment, and the other one is bself grow-up modelQ based on the development and growth of human capacity or ability. 3.1. Self grow-up and ego-function The growing-up of human power cultivated by various abilities and capacities may improve the ego-function and ! ! ! !
strengthen the stress tolerance, correct unhealthy thinking and behavior, discover the healthy way of thinking and life, lead to health- and future-oriented life.
Fig. 2. AC dominant egogram in patients with psychosomatic disorder.
M. Murakami et al. / International Congress Series 1287 (2006) 164–167
167
It may be said that TA is the most effective and sophisticated psychotherapy to satisfy the bself grow-up modelQ. TA is future-oriented theory to aim the true healthy state of human beings and may be most contributory to the health promotion. 3.2. Changing ourselves Changing ourselves may relieve stress-induced psychosomatic reaction, and we become able to discover the healthy and functional way of life the healthy oriented life style TA may change ourselves by ! improving the ego-function and stress tolerance, ! being aware of the driver which urges our irrational belief and behavior and aware of distorted life style based on dysfunctional life script, ! getting rid of injunction and dysfunctional life script and by modification of selfdestructive life script. 3.3. Changing the human relations TA is expected to contribute in changing human relations through ! improvement of intercommunicative pattern by stopping the playing of games and reconstruct a pleasant human relations; ! realization of pleasant workplace and improve the human social environment. People can spend an efficient life and enrich the productivity by structuring their time. As mentioned so far, TA is supposed to be one of the most effective psychological theories that enables us to elucidate the mechanism of stress and assists a process for solution of problems in human relations. Consequently, it may be contributory to health promotion of mind and body. The final goal of treatment of stress-associated diseases is not merely an improvement of physical condition but also an achievement of quality of life and discovery of new way of happy life [4]. References [1] R. Shinzato, Object relation and mechanism of onset of psychosomatic disorder, Japanese Journal of Transactional Analysis 5 (3) (1984) 31 – 43. [2] M. Murakami, et al., Investigation of stress state among the healthy people, Shinshin Iryo1 (1) (1989) 72 – 82. [3] M. Murakami, et al., Mental health and health promotion in the medical fields, Japanese Journal of Transactional Analysis 231 (1) (1996) 84 – 92. [4] M. Murakami, et al., Final goal of psychosomatic treatment and transactional analysis, Japanese Journal of Transactional Analysis 23 (1) (1998) 27 – 31.