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Transfer of Kitasatoa purpurea Matsumae and Hata to the Genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov.
System. Appl. Microbiol. 8, 65-66 (1986)
Transfer of Kitasatoa purpurea Matsumae and Hata to the Genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov. MICHAEL GOODFELLOW!, STANLEY T. WILLIAMS 2 and GRACE ALDERSON 3 1 2
3
Department of Microbiology, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K. Department of Botany, University of Liverpool" Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K. School of Studies in Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 IDP, U.K. Received August 8, 1985
Summary On the basis of chemical, genetical, numerical phenetic and phage host range studies it is proposed that Kitasatoa diplospora Matsumae et aI., Kitasatoa kauaiensis Matsumae et aI., and Kitasatoa nagasakiensis Matsumae and Hata become junior synonyms of Kitasatoa purpurea Matsumae and Hata, and that the latter be transferred to the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces purpureus (Matsumae and Hata) comb. nov.
Key words: Kitasatoa purpurea - Kitasatoa - Streptomyces - Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov. Taxonomy Introduction The genus Kitasatoa (Matsumae and Hata, 1968) was proposed for actinomycetes said to form club-shaped sporangia containing zoospores with a single polar flagellum. In addition, the aerial mycelium produced long chains of streptomycete-like spores. This latter property prompted Cross and Goodfellow (1973) to transfer the genus from the family Actinoplanaceae (Couch, 1955) to the family Streptomycetaceae (Waksman and Henrici, 1943). It is now known that kitasatoae have many features in common with streptomycetes (Kutzner, 1981; Goodfellow and Cross, 1984; Williams, 1985) but are phyiogenetically distinct from sporangia-forming actinomycetes (Stackebrandt et aI., 1981, 1983; Stackebrandt and Schleifer, 1984). The genus Kitasatoa was classified in the family Actinoplanaceae in the last edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Couch and Bland, 1974 a) though it was noted that the four constituent species, Kitasatoa diplospora, Kitasatoa kauaiensis, Kitasatoa nagasakiensis and Kitasatoa purpurea, were primarily distinguished on the basis of a few cultural features (Couch and Bland, 1974 b). All four species were cited on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (Skerman et aI., 1980). The ability of kitasatoae to form sporangia and zoospores still needs to be confirmed (Williams et aI., 1983; Goodfellow and Cross, 1984) but their affinity with the genus Streptomyces is strongly supported by the results of DNA homology (Kroppenstedt et aI., 1981; Stackebrandt 5 System. App!. Microhio!. Vol. 8/ 1-2
et aI., 1981), phage host range (Wellington and Williams, 1981), wall chemotype (Kroppenstedt et aI., 1981) and lipid analyses (Hasegawa et aI., 1979; Kroppenstedt et aI., 1981; Alderson et aI., 1985; Kroppenstedt, 1985). The failure of kitasatoae and bona fide streptomycetes such as Streptomyces lavendulae to fall into the Streptomyces aggregate cluster in numerical phenetic analyses (Williams et aI., 1981, 1983) can be attributed to the relative inactivity of these strains in the tests employed (Gladek et aI., 1985). Nevertheless, the chemical, genetical, numerical phenetic and phage host range data provide sufficient evidence for reducing Kitasatoa diplospora (Matsumae et aI., 1968), Kitasatoa kauaiensis (Matsumae et aI., 1968) and Kitasatoa nagasakiensis (Matsumae and Hata, 1968) to synonyms of the type species of the genus, Kitasatoa purpurea (Matsumae and Hata, 1968). It is also clear that the latter should be transferred to the genus Streptomyces as
Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov.
Descrpition of Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov.-
pur' pur'e.us. M.L. adj. purpureus purple coloured.
The description is based upon data taken from several sources (Matsumae and Hata, 1968; Matsumae et aI., 1968; Couch and Bland, 1974 b; Hasegawa et aI., 1979; Kroppenstedt et aI., 1981; Stackebrandt et aI., 1981; Williams et aI., 1983; Alderson et aI., 1985).
66
M. Goodfellow, S. T. Williams, and G.Alderson
Aerobic, Gram-positive, mesophilic organisms with extensively branched substrate and aerial mycelium. Hyphae have been reported to carry-club-shaped sporangia enclosing chains of zoospores with a single polar flagellum. Rectus-Flexibilis chains of smooth spores are borne on the aerial mycelium. The aerial spore mass is either grey or red and a yellow-brown diffusible pigment is produced. Melanin pigments are formed. Adenine, aesculin, allantoin, arbutin, casein, elastin, guanine, hypoxanthine, starch, testosterone, tyrosine, urea and xanthine are degraded but pectin and xylan are not. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite and hydrogen sulphide is produced. L-arabinose, cellobiose, D-fructose, D-glucose, glycerol, meso-inositol, maltose, D-mannose, D-melezitose, salicin and trehalose are used as sole carbon sources but adonitol, dulcitol, inulin, D-lactose, mannitol, D-melibiose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, sucrose, xylitol and D-xylose are not. Grow on L-arginine and potassium nitrate, but not on DL-amino-n-butyric acid, L-cysteine, L-histidine, L-hydroxyproline, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-serine, Lthreonine and L-valine, as sole nitrogen source. Growth occurs at 37°C but not at 10° or 45°C. Tolerant to sodium chloride (4%, w/v) but not to phenol (0.1 %, w/v) or sodium azide (0.01 %, w/v). Resistant to rifampicin but sensitive to sodium chloride at 7% (w/v). Some strains show antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger LIV 131, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 3610, Micrococcus luteus NCIB 196 and Streptomyces murinus ISP 5091, but such activity is not shown against Candida albicans CBS 562, Escherichia coli NCIB 9132, Pseudomonas {luorescens NCIB 9046 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS
117l.
The peptidoglycan contains LL-diaminopimelic acid as the major diamino acid and is of the A3y type (Stackebrandt et al., 1981). The organisms have a type II phospholipid pattern (sensu Lechevalier et al., 1977) and contain octahyclrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the major isoprenologue. Produce the antibiotic chloramphenicol. Isolated from soil in Hawaii and Japan. Type strain: ATCC 27787 (= DSM 43362 IFO 13927 = KCC 3172). References
Alderson, G., Goodfellow, M., Minnikin, D. E.: Menaquinone composition in the classification of Streptomyces and other sporactinomycetes.]. gen. Microbio!. 131, 1671-1679 (1985)
Couch,]. N.: Actinosporangiaceae should be Actinoplanaceae.]. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 71, 269 (1955) Couch, ]. N., Bland, C E.: Family IV. Actinoplanaceae Couch 1955,269. In: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eighth Edition (R. E. Buchanan, N. E. Gibbons, eds.), pp. 706-708. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins 1974 a Couch, j. N., Bland, C E.: Genus X. Kitasatoa Matsumae and Hata in Matsumae, Ohtani, Takeshina and Hata, 1968, 616. In: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eighth Edition (R. E. Buchanan, N. E. Gibbons, eds.), pp. 722-723.
Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins 1974 b
Cross, T., Goodfellow, M.: Taxonomy and classification of the actinomycetes. In: Actinomycetales: Characteristics and Practical Importance (G. Sykes, F. A. Skinner, eds.), pp. 11-112. London, Academic Press 1973 GJadek, A., Mordarski, M., Goodfellow, M., Williams, S. T.: Ribosomal ribonucleic acid similarities in the classification of Streptomyces. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 26, 175-180 (1985) Goodfellow, M., Cross, T.: Classification. In: The Biology of the Actinomycetes (M. Goodfellow, M. Mordarski, S. T. Williams, eds.), pp. 7-164. London, Academic Press 1984 Hasegawa, T., Lechevalier, M. P., Lechevalier, M. A.: Phospholipid composition of motile actinomycetes. ]. gen. appl. Micorbiol. 25, 209-213 (1979) Kroppenstedt, R. M.: Fatty acid and menaquinone analysis of actinomycetes and related organisms. In: Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics (M. Goodfellow, D. E. Minnikin, eds.), pp. 173-199. Orlando, Academic Press 1985 Kroppenstedt, R. M., Korn-Wendisch, F., Fowler, V. j., Stackebrandt, E.: Biochemical and molecular genetic evidence for a transfer of Actinoplanes armeniacus into the family Streptomycetaceae. Zb!. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. C 2, 254-262 (1981) Kutzner, H. j.: The family Streptomycetaceae. In: The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria (M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Triiper, A. Balows, H. G. Schlegel eds.), pp. 2029-2090. Berlin, Springer-Verlag 1981. Lechevalier, M. P., De Bievre, C, Lechevalier, H.: Chemotaxonomy of aerobic actinomycetes: phospholipid composition. Biochem. Syst. Eco!. 5, 249-260 (1977) Matsumae, A. M., Hata, T.: In: Matsumae, A. M., Ohtani, M., Takeshima, H., Hata, T.: A new genus of Actinomycetales: Kitasatoa gen. nov. ]. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 21, 616-625 (1968) Matsumae, A. M., Ohtani, M., Hata, T.: In: Matsumae, A. M., Ohtani, M., Takeshita, H., Hata, T.: A new genus of Actinomycetales: Kitasatoa gen. nov. ]. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 21, 616-625 (1968) Skerman, V. B. D., McGowan, V., Sneath, P. H. A.: Approved lists of bacterial names. Int. ]. system. Bact. 30, 225-420, (1980) Stackebrandt, E., Schleifer, K. H.: Molecular systematics of actinomycetes and related organisms. In: Biological, Biochemical, and Biomedical Aspects of Actinomycetes (L. Ortiz-Ortiz, L. F. Bojalil, V. Yakoleff, eds.), pp. 485-504. Orlando, Academic Press 1984 Stackebrandt, E., Wunner-Fussl, B., Fowler, V. j., Schleifer, K. H.: Deoxyribonucleic acid homologies and ribosomal ribonucleic acid similarities among sporeforming members of the order Actinomycetales. Int.]' system. Bact. 31, 420-431 (1981)
Stackebrandt, E., Ludwig, W., Seewaldt, E., Schleifer, K. H.: Phylogeny of sporeforming members of the order Actinomycetales. Int.]. system. Bact. 33,173-180 (1983) Waksman, S. A., Henrici, A. T.: The nomenclature and classification of the actinomycetes. ]. Bact. 46, 337-341 (1943)
Wellington, E. M. H., Williams, S. T.: Host ranges of phage isolated to Streptomyces and other genera. Zbl. Bakt. Supp!. 11, 93-98 (1981)
Williams, S. T.: The taxonomy of streptomycetes - problems and perspectives. Front. App!. Microbio!. 1, in press
Williams, S. T., Wellington, E. M. H., Goodfellow, M., Alderson, G., Sack in, M., Sneath, P. H. A.: The genus Streptomyces - a taxonomic engima. Zbl. Bakt. Suppl. 11,47-57 (1981)
Williams, S. T., Goodfellow, M., Alderson, G., Wellington, E. M. H., Sneath, P. H. A., Sackin, M. j.: Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera. ]. gen. Microbial. 129, 1743-1813 (1983)
Dr. Michael Goodfellow, Dept. of Microbiology, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.
Transfer of Kitasatoa purpurea Matsumae and Hata to the Genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov. MICHAEL GOODFELLOW!, STANLEY T. WILLIAMS 2 and GRACE ALDERSON 3 1 2
3
Department of Microbiology, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K. Department of Botany, University of Liverpool" Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K. School of Studies in Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 IDP, U.K. Received August 8, 1985
Summary On the basis of chemical, genetical, numerical phenetic and phage host range studies it is proposed that Kitasatoa diplospora Matsumae et aI., Kitasatoa kauaiensis Matsumae et aI., and Kitasatoa nagasakiensis Matsumae and Hata become junior synonyms of Kitasatoa purpurea Matsumae and Hata, and that the latter be transferred to the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces purpureus (Matsumae and Hata) comb. nov.
Key words: Kitasatoa purpurea - Kitasatoa - Streptomyces - Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov. Taxonomy Introduction The genus Kitasatoa (Matsumae and Hata, 1968) was proposed for actinomycetes said to form club-shaped sporangia containing zoospores with a single polar flagellum. In addition, the aerial mycelium produced long chains of streptomycete-like spores. This latter property prompted Cross and Goodfellow (1973) to transfer the genus from the family Actinoplanaceae (Couch, 1955) to the family Streptomycetaceae (Waksman and Henrici, 1943). It is now known that kitasatoae have many features in common with streptomycetes (Kutzner, 1981; Goodfellow and Cross, 1984; Williams, 1985) but are phyiogenetically distinct from sporangia-forming actinomycetes (Stackebrandt et aI., 1981, 1983; Stackebrandt and Schleifer, 1984). The genus Kitasatoa was classified in the family Actinoplanaceae in the last edition of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Couch and Bland, 1974 a) though it was noted that the four constituent species, Kitasatoa diplospora, Kitasatoa kauaiensis, Kitasatoa nagasakiensis and Kitasatoa purpurea, were primarily distinguished on the basis of a few cultural features (Couch and Bland, 1974 b). All four species were cited on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (Skerman et aI., 1980). The ability of kitasatoae to form sporangia and zoospores still needs to be confirmed (Williams et aI., 1983; Goodfellow and Cross, 1984) but their affinity with the genus Streptomyces is strongly supported by the results of DNA homology (Kroppenstedt et aI., 1981; Stackebrandt 5 System. App!. Microhio!. Vol. 8/ 1-2
et aI., 1981), phage host range (Wellington and Williams, 1981), wall chemotype (Kroppenstedt et aI., 1981) and lipid analyses (Hasegawa et aI., 1979; Kroppenstedt et aI., 1981; Alderson et aI., 1985; Kroppenstedt, 1985). The failure of kitasatoae and bona fide streptomycetes such as Streptomyces lavendulae to fall into the Streptomyces aggregate cluster in numerical phenetic analyses (Williams et aI., 1981, 1983) can be attributed to the relative inactivity of these strains in the tests employed (Gladek et aI., 1985). Nevertheless, the chemical, genetical, numerical phenetic and phage host range data provide sufficient evidence for reducing Kitasatoa diplospora (Matsumae et aI., 1968), Kitasatoa kauaiensis (Matsumae et aI., 1968) and Kitasatoa nagasakiensis (Matsumae and Hata, 1968) to synonyms of the type species of the genus, Kitasatoa purpurea (Matsumae and Hata, 1968). It is also clear that the latter should be transferred to the genus Streptomyces as
Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov.
Descrpition of Streptomyces purpureus comb. nov.-
pur' pur'e.us. M.L. adj. purpureus purple coloured.
The description is based upon data taken from several sources (Matsumae and Hata, 1968; Matsumae et aI., 1968; Couch and Bland, 1974 b; Hasegawa et aI., 1979; Kroppenstedt et aI., 1981; Stackebrandt et aI., 1981; Williams et aI., 1983; Alderson et aI., 1985).
66
M. Goodfellow, S. T. Williams, and G.Alderson
Aerobic, Gram-positive, mesophilic organisms with extensively branched substrate and aerial mycelium. Hyphae have been reported to carry-club-shaped sporangia enclosing chains of zoospores with a single polar flagellum. Rectus-Flexibilis chains of smooth spores are borne on the aerial mycelium. The aerial spore mass is either grey or red and a yellow-brown diffusible pigment is produced. Melanin pigments are formed. Adenine, aesculin, allantoin, arbutin, casein, elastin, guanine, hypoxanthine, starch, testosterone, tyrosine, urea and xanthine are degraded but pectin and xylan are not. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite and hydrogen sulphide is produced. L-arabinose, cellobiose, D-fructose, D-glucose, glycerol, meso-inositol, maltose, D-mannose, D-melezitose, salicin and trehalose are used as sole carbon sources but adonitol, dulcitol, inulin, D-lactose, mannitol, D-melibiose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, sucrose, xylitol and D-xylose are not. Grow on L-arginine and potassium nitrate, but not on DL-amino-n-butyric acid, L-cysteine, L-histidine, L-hydroxyproline, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-serine, Lthreonine and L-valine, as sole nitrogen source. Growth occurs at 37°C but not at 10° or 45°C. Tolerant to sodium chloride (4%, w/v) but not to phenol (0.1 %, w/v) or sodium azide (0.01 %, w/v). Resistant to rifampicin but sensitive to sodium chloride at 7% (w/v). Some strains show antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger LIV 131, Bacillus subtilis NCIB 3610, Micrococcus luteus NCIB 196 and Streptomyces murinus ISP 5091, but such activity is not shown against Candida albicans CBS 562, Escherichia coli NCIB 9132, Pseudomonas {luorescens NCIB 9046 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS
117l.
The peptidoglycan contains LL-diaminopimelic acid as the major diamino acid and is of the A3y type (Stackebrandt et al., 1981). The organisms have a type II phospholipid pattern (sensu Lechevalier et al., 1977) and contain octahyclrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the major isoprenologue. Produce the antibiotic chloramphenicol. Isolated from soil in Hawaii and Japan. Type strain: ATCC 27787 (= DSM 43362 IFO 13927 = KCC 3172). References
Alderson, G., Goodfellow, M., Minnikin, D. E.: Menaquinone composition in the classification of Streptomyces and other sporactinomycetes.]. gen. Microbio!. 131, 1671-1679 (1985)
Couch,]. N.: Actinosporangiaceae should be Actinoplanaceae.]. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 71, 269 (1955) Couch, ]. N., Bland, C E.: Family IV. Actinoplanaceae Couch 1955,269. In: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eighth Edition (R. E. Buchanan, N. E. Gibbons, eds.), pp. 706-708. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins 1974 a Couch, j. N., Bland, C E.: Genus X. Kitasatoa Matsumae and Hata in Matsumae, Ohtani, Takeshina and Hata, 1968, 616. In: Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, Eighth Edition (R. E. Buchanan, N. E. Gibbons, eds.), pp. 722-723.
Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins 1974 b
Cross, T., Goodfellow, M.: Taxonomy and classification of the actinomycetes. In: Actinomycetales: Characteristics and Practical Importance (G. Sykes, F. A. Skinner, eds.), pp. 11-112. London, Academic Press 1973 GJadek, A., Mordarski, M., Goodfellow, M., Williams, S. T.: Ribosomal ribonucleic acid similarities in the classification of Streptomyces. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 26, 175-180 (1985) Goodfellow, M., Cross, T.: Classification. In: The Biology of the Actinomycetes (M. Goodfellow, M. Mordarski, S. T. Williams, eds.), pp. 7-164. London, Academic Press 1984 Hasegawa, T., Lechevalier, M. P., Lechevalier, M. A.: Phospholipid composition of motile actinomycetes. ]. gen. appl. Micorbiol. 25, 209-213 (1979) Kroppenstedt, R. M.: Fatty acid and menaquinone analysis of actinomycetes and related organisms. In: Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics (M. Goodfellow, D. E. Minnikin, eds.), pp. 173-199. Orlando, Academic Press 1985 Kroppenstedt, R. M., Korn-Wendisch, F., Fowler, V. j., Stackebrandt, E.: Biochemical and molecular genetic evidence for a transfer of Actinoplanes armeniacus into the family Streptomycetaceae. Zb!. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. C 2, 254-262 (1981) Kutzner, H. j.: The family Streptomycetaceae. In: The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria (M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Triiper, A. Balows, H. G. Schlegel eds.), pp. 2029-2090. Berlin, Springer-Verlag 1981. Lechevalier, M. P., De Bievre, C, Lechevalier, H.: Chemotaxonomy of aerobic actinomycetes: phospholipid composition. Biochem. Syst. Eco!. 5, 249-260 (1977) Matsumae, A. M., Hata, T.: In: Matsumae, A. M., Ohtani, M., Takeshima, H., Hata, T.: A new genus of Actinomycetales: Kitasatoa gen. nov. ]. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 21, 616-625 (1968) Matsumae, A. M., Ohtani, M., Hata, T.: In: Matsumae, A. M., Ohtani, M., Takeshita, H., Hata, T.: A new genus of Actinomycetales: Kitasatoa gen. nov. ]. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 21, 616-625 (1968) Skerman, V. B. D., McGowan, V., Sneath, P. H. A.: Approved lists of bacterial names. Int. ]. system. Bact. 30, 225-420, (1980) Stackebrandt, E., Schleifer, K. H.: Molecular systematics of actinomycetes and related organisms. In: Biological, Biochemical, and Biomedical Aspects of Actinomycetes (L. Ortiz-Ortiz, L. F. Bojalil, V. Yakoleff, eds.), pp. 485-504. Orlando, Academic Press 1984 Stackebrandt, E., Wunner-Fussl, B., Fowler, V. j., Schleifer, K. H.: Deoxyribonucleic acid homologies and ribosomal ribonucleic acid similarities among sporeforming members of the order Actinomycetales. Int.]' system. Bact. 31, 420-431 (1981)
Stackebrandt, E., Ludwig, W., Seewaldt, E., Schleifer, K. H.: Phylogeny of sporeforming members of the order Actinomycetales. Int.]. system. Bact. 33,173-180 (1983) Waksman, S. A., Henrici, A. T.: The nomenclature and classification of the actinomycetes. ]. Bact. 46, 337-341 (1943)
Wellington, E. M. H., Williams, S. T.: Host ranges of phage isolated to Streptomyces and other genera. Zbl. Bakt. Supp!. 11, 93-98 (1981)
Williams, S. T.: The taxonomy of streptomycetes - problems and perspectives. Front. App!. Microbio!. 1, in press
Williams, S. T., Wellington, E. M. H., Goodfellow, M., Alderson, G., Sack in, M., Sneath, P. H. A.: The genus Streptomyces - a taxonomic engima. Zbl. Bakt. Suppl. 11,47-57 (1981)
Williams, S. T., Goodfellow, M., Alderson, G., Wellington, E. M. H., Sneath, P. H. A., Sackin, M. j.: Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera. ]. gen. Microbial. 129, 1743-1813 (1983)
Dr. Michael Goodfellow, Dept. of Microbiology, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K.