- Email: [email protected]
Transient motion of a rigid cylinder produced by elastic and acoustic waves
ABSTRACTS The entries in this section have been sorted into seven categories: Physics; Generation, detection and measurement: Sound velocity attenuation and properties of mate?+&: Nondestructive testing: Communication and contr0l:Principle.s and applications of effects: Processing and production. A unique number in bold print has been placed at the end of each entry. Copies of original articles aye best obtained by writing direct to the jownal in which they appeared. The addresses of journals can be fowd in a reference book such as I Wovld List of Scientific and Technical Publications’, ‘Willings Press Gxide’. ‘Newspaper Press Directory’ and,for American journals only,
‘Ayers’.
Physics Measurement cd the scattering of sound by sound in the superposition of parallel beams Zverev, V.A., Kalachen, A. I. Soviet Physics-Acoustics, Vol 14, No 2 (Octobe?December 1968) pp 1’73-178 The scattering of sound by sound, in the interaction of two beams, propagating in the same direc!ion, is investigated. The absorption of acoustic energy is disregarded, and the length of the region of interaction is limited by a special acoustic filter. Experiments are described to measure the level of scattered sound, its angular dependence on the scattered difference-frequency signal observed, and its agreement with theoretical calculations, both with and without the filter. (948) Nonlinear response of elastic plates to pulse excitations Bauer, H. F. Transactions of the America” Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series E, Vol 35, No 1 (March 1968) pp 47-52 (949) Transient motion of a rigid cylinder producedby elastic and acoastic waves Forrestal, M. J., Alzheimer, W. E. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series E, Vol 35, No 1 (March 1968) pp 134-138 (950) Critical drift threshold in tbe amplification problem of surface waves in a semi-coadoctor ia a magneticfield Kaliski, S Bulletin de 1’Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Vol 16, No 10 (1968) p 133 (In French) (951) Device for measorhg the direction of iacident waves,particularly soundwaves, in water Fried Krupp Gesellschaft Mit Deschrankter flaftung French Patent 1, 551, 768 (1968) (Applied for 24 January 1968) (952) Elastic surface waves on layered anisotmpit crystals Loftus, D. S. Applied Physics Letters Vol 13, No 9 (1 November 1968) p 323 (953) Magne~oelastic buckling of a thin plate Moon, F. C., Yeh-Hsing Pa0 Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series E, Vol 35, No 1 (March 1968) pp 66-72 (954) Mechanical characteristics of surface waves in Cds and C&e single cry&& Protopopova, L. F., Fedorchenko, A. M. Soviet Physics-Acoustics, Vol 14, No 1 (JulySept 1968) pp 110-111 (955)
Wavelet reconstruction process for sonic, seismic and radar ~loratio” Silverman, D. US Patent 3, 400, 363 (3 September 1968) (Filed 9 December 1965) (956) Role of surface waves in spin-wave resonance in films Sokolov, V. M., Tavger, B.A. Soviet PhysicsSolid State, Vol 10, No 6 (December 1968) pp 1412-1415 (957) Frequencyresponse of an interdigitaltransducer for excitation of surface elastic waves Tseng, C. C. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol ED-15, No 8 (August 1968) pp 586-594 (958) Reflection of finite-amplitude ultrasonic waves (two papers I L II) I. Phase shift II. Propagation. Van Buren, A. L., and Breazeal, M.A. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA), Vol 44, No 4 (October 1968) p 1014 and p 1021 (959) Diffraction of scalar bigh frequency waves by a circular diaphragm Westpfahl, K., Witte, Ii. H Annals of Physics (Germany), Vol 20, Nos l2 (1968) pp 14-28 (In German) (960)
Generation,
detection
and
measurement Preparation of ZnO thin film transducers by vapour transport Belt, R. F., Florio, G. C. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 39, No 11 (October 1968) pp 5215-23 This paper reports the preparation of high quality ZnO thin films prepared by vapour transport in a thermal gradient for particular use with microwave acoustic delay lines. The paper describes the production of the crystal delay medium. The metal film electrode was first deposited on the crystal by vapour deposition and then the ZnO layer laid on this. The rate of deposition of ZnO was controlled by the presence of pure oxygen. The quality of the films for varying conditions are given. The orientation of the ZnO crystals within the films were investigated by X-rays and it was found that the best films would tend to produce a longitudinal mode. A technique is described for increasing the resistivity of the film by diffufusion with lithium. The film thickness is again measured using X-rays. The variation of the conversion loss with frequency is given. For one of the best transducers (2~ thick) a conversion loss of 20dB was obtained at a frequency of 1.2GHz. The paper explains all procedures in detail. (981) Hypersonic transducer Crittenden, E. C. (Jr) US Patent 3, 412, 269 (19 November 1968) (Filed 24 November 1965) A transducer for operation at frequencies of the order of 1OOMhzand below. Mechanical resonance of a slab of cadmium sulphide is established by its exposure to alternate bands of light and dark. The light bands are produced by a source with wavelength 5770 angstroms. The width of the bands along the acoustic propagation axis are equal to one half wavelength of the acoustical signal generated. For frequencies above 1OOMhz wave interference phenomena are used to produce standing optical waves along the longitudinal axis. This also produces dark and light bands of high and low electrical impedance hence inducing mechanical vibration of the specimen. (982)
Properties of Pb(Ti, Zr)O, piez&lectric ceramics and nature of their orientational dielectric polariaation Isupov, V A. Soviet Physics-Solid State, Vol 10, No 4 (October 1968) pp 989-991 This paper reports a calculation of the orientational dielectric polarisation of Pb(Ti, Zr)O, ferroelectric ceramics with various concentrations of the components, and shows that the special properties of ceramics with x = 0.52-O. 55 corresponding to a morphotropic phase boundary between the tetragonal and rhombohedral ferroelectric phases, may be partly due to characteristic features of their orientational polaristion. Three cases are considered: 1) grains containing only 180” domains 2) grains containing 180” and 90’ domains (or 180” and 70” domains for the rhombohedral phase) whose moments are parallel to some plane and remain parallel to this plane during polarisation, 3) grains containing all possible 180” and 90” (or 70”) domains. The values of maximum orientational polarisation Poz/Po (where PO is the spontaneous polarisation) have the following values for cases 1, 2, 3 respectively. 0. 500, 0.707, and 0.831 in the tetragonal phase and 0.500,O. 695, and 0.866 in the rhombohedral phase. (983) Excitation and propagation of longitudinal elastic waves with frequencies from 2002OOOMEein lithium niobate crystals Lemanow, V. V. Sherman, A.B., Smolenskii, G. A., Angert, N. B., and Klyuev, V. P Soviet PhysicsSolid State, Vol 10, No 6 (December 1968) pp 1357-1359 Experimental agreement is obtained for the frequency dependence and absolute value of attenuation, with Akhiezer’s theory. The pulse echo technique with a pulsed power of l-low and a pulse length of 0.5-3.0~s. The transformation efficiency of electromagnetic energy into elastic energy was measured using a calibrated variable attenuator and was found to be practically the same for the different crystals used. A noticeable decrease in the efficiency of double transformation of 40dB was observed in samples cut from polydomain crystals. The greatest absolute value of efficiency for douple transformation observed was -40dB. A compariso” of the results obtained with results for quartz shows that in LiNbO, crystals the damping is a” order of magnitude less and the efficiency of double transformation is 25 to 30dB greater. (984) Ultrasonic transducer witb absorptiveload Lobdell, D. D., Phillips, E. H., US Patent 3, 404, 271 (24 September 1968) (Filed 9 February 1966) An improved ultrasonic transducer. It includes a” absorptive load which is acoustically coupled to a piezoelectric crystal. The load consists of particles of heavy metal in a matrix of thermoplastic binder. (965) Analysis of a compoundpiezoelectric vibrator for the measurementof internal friction in highly absorbentmaterials Merkulova, V. M. Soviet-Physics-Acoustics, Vol 14, No 2 (October-December 1968) pp 203-208 Simple analytical equations for a compound vibrator are obtained by solving the onedimensional problem. Vibrator characteristics are derived from the mechanical impedance, hence the velocity of sound and inter“al friction in materials can be measured. Sources of error associated with this method are discussed and investigated experimentally. It is found that for materials with a high Q factor the absorption like velocity can be measured, whatever the dimensions of the specimen, for a” xys/-18.5” cut. An xy cut gives far less satisfactory cut. In
ULTRASONICS
April
1969
139
‘Ayers’.
Physics Measurement cd the scattering of sound by sound in the superposition of parallel beams Zverev, V.A., Kalachen, A. I. Soviet Physics-Acoustics, Vol 14, No 2 (Octobe?December 1968) pp 1’73-178 The scattering of sound by sound, in the interaction of two beams, propagating in the same direc!ion, is investigated. The absorption of acoustic energy is disregarded, and the length of the region of interaction is limited by a special acoustic filter. Experiments are described to measure the level of scattered sound, its angular dependence on the scattered difference-frequency signal observed, and its agreement with theoretical calculations, both with and without the filter. (948) Nonlinear response of elastic plates to pulse excitations Bauer, H. F. Transactions of the America” Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series E, Vol 35, No 1 (March 1968) pp 47-52 (949) Transient motion of a rigid cylinder producedby elastic and acoastic waves Forrestal, M. J., Alzheimer, W. E. Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series E, Vol 35, No 1 (March 1968) pp 134-138 (950) Critical drift threshold in tbe amplification problem of surface waves in a semi-coadoctor ia a magneticfield Kaliski, S Bulletin de 1’Academie Polonaise des Sciences, Vol 16, No 10 (1968) p 133 (In French) (951) Device for measorhg the direction of iacident waves,particularly soundwaves, in water Fried Krupp Gesellschaft Mit Deschrankter flaftung French Patent 1, 551, 768 (1968) (Applied for 24 January 1968) (952) Elastic surface waves on layered anisotmpit crystals Loftus, D. S. Applied Physics Letters Vol 13, No 9 (1 November 1968) p 323 (953) Magne~oelastic buckling of a thin plate Moon, F. C., Yeh-Hsing Pa0 Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series E, Vol 35, No 1 (March 1968) pp 66-72 (954) Mechanical characteristics of surface waves in Cds and C&e single cry&& Protopopova, L. F., Fedorchenko, A. M. Soviet Physics-Acoustics, Vol 14, No 1 (JulySept 1968) pp 110-111 (955)
Wavelet reconstruction process for sonic, seismic and radar ~loratio” Silverman, D. US Patent 3, 400, 363 (3 September 1968) (Filed 9 December 1965) (956) Role of surface waves in spin-wave resonance in films Sokolov, V. M., Tavger, B.A. Soviet PhysicsSolid State, Vol 10, No 6 (December 1968) pp 1412-1415 (957) Frequencyresponse of an interdigitaltransducer for excitation of surface elastic waves Tseng, C. C. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol ED-15, No 8 (August 1968) pp 586-594 (958) Reflection of finite-amplitude ultrasonic waves (two papers I L II) I. Phase shift II. Propagation. Van Buren, A. L., and Breazeal, M.A. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA), Vol 44, No 4 (October 1968) p 1014 and p 1021 (959) Diffraction of scalar bigh frequency waves by a circular diaphragm Westpfahl, K., Witte, Ii. H Annals of Physics (Germany), Vol 20, Nos l2 (1968) pp 14-28 (In German) (960)
Generation,
detection
and
measurement Preparation of ZnO thin film transducers by vapour transport Belt, R. F., Florio, G. C. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 39, No 11 (October 1968) pp 5215-23 This paper reports the preparation of high quality ZnO thin films prepared by vapour transport in a thermal gradient for particular use with microwave acoustic delay lines. The paper describes the production of the crystal delay medium. The metal film electrode was first deposited on the crystal by vapour deposition and then the ZnO layer laid on this. The rate of deposition of ZnO was controlled by the presence of pure oxygen. The quality of the films for varying conditions are given. The orientation of the ZnO crystals within the films were investigated by X-rays and it was found that the best films would tend to produce a longitudinal mode. A technique is described for increasing the resistivity of the film by diffufusion with lithium. The film thickness is again measured using X-rays. The variation of the conversion loss with frequency is given. For one of the best transducers (2~ thick) a conversion loss of 20dB was obtained at a frequency of 1.2GHz. The paper explains all procedures in detail. (981) Hypersonic transducer Crittenden, E. C. (Jr) US Patent 3, 412, 269 (19 November 1968) (Filed 24 November 1965) A transducer for operation at frequencies of the order of 1OOMhzand below. Mechanical resonance of a slab of cadmium sulphide is established by its exposure to alternate bands of light and dark. The light bands are produced by a source with wavelength 5770 angstroms. The width of the bands along the acoustic propagation axis are equal to one half wavelength of the acoustical signal generated. For frequencies above 1OOMhz wave interference phenomena are used to produce standing optical waves along the longitudinal axis. This also produces dark and light bands of high and low electrical impedance hence inducing mechanical vibration of the specimen. (982)
Properties of Pb(Ti, Zr)O, piez&lectric ceramics and nature of their orientational dielectric polariaation Isupov, V A. Soviet Physics-Solid State, Vol 10, No 4 (October 1968) pp 989-991 This paper reports a calculation of the orientational dielectric polarisation of Pb(Ti, Zr)O, ferroelectric ceramics with various concentrations of the components, and shows that the special properties of ceramics with x = 0.52-O. 55 corresponding to a morphotropic phase boundary between the tetragonal and rhombohedral ferroelectric phases, may be partly due to characteristic features of their orientational polaristion. Three cases are considered: 1) grains containing only 180” domains 2) grains containing 180” and 90’ domains (or 180” and 70” domains for the rhombohedral phase) whose moments are parallel to some plane and remain parallel to this plane during polarisation, 3) grains containing all possible 180” and 90” (or 70”) domains. The values of maximum orientational polarisation Poz/Po (where PO is the spontaneous polarisation) have the following values for cases 1, 2, 3 respectively. 0. 500, 0.707, and 0.831 in the tetragonal phase and 0.500,O. 695, and 0.866 in the rhombohedral phase. (983) Excitation and propagation of longitudinal elastic waves with frequencies from 2002OOOMEein lithium niobate crystals Lemanow, V. V. Sherman, A.B., Smolenskii, G. A., Angert, N. B., and Klyuev, V. P Soviet PhysicsSolid State, Vol 10, No 6 (December 1968) pp 1357-1359 Experimental agreement is obtained for the frequency dependence and absolute value of attenuation, with Akhiezer’s theory. The pulse echo technique with a pulsed power of l-low and a pulse length of 0.5-3.0~s. The transformation efficiency of electromagnetic energy into elastic energy was measured using a calibrated variable attenuator and was found to be practically the same for the different crystals used. A noticeable decrease in the efficiency of double transformation of 40dB was observed in samples cut from polydomain crystals. The greatest absolute value of efficiency for douple transformation observed was -40dB. A compariso” of the results obtained with results for quartz shows that in LiNbO, crystals the damping is a” order of magnitude less and the efficiency of double transformation is 25 to 30dB greater. (984) Ultrasonic transducer witb absorptiveload Lobdell, D. D., Phillips, E. H., US Patent 3, 404, 271 (24 September 1968) (Filed 9 February 1966) An improved ultrasonic transducer. It includes a” absorptive load which is acoustically coupled to a piezoelectric crystal. The load consists of particles of heavy metal in a matrix of thermoplastic binder. (965) Analysis of a compoundpiezoelectric vibrator for the measurementof internal friction in highly absorbentmaterials Merkulova, V. M. Soviet-Physics-Acoustics, Vol 14, No 2 (October-December 1968) pp 203-208 Simple analytical equations for a compound vibrator are obtained by solving the onedimensional problem. Vibrator characteristics are derived from the mechanical impedance, hence the velocity of sound and inter“al friction in materials can be measured. Sources of error associated with this method are discussed and investigated experimentally. It is found that for materials with a high Q factor the absorption like velocity can be measured, whatever the dimensions of the specimen, for a” xys/-18.5” cut. An xy cut gives far less satisfactory cut. In
ULTRASONICS
April
1969
139