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Transition of clean energy systems and technologies towards a sustainable future (Part II)
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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy
Transition of clean energy systems and technologies towards a sustainable future (Part II) q
The International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE), an international forum for energy researchers and professionals, was successfully held in Hong Kong (2009), Singapore (2010), Italy (2011), China (2012), and South Africa (2013). In 2014, the 6th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2014), was held from 3 May to 3 June, 2014, with some 700 papers being presented by authors from 52 countries. Similar to previous ICAE special issues [1–9], this issue is a collection of selected papers first presented in ICAE2014, whose short versions of the conference presentations were published in Energy Procedia [10]. Energy is at the centre of a highly active and dynamic research and development field, which changes and affects not only our current life, but also our near and distant future. Owing to the importance that clean energy currently possesses and its transitive characteristics - research, development, implementation, and innovation - market penetration of clean energy technologies and systems have expanded in the recent course of time [11]. This special issue covers part of the research results, which provides the responses and solutions to the transition of future energy towards a sustainable future. Forty four papers were included in Part I of this special issue on topics of Renewable Energy and Advanced Energy Conversion Technologies [12]. In Part II, Fifty six papers are included covering the topics of Emission Mitigation Technologies, Energy Efficiency, Energy Systems, Energy Storage, Sustainability of Clean Energy Systems and Other Cross-Cutting Issues. Emission mitigation technologies CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is one of the important mitigation technologies that has attracted many studies [13]. In order to reduce the energy consumption rate of air separation in an oxyfuel combustion, a single distillation column using self-heat recuperation technology was studied for cryogenic air separation process [14]. Sorbents of the Ca/Al/Tix by the precipitation-anddeposition method where Ca2+ and Al3+ ions are deposited via an
q This article is based on a short proceedings paper in Energy Procedia Volume 161 (2014). It has been substantially modified and extended, and has been subject to the normal peer review and revision process of the journal. This paper is included in the Special Issue of ICAE2014 edited by Prof. J Yan, Prof. DJ Lee, Prof. SK Chou, and Prof. U Desideri.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.063 0306-2619/Ó 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
alkaline solution of OH /CO23 on TiO2 powder was investigated for CO2 capture [15]. One of methods to recover methane from marine natural gas hydrates is to sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) as hydrates and produce methane. In the paper by Yang et al. [16], carbon dioxide hydrate kinetics in porous media with and without salts was studied to better understand the formation and dissociation behavior of CO2 hydrate in marine environments. CO2 can be utilized for methane production, for example, by catalytic partial oxidation of methane with carbon dioxide utilization and excess enthalpy recovery [17]. Purification of biogas by separation of CO2 is energy intensive step. In paper by Xia et al. [18], the kinetics and separation efficiency as well as microcosmic structure for purifying simulated biogas through hydrate crystallization approach with synergic additives based on gas solvent were studied. In the paper by Zhang et al. [19], ionic liquids (ILs) were proposed as potential liquid absorbents for CO2 separation. 76 conventional ILs were collected and screened in terms of energy consumption to establish potential ILs for CO2 separation. Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 and CH4 over immobilized titania nanoparticles coated on mesh was investigated by Delavari and Amin [20]. Properties of commercial and calcinated photocatalysts on mesh surface were characterized. Integration of chemical looping reforming and hydrogen production was studied by Khan and Shamim [21]. A thermodynamic model with iron oxides as oxygen carrier was developed by employing conservation of mass and energy for all the components of the CLR system. To understand ash sintering during combustion of agricultural residues, Wang et al. [22] investigated the ash characteristics of rye straw and effects of additives. Three additives were studied regarding their abilities to prevent and abate rye straw ash sintering. In the paper by Zhang et al. [23], the group contribution method was adopted to estimate the radiative efficiency of the organic working fluids which are used in refrigeration and organic Rankine cycles. This estimation method is helpful to predict the radiative efficiency of newly developed organic working fluids. Mercury (Hg) is recognized as a pollutant of global concern due to its long-range transport in the atmosphere and its persistence in the environment. Heidel et al. [24] investigated reactions of mercury (Hg) compounds in effluents of the wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process during wastewater treatment. A concept for the controlled desorption and immobilization of Hg was introduced to create a highly concentrated sink for Hg for further processing. Teklay [25] studied the calcined kaolinite rich clay (i.e.,
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metakaolin) to offset CO2-intensive clinkers in cement industry while improving the performance of concrete. Ma et al. [26] used integrated assessment approach was developed by combining the Stock-based model, the China-TIMES model and the co-benefits analysis model for China’s steel sector to simulate the trends of its energy consumption and air emissions (CO2, SO2, NOx, and PM10) during 2010–2050, under a reference scenario and three alternative carbon mitigation scenarios. Energy efficiency Energy efficiency is one of the important areas which attracts efforts of many scientists and engineers. Energy supply systems are usually considered as individual sub-systems with separate energy vectors. Liu et al. [27] investigated the use of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units, heat pumps and electric boilers, as well as linkages between electricity and heat networks. Two combined analysis methods were developed to investigate the performance of electricity and heat networks as an integrated whole. These two methods were the decomposed and integrated electrical–hydraulic–thermal calculation techniques in the forms of power flow and simple optimal dispatch. Heat recovery can be applied at different applications. For example, He et al. [28] investigated the heat recovery from engine exhaust for the thermoelectric power generation. Heat exchanger network (HEN) is an important element for enhancing energy efficiency via heat recovery in the process industry. Bakar [29] proposed a trade-off plot allowing designers to choose the most suitable design target either for the purpose of improving a network’s energy recovery and/or its controllability. Several advanced techniques have been developed to improve the thermal performance of heat exchangers for efficient heat transfer surfaces. Goh et al. [30] introduced a novel systematic approach for synthesis of HEN with utility systems. Multiple cascades automated targeting was applied to determine minimum total operating cost of the trigeneration system, minimum hot and cold utility targets for heat integration prior to detailed design. Lotfi et al. [31] studied a new smooth wavy fin-and-elliptical tube (SWFET) heat exchanger with three new types of vortex generators (VGs), namely – rectangular trapezoidal winglet (RTW), angle rectangular winglet (ARW) and curved angle rectangular winglet (CARW). Building accounts for significant potentials for significant energy efficiency improvement. Shi et al. [32] modeled the future energy consumption and carbon emissions in building sector in China. The modeling results indicate that building energy consumption is expected to grow to around 41.6 EJ in the reference scenario in 2050. The energy saving potential in 2050 can be up to 4 EJ due to the improvement of both building insulation (envelop) and energy use technologies. Renewable energy used in buildings can be a great contributor to the carbon mitigation in buildings. Pisello et al. [33] investigated the enhancement of energy performance and comfort conditions of historic buildings. The results showed that the application of the innovative cool tiles and the installation of a more effective energy plant lead to average energy saving of 64.0% for heating and 69.2% for cooling with payback time of 5 years. Woradechjumroen et al. [34] proposed virtual partition surface temperature sensor for quantifying the variables and solve no physical partition of multi-zone structure in commercial office buildings, retail stores and supermarkets by using linear parametric models. This model can be applied to support supervisory control of equipment in multi-zone buildings and other applications to supplement the measurements, like estimating the temperature of a structure integrated cooling or heating application in renewable energy areas.
Energy systems Optimization of regional energy systems to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions has been studied by many resulting in several papers in the Special Issue. Seya et al. [35] carried out an assessment of residential CO2 emissions by the intensity method. By using the spatial statistical models intensity data for the municipalities can be predicted. Another case study of Chonging city in China was proposed by Tan et al. [36] on the regional CO2 emissions and their reduction potential. An integrated analysis of status, key factors, potential incorporated energy structure, industrial structure, and technology advancement was performed based on regional conditions. Dai et al. [37] applied two newly developed global top-down and bottom-up models to analyze China’s future energy and CO2 emission pathways toward 2050. Herrerias et al. [38] investigated the role played by both foreign and indigenous innovation on energy intensity as well as the possible interactions between them across 30 Chinese regions. The results suggest the interaction between foreign and indigenous innovations is modest and significant differences among investment ownership due to its geographical location exist. Zhang et al. [39] analyzed the impacts of gas supply costs on interregional gas flow and gas infrastructure deployment in China. There two options for gas supply include successive two-step procedures of imports or domestic productions and transportation by using infrastructures within China. Energy storage Energy storage is one of the most active R&D areas in clean energy. Sun et al. [40] studied an accurate cell state-of-charge (SoC) estimator to maximize the capacity/energy utilization and guarantee safe and reliable operation of battery packs used in electric vehicles. A systematic SoC estimation framework for multi-cell series-connected battery pack of electric vehicles using bias correction technique was proposed. He et al. [41] proposed SoC estimation with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and realized with the RTOS lCOS-II platform. Yang [42] investigated electrochemical performances of lithium titanium oxide–coated LiFePO4/C cathode composite at low and high temperatures. Veneri et al. [43] presented an experimental criterion to evaluate the performance of DC micro-grids dedicated to charging operations of full electric vehicles, specifically designed as simplified case study of a DC charging station for fully-electrified low-power two-wheeler, such as: electric scooters and bikes. Thermal energy storage (TES) technology often involves new materials including phase change materials (PCM) to improve performance. Gunasekara et al. [44] conducted preliminary material property characterization with the use of Temperature-History method of some selected polyols, Erythritol, Xylitol and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 10,000. In order to optimize the TES, Sun et al. [45] investigated heat transfer enhancement caused by natural convection during melting of solid–liquid phase change materials. Korhammer et al. [46] studied how to improve the less desirable properties of CaCl2 and its hydrates such as low melting points, agglomeration, low cycle stability and low sorption rates for thermochemical heat storage. Wang et al. [47] investigated high temperature heat transfer and energy storage performances of methane reforming with carbon dioxide in tubular packed reactor under different operating conditions. Sustainability of clean energy systems Sustainability on policy, future scenarios, greenhouse emissions, human behaviors, etc., of energy systems has also been
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studied by various researchers. Tokimatsu et al. [48] investigated zero emission scenarios based on A1T society of SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenario) of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and various innovative technologies such as biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and advanced nuclear technologies including hydrogen or synfuel production. It can be concluded that the zero emission energy systems with global economic growth will be possible, by development and deployment of ambitious advanced energy technologies. Augustis et al. [49] developed new criticality assessment method for the assessment of mixed energy system infrastructures, taking into account functional relations between infrastructures and their elements. Zhang et al. [50] made carbon tax scenario analyses with application of the TIMES model for China and USA to advance the understanding of the transport service demands, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions from a comparison perspective. The results suggested that liquid fuels will keep dominating the transport energy consumption, while biofuels and electrification will facilitate the decarbonization of the transport sector both in China and USA. Hao et al. [51] investigated the international trading by using the exergy concept. The distribution of countries, the overall structure, major countries and major exergy flow paths of the network from 1996 to 2012 were analyzed. Bai et al. [52] studied the strategic petroleum reserves policy on the market, policy or actions and oil price etc. Li et al. [53] used Gaussian Mixture Model clustering techniques and proposed a Time-of-Use (ToU) tariffs for domestic customers from flat rate tariffs. The method is envisaged to minimize the electricity bills for the end customers by household storage battery and domestic demand response. Energy efficiency has been recognized as a one of the means to increase the competitiveness of the industrial sector and in particular for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in which energy efficiency measures (EEMs) are scarcely implemented. Trianni et al. [54] described the findings from a broad investigation within 222 manufacturing SMEs located in a Northern Italy region. Duan et al. [55] evaluated the performance measures of energy efficiency and CO2 emission of thermal power industry industries in China’s 30 provincial administrative regions. The existence of differences between the energy and CO2 emission performance is confirmed by many pieces of evidence from both the static and dynamic perspectives. Naoni et al. [56] developed multiple product-selection scenarios to evaluate GHG emissions related to the daily purchase of commodities. The results show that there is a substantial potential to reduce GHG emissions resulting from out-of-season produce cultivation. The GHG reduction potential is not high for each individual commodity because diverse commodities are needed on a daily basis. However, various actions in combination could have substantial potential for reducing emissions. Li et al. [57] investigated the customer satisfaction on the reliability of active distribution networks (ADNs) with renewable energy and other energy sources. The method can provide helpful insights for distribution system operators to effectively improve the reliability and operation economy of ADNs using demand resources. Ziemele et al. [58] developed a non-Emissions Trading Scheme for the district heating systems in the Baltic States. Various aspects (type of fuel, temperature regime, level of building energy efficiency) that impact the development of a district heating system model was analyzed. Timma et al. [59] studied the causes of changes in energy intensity and energy use in Latvia. The results show that the reduction in energy intensity before the year 2008 can be largely attributed to a decline in energy intensities within sectors, but the increase in energy intensity after the year 2008 is attributed to expansion of energy demanding sectors. The development pattern of Latvian electricity market was studied by
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Blumberga et al. [60]. Results demonstrated that 70% carbon dioxide emission savings can be achieved by 2050 through renewable energy, appropriate support measures, a continuous technological progress and fossil fuel price increase. Li et al. [61] analyzed the relationships in the energy stock market and shareholder behavior, in particular on the stability of the energy stock market in China. Strategies to increase profit from investments in crude oil futures markets are an important issue for investors in energy finance. Wang et al. [62] proposed an approach to generate dynamic moving average trading rules in crude oil futures markets to better describe the fluctuations. The results indicate that dynamic trading rules could help traders make profit in the crude oil futures market. Other cross-cutting issues There are several papers in the Special Issue which do not fall within the above topics. Zhang et al. [63] developed a waterin-oil (W/O) emulsion using liquid water, mineral oil, Sorbitan monooleate, and cyclopentane to enhance gas hydrate formation for CH4 separation from the coal mine methane gas. Li et al. [64] investigated mechanical behaviors of permafrost-associated methane hydrate-bearing sediments under different mining methods. Chong et al. [65] reviewed various studies on resource potential of natural gas hydrate, the current research progress in laboratory settings, and several recent field trials. Possible limitation in each production method and the challenges to be addressed for large scale production were discussed in detail. Numbi and Xia [66] presented an optimal control model to improve the operation energy efficiency of a vertical shaft impact (VSI) crushing process with consideration of energy cost, time-of-use tariff and process constraints, production and product quality requirements. Fundamental energy sciences are also included in the Special Issue. Lin et al. [67] investigated conjugate heat transfer problems between convection in the fluid and conduction in the wall. Jia et al. [68] reported the rejection/engulfment behavior of graphene particles ahead of a moving ice–water interface in the freezing of graphene/water nanofluids. Liu et al. [69] presented a numerical study of the thermal performance of a hydrogen storage tank with nozzle injection and its geometrical optimization to improve the chilling performance of the storage tank. The Guest Editors appreciate the contributions from all authors, reviewers, and staffs of Elsevier during the preparation of this special issue. References [1] Leung DYC, Yang HX, Yan J. Editorial for special issue of the first international conference on Applied Energy, ICAE’09, Hong Kong. Appl Energy 2009;87:2861. [2] Yang HX, Leung DYC, Yan J. Special issue of first international conference on Applied Energy – ICAE2009. Int J Green Energy 2010;7:223. [3] Leung DYC, Yang HX, Yan J. Novel studies on hydrogen, fuel cell and battery energy systems, special issue of ICAE2009. Int J Energy Res 2011;35:1. [4] Birgersson KE, Balaya P, Chou SK, Yan J. Energy solutions for a sustainable world. Appl Energy 2013;90:1–2. [5] Desideri U, Yan J. Clean energy technologies and systems for a sustainable world. Appl Energy 2013;97:1–4. [6] Yan J, Chou SK, Desideri U, Tu ST, Jin HG. Research, development and innovations for sustainable future energy systems. Appl Energy 2013;112:393–5. [7] Yan J, Chou SK, Desideri U, Xia X. Innovative and sustainable solutions of clean energy technologies and policies (Part I). Appl Energy 2014;130:447–9. [8] Yan J, Chou SK, Desideri U, Xia X. Innovative and sustainable solutions of clean energy technologies and policies (Part II). Appl Energy 2014;136:756–8. [9] Lee DJ, Yan J, Chou SK, Deside U. Clean, efficient, affordable and reliable energy for a sustainable future. Energy Convers Manage September 2015;102 (15):1–3. [10] Yan J, Lee DJ, Chou SK, Desideri U, Li H. International conference on applied energy, ICAE2014. Energy Procedia 2014;61:1–2902. [11] Yan J. Handbook of clean energy systems. Wiley; 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1002/9781118991978.
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Jinyue Yan School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, 72123 Västerås, Sweden
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Siaw-Kiang Chou Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Blk EA, #04-12, Singapore 117576, Singapore Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore, 29 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Blk A, #10-01, Singapore 119620, Singapore Umberto Desideri Department of Engineering for Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy Duu-Jong Lee Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10604, Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10614, Taiwan
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Energy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy
Transition of clean energy systems and technologies towards a sustainable future (Part II) q
The International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE), an international forum for energy researchers and professionals, was successfully held in Hong Kong (2009), Singapore (2010), Italy (2011), China (2012), and South Africa (2013). In 2014, the 6th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2014), was held from 3 May to 3 June, 2014, with some 700 papers being presented by authors from 52 countries. Similar to previous ICAE special issues [1–9], this issue is a collection of selected papers first presented in ICAE2014, whose short versions of the conference presentations were published in Energy Procedia [10]. Energy is at the centre of a highly active and dynamic research and development field, which changes and affects not only our current life, but also our near and distant future. Owing to the importance that clean energy currently possesses and its transitive characteristics - research, development, implementation, and innovation - market penetration of clean energy technologies and systems have expanded in the recent course of time [11]. This special issue covers part of the research results, which provides the responses and solutions to the transition of future energy towards a sustainable future. Forty four papers were included in Part I of this special issue on topics of Renewable Energy and Advanced Energy Conversion Technologies [12]. In Part II, Fifty six papers are included covering the topics of Emission Mitigation Technologies, Energy Efficiency, Energy Systems, Energy Storage, Sustainability of Clean Energy Systems and Other Cross-Cutting Issues. Emission mitigation technologies CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is one of the important mitigation technologies that has attracted many studies [13]. In order to reduce the energy consumption rate of air separation in an oxyfuel combustion, a single distillation column using self-heat recuperation technology was studied for cryogenic air separation process [14]. Sorbents of the Ca/Al/Tix by the precipitation-anddeposition method where Ca2+ and Al3+ ions are deposited via an
q This article is based on a short proceedings paper in Energy Procedia Volume 161 (2014). It has been substantially modified and extended, and has been subject to the normal peer review and revision process of the journal. This paper is included in the Special Issue of ICAE2014 edited by Prof. J Yan, Prof. DJ Lee, Prof. SK Chou, and Prof. U Desideri.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.063 0306-2619/Ó 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
alkaline solution of OH /CO23 on TiO2 powder was investigated for CO2 capture [15]. One of methods to recover methane from marine natural gas hydrates is to sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) as hydrates and produce methane. In the paper by Yang et al. [16], carbon dioxide hydrate kinetics in porous media with and without salts was studied to better understand the formation and dissociation behavior of CO2 hydrate in marine environments. CO2 can be utilized for methane production, for example, by catalytic partial oxidation of methane with carbon dioxide utilization and excess enthalpy recovery [17]. Purification of biogas by separation of CO2 is energy intensive step. In paper by Xia et al. [18], the kinetics and separation efficiency as well as microcosmic structure for purifying simulated biogas through hydrate crystallization approach with synergic additives based on gas solvent were studied. In the paper by Zhang et al. [19], ionic liquids (ILs) were proposed as potential liquid absorbents for CO2 separation. 76 conventional ILs were collected and screened in terms of energy consumption to establish potential ILs for CO2 separation. Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 and CH4 over immobilized titania nanoparticles coated on mesh was investigated by Delavari and Amin [20]. Properties of commercial and calcinated photocatalysts on mesh surface were characterized. Integration of chemical looping reforming and hydrogen production was studied by Khan and Shamim [21]. A thermodynamic model with iron oxides as oxygen carrier was developed by employing conservation of mass and energy for all the components of the CLR system. To understand ash sintering during combustion of agricultural residues, Wang et al. [22] investigated the ash characteristics of rye straw and effects of additives. Three additives were studied regarding their abilities to prevent and abate rye straw ash sintering. In the paper by Zhang et al. [23], the group contribution method was adopted to estimate the radiative efficiency of the organic working fluids which are used in refrigeration and organic Rankine cycles. This estimation method is helpful to predict the radiative efficiency of newly developed organic working fluids. Mercury (Hg) is recognized as a pollutant of global concern due to its long-range transport in the atmosphere and its persistence in the environment. Heidel et al. [24] investigated reactions of mercury (Hg) compounds in effluents of the wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process during wastewater treatment. A concept for the controlled desorption and immobilization of Hg was introduced to create a highly concentrated sink for Hg for further processing. Teklay [25] studied the calcined kaolinite rich clay (i.e.,
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metakaolin) to offset CO2-intensive clinkers in cement industry while improving the performance of concrete. Ma et al. [26] used integrated assessment approach was developed by combining the Stock-based model, the China-TIMES model and the co-benefits analysis model for China’s steel sector to simulate the trends of its energy consumption and air emissions (CO2, SO2, NOx, and PM10) during 2010–2050, under a reference scenario and three alternative carbon mitigation scenarios. Energy efficiency Energy efficiency is one of the important areas which attracts efforts of many scientists and engineers. Energy supply systems are usually considered as individual sub-systems with separate energy vectors. Liu et al. [27] investigated the use of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units, heat pumps and electric boilers, as well as linkages between electricity and heat networks. Two combined analysis methods were developed to investigate the performance of electricity and heat networks as an integrated whole. These two methods were the decomposed and integrated electrical–hydraulic–thermal calculation techniques in the forms of power flow and simple optimal dispatch. Heat recovery can be applied at different applications. For example, He et al. [28] investigated the heat recovery from engine exhaust for the thermoelectric power generation. Heat exchanger network (HEN) is an important element for enhancing energy efficiency via heat recovery in the process industry. Bakar [29] proposed a trade-off plot allowing designers to choose the most suitable design target either for the purpose of improving a network’s energy recovery and/or its controllability. Several advanced techniques have been developed to improve the thermal performance of heat exchangers for efficient heat transfer surfaces. Goh et al. [30] introduced a novel systematic approach for synthesis of HEN with utility systems. Multiple cascades automated targeting was applied to determine minimum total operating cost of the trigeneration system, minimum hot and cold utility targets for heat integration prior to detailed design. Lotfi et al. [31] studied a new smooth wavy fin-and-elliptical tube (SWFET) heat exchanger with three new types of vortex generators (VGs), namely – rectangular trapezoidal winglet (RTW), angle rectangular winglet (ARW) and curved angle rectangular winglet (CARW). Building accounts for significant potentials for significant energy efficiency improvement. Shi et al. [32] modeled the future energy consumption and carbon emissions in building sector in China. The modeling results indicate that building energy consumption is expected to grow to around 41.6 EJ in the reference scenario in 2050. The energy saving potential in 2050 can be up to 4 EJ due to the improvement of both building insulation (envelop) and energy use technologies. Renewable energy used in buildings can be a great contributor to the carbon mitigation in buildings. Pisello et al. [33] investigated the enhancement of energy performance and comfort conditions of historic buildings. The results showed that the application of the innovative cool tiles and the installation of a more effective energy plant lead to average energy saving of 64.0% for heating and 69.2% for cooling with payback time of 5 years. Woradechjumroen et al. [34] proposed virtual partition surface temperature sensor for quantifying the variables and solve no physical partition of multi-zone structure in commercial office buildings, retail stores and supermarkets by using linear parametric models. This model can be applied to support supervisory control of equipment in multi-zone buildings and other applications to supplement the measurements, like estimating the temperature of a structure integrated cooling or heating application in renewable energy areas.
Energy systems Optimization of regional energy systems to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions has been studied by many resulting in several papers in the Special Issue. Seya et al. [35] carried out an assessment of residential CO2 emissions by the intensity method. By using the spatial statistical models intensity data for the municipalities can be predicted. Another case study of Chonging city in China was proposed by Tan et al. [36] on the regional CO2 emissions and their reduction potential. An integrated analysis of status, key factors, potential incorporated energy structure, industrial structure, and technology advancement was performed based on regional conditions. Dai et al. [37] applied two newly developed global top-down and bottom-up models to analyze China’s future energy and CO2 emission pathways toward 2050. Herrerias et al. [38] investigated the role played by both foreign and indigenous innovation on energy intensity as well as the possible interactions between them across 30 Chinese regions. The results suggest the interaction between foreign and indigenous innovations is modest and significant differences among investment ownership due to its geographical location exist. Zhang et al. [39] analyzed the impacts of gas supply costs on interregional gas flow and gas infrastructure deployment in China. There two options for gas supply include successive two-step procedures of imports or domestic productions and transportation by using infrastructures within China. Energy storage Energy storage is one of the most active R&D areas in clean energy. Sun et al. [40] studied an accurate cell state-of-charge (SoC) estimator to maximize the capacity/energy utilization and guarantee safe and reliable operation of battery packs used in electric vehicles. A systematic SoC estimation framework for multi-cell series-connected battery pack of electric vehicles using bias correction technique was proposed. He et al. [41] proposed SoC estimation with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and realized with the RTOS lCOS-II platform. Yang [42] investigated electrochemical performances of lithium titanium oxide–coated LiFePO4/C cathode composite at low and high temperatures. Veneri et al. [43] presented an experimental criterion to evaluate the performance of DC micro-grids dedicated to charging operations of full electric vehicles, specifically designed as simplified case study of a DC charging station for fully-electrified low-power two-wheeler, such as: electric scooters and bikes. Thermal energy storage (TES) technology often involves new materials including phase change materials (PCM) to improve performance. Gunasekara et al. [44] conducted preliminary material property characterization with the use of Temperature-History method of some selected polyols, Erythritol, Xylitol and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 10,000. In order to optimize the TES, Sun et al. [45] investigated heat transfer enhancement caused by natural convection during melting of solid–liquid phase change materials. Korhammer et al. [46] studied how to improve the less desirable properties of CaCl2 and its hydrates such as low melting points, agglomeration, low cycle stability and low sorption rates for thermochemical heat storage. Wang et al. [47] investigated high temperature heat transfer and energy storage performances of methane reforming with carbon dioxide in tubular packed reactor under different operating conditions. Sustainability of clean energy systems Sustainability on policy, future scenarios, greenhouse emissions, human behaviors, etc., of energy systems has also been
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studied by various researchers. Tokimatsu et al. [48] investigated zero emission scenarios based on A1T society of SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenario) of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and various innovative technologies such as biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and advanced nuclear technologies including hydrogen or synfuel production. It can be concluded that the zero emission energy systems with global economic growth will be possible, by development and deployment of ambitious advanced energy technologies. Augustis et al. [49] developed new criticality assessment method for the assessment of mixed energy system infrastructures, taking into account functional relations between infrastructures and their elements. Zhang et al. [50] made carbon tax scenario analyses with application of the TIMES model for China and USA to advance the understanding of the transport service demands, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions from a comparison perspective. The results suggested that liquid fuels will keep dominating the transport energy consumption, while biofuels and electrification will facilitate the decarbonization of the transport sector both in China and USA. Hao et al. [51] investigated the international trading by using the exergy concept. The distribution of countries, the overall structure, major countries and major exergy flow paths of the network from 1996 to 2012 were analyzed. Bai et al. [52] studied the strategic petroleum reserves policy on the market, policy or actions and oil price etc. Li et al. [53] used Gaussian Mixture Model clustering techniques and proposed a Time-of-Use (ToU) tariffs for domestic customers from flat rate tariffs. The method is envisaged to minimize the electricity bills for the end customers by household storage battery and domestic demand response. Energy efficiency has been recognized as a one of the means to increase the competitiveness of the industrial sector and in particular for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in which energy efficiency measures (EEMs) are scarcely implemented. Trianni et al. [54] described the findings from a broad investigation within 222 manufacturing SMEs located in a Northern Italy region. Duan et al. [55] evaluated the performance measures of energy efficiency and CO2 emission of thermal power industry industries in China’s 30 provincial administrative regions. The existence of differences between the energy and CO2 emission performance is confirmed by many pieces of evidence from both the static and dynamic perspectives. Naoni et al. [56] developed multiple product-selection scenarios to evaluate GHG emissions related to the daily purchase of commodities. The results show that there is a substantial potential to reduce GHG emissions resulting from out-of-season produce cultivation. The GHG reduction potential is not high for each individual commodity because diverse commodities are needed on a daily basis. However, various actions in combination could have substantial potential for reducing emissions. Li et al. [57] investigated the customer satisfaction on the reliability of active distribution networks (ADNs) with renewable energy and other energy sources. The method can provide helpful insights for distribution system operators to effectively improve the reliability and operation economy of ADNs using demand resources. Ziemele et al. [58] developed a non-Emissions Trading Scheme for the district heating systems in the Baltic States. Various aspects (type of fuel, temperature regime, level of building energy efficiency) that impact the development of a district heating system model was analyzed. Timma et al. [59] studied the causes of changes in energy intensity and energy use in Latvia. The results show that the reduction in energy intensity before the year 2008 can be largely attributed to a decline in energy intensities within sectors, but the increase in energy intensity after the year 2008 is attributed to expansion of energy demanding sectors. The development pattern of Latvian electricity market was studied by
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Blumberga et al. [60]. Results demonstrated that 70% carbon dioxide emission savings can be achieved by 2050 through renewable energy, appropriate support measures, a continuous technological progress and fossil fuel price increase. Li et al. [61] analyzed the relationships in the energy stock market and shareholder behavior, in particular on the stability of the energy stock market in China. Strategies to increase profit from investments in crude oil futures markets are an important issue for investors in energy finance. Wang et al. [62] proposed an approach to generate dynamic moving average trading rules in crude oil futures markets to better describe the fluctuations. The results indicate that dynamic trading rules could help traders make profit in the crude oil futures market. Other cross-cutting issues There are several papers in the Special Issue which do not fall within the above topics. Zhang et al. [63] developed a waterin-oil (W/O) emulsion using liquid water, mineral oil, Sorbitan monooleate, and cyclopentane to enhance gas hydrate formation for CH4 separation from the coal mine methane gas. Li et al. [64] investigated mechanical behaviors of permafrost-associated methane hydrate-bearing sediments under different mining methods. Chong et al. [65] reviewed various studies on resource potential of natural gas hydrate, the current research progress in laboratory settings, and several recent field trials. Possible limitation in each production method and the challenges to be addressed for large scale production were discussed in detail. Numbi and Xia [66] presented an optimal control model to improve the operation energy efficiency of a vertical shaft impact (VSI) crushing process with consideration of energy cost, time-of-use tariff and process constraints, production and product quality requirements. Fundamental energy sciences are also included in the Special Issue. Lin et al. [67] investigated conjugate heat transfer problems between convection in the fluid and conduction in the wall. Jia et al. [68] reported the rejection/engulfment behavior of graphene particles ahead of a moving ice–water interface in the freezing of graphene/water nanofluids. Liu et al. [69] presented a numerical study of the thermal performance of a hydrogen storage tank with nozzle injection and its geometrical optimization to improve the chilling performance of the storage tank. The Guest Editors appreciate the contributions from all authors, reviewers, and staffs of Elsevier during the preparation of this special issue. References [1] Leung DYC, Yang HX, Yan J. Editorial for special issue of the first international conference on Applied Energy, ICAE’09, Hong Kong. Appl Energy 2009;87:2861. [2] Yang HX, Leung DYC, Yan J. Special issue of first international conference on Applied Energy – ICAE2009. Int J Green Energy 2010;7:223. [3] Leung DYC, Yang HX, Yan J. Novel studies on hydrogen, fuel cell and battery energy systems, special issue of ICAE2009. Int J Energy Res 2011;35:1. [4] Birgersson KE, Balaya P, Chou SK, Yan J. Energy solutions for a sustainable world. Appl Energy 2013;90:1–2. [5] Desideri U, Yan J. Clean energy technologies and systems for a sustainable world. Appl Energy 2013;97:1–4. [6] Yan J, Chou SK, Desideri U, Tu ST, Jin HG. Research, development and innovations for sustainable future energy systems. Appl Energy 2013;112:393–5. [7] Yan J, Chou SK, Desideri U, Xia X. Innovative and sustainable solutions of clean energy technologies and policies (Part I). Appl Energy 2014;130:447–9. [8] Yan J, Chou SK, Desideri U, Xia X. Innovative and sustainable solutions of clean energy technologies and policies (Part II). Appl Energy 2014;136:756–8. [9] Lee DJ, Yan J, Chou SK, Deside U. Clean, efficient, affordable and reliable energy for a sustainable future. Energy Convers Manage September 2015;102 (15):1–3. [10] Yan J, Lee DJ, Chou SK, Desideri U, Li H. International conference on applied energy, ICAE2014. Energy Procedia 2014;61:1–2902. [11] Yan J. Handbook of clean energy systems. Wiley; 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1002/9781118991978.
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Jinyue Yan School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, 72123 Västerås, Sweden
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Siaw-Kiang Chou Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Blk EA, #04-12, Singapore 117576, Singapore Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore, 29 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Blk A, #10-01, Singapore 119620, Singapore Umberto Desideri Department of Engineering for Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, 56122 Pisa, Italy Duu-Jong Lee Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10604, Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10614, Taiwan