- Email: [email protected]
Traumatic Dislocation of the Mandibular Condyle into the Middle Cranial Fossa Treated With Immediate Reconstruction: A Case Report
859
CILLO, SINN, AND ELLIS grafting in a patient with AIDS, acute myocardial infarction, and severe left main coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Surg 44:55, 2003 15. van Marle J, Tudhope L, Weir G, et al: Vascular disease in HIV/AIDS patients. S Afr Med J 92:974, 2002 16. Chambers AJ, Lord RS: Incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related disorders at laparatomy in patients with AIDS. Br J Surg 88:294, 2001 17. Tran HS, Moncure M, Tarnoff M, et al: Predictors of operative outcome in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in-
fection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Surg 180:228, 2000 18. James J, Hofland HW, Borgstein ES, et al: The prevalence of HIV infection among burn patients in a burns unit in Malawi and its influence on outcome. Burns 29:55, 2003 19. Patton LL, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ: A systematic review of complication risks for HIV-positive patients undergoing invasive dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc 133:195, 2002 20. Diz Dios P, Fernandez Feijoo J, Vazquez Garcia E: Tooth extraction in HIV sero-positive patients. Int Dent J 49:317, 1999 J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63:859-865, 2005
Traumatic Dislocation of the Mandibular Condyle into the Middle Cranial Fossa Treated With Immediate Reconstruction: A Case Report Joseph E. Cillo, Jr, DMD,* Douglas P. Sinn, DDS,† and Edward Ellis III, DDS, MS‡ While fractures of the mandible condylar process are common, accounting for 29% to 40% of mandibular trauma,1 dislocation of the mandibular condyle through the glenoid fossa and into the middle cranial fossa is rare. Less than 45 known cases have been reported in the literature.2 This report documents another occurrence of this rare event with its treatment and immediate reconstruction of the glenoid fossa with a cranial bone graft.
Report of a Case A 7-year-old boy reported to an outside hospital following a 4-wheel all-terrain vehicle collision where he was thrown from the vehicle and struck his chin on the ground. He was transferred to the Children’s Medical Center of Dallas Emergency Room for treatment. He was neurologically intact and
Received from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. *Resident, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. †Former Professor and Chairman, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. ‡Professor and Program Director, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Ellis: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9109; e-mail: [email protected] © 2005 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
0278-2391/05/6306-0026$30.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.joms.2005.02.029
his chief complaints were right-sided jaw pain, limited mouth opening, and malocclusion with an anterior open bite. Physical exam revealed chin deviation to the right (Fig 1A), limited mouth opening (Fig 1B), malocclusion, right preauricular tenderness to palpation, and a luxated maxillary right central incisor. There were no signs of hemotypani or cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. Plain radiographs (Fig 2) and computed tomography scans (Fig 3) revealed a superiorly displaced right mandibular condyle in the middle cranial fossa. Immediate consultation with the Neurosurgical and Oral and Maxillofacial surgery teams was initiated and the patient taken to the operating room for treatment. Following induction of general anesthesia and nasotracheal intubation, an incision extending from the right temporal line along the anterior aspect of the ear down to the earlobe was completed and the temporomandibular joint accessed in the standard fashion (Fig 4A).Once access to the temporomandibular joint was completed, it was noted that the mandibular condyle was dislocated through the fractured glenoid fossa into the cranial base (Fig 4B). The neurosurgical team then performed a craniotomy in the right temporal fossa region and the bony window was removed (Fig 4C). With retraction of the brain in the right temporal region, the right mandibular condyle was visualized (Fig 4D). With inferiorly directed force applied to the posterior mandible and inferior pressure placed on the condyle with a periosteal elevator, the mandible was able to be reduced and placed back into the remnants of the glenoid fossa (Fig 4E). Following reduction of the mandibular condyle, a dural tear with exposed brain matter was successfully repaired by the neurosurgical team. Inspection of the right mandibular condyle showed that it was intact without any evidence of fracture. The right temporomandibular joint disk was found to be grossly medially displaced. The articular disk
860
RECONSTRUCTION OF TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION
FIGURE 2. Posteroanterior mandible x-ray showing deviation and canting of the mandible to the right side. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
was successfully repositioned and sutured into place with Nurolon suture (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ) (Fig 4F). A portion of the bony window that had been removed during the craniotomy was used to reconstruct the glenoid fossa from above the fracture site and sutured into place (Fig 4G). A sheet of Gelfilm (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI), an absorbable gelatin film approximately 0.075 mm in thickness, was then placed above the temporomandibular disk to provide an additional barrier against adhesions between the articular surface and the dura. Lactosorb (Biomet, Inc, Warsaw, IN) plates and screws were then used to reconstruct the craniotomy site (Fig 4H). The maxillary right central incisor was repositioned and the patient placed into maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with Erich arch bars. Postoperative panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs showed that the mandibular condyle had been restored to its proper position within the glenoid fossa and symmetrical inferior borders of the mandible (Fig 5). The patient did well postoperatively and was released from MMF at 3 weeks postoperatively. At 7 weeks, his facial symmetry was restored (Fig 6A), he had good mandibular mobility although he deviated to the right on wide opening (Fig 6B), and a normal occlusal relationship. His arch bars were then removed. The patient has continued to do well and is now 6 months postsurgery.
Discussion Dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa is a rare event, which is evident from
4™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™ FIGURE 1. Frontal photograph of patient demonstrating deviation of the chin to the right side (A). The patient’s ability to open his mouth was limited (B). Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
CILLO, SINN, AND ELLIS
FIGURE 3. Coronal (A) and sagittal (B) computed tomography showing displacement of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
the small number of reported cases, for several reasons. Experimental studies completed by Fonseca3 have shown that the condylar head is much larger than the glenoid fossa, making central luxation difficult. However, this type of injury is much more common in children because younger individuals can have underdeveloped medial and lateral poles of the mandibular condyle, and a rounded condyle may be more easily superiorly displaced through the relatively weak middle of the glenoid fossa into the middle cranial fossa.4,5 Even in this situation, special circumstances must occur for this type of injury to take place. Seymour and Irby6 and Musgrove7 have suggested that the combination of an open-mouth position on impact with a posterior-superiorly directed blow to the chin may produce such an injury.
861 The clinical examination in this case consisted of preauricular tenderness, mandibular deviation to the side of the injury, malocclusion with anterior open bite, and restricted mouth opening that were consistent with numerous previously reported cases.4 – 6,8 While no neurological deficits were noted in this case, previous cases have reported hearing loss,9 cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea, and facial nerve injury,10 as well as hemorrhaging from the external auditory canal.8,9,11,12 Radiographic imaging in these cases is imperative to determine the exact nature of the injury because mandibular condyle dislocation into the middle cranial fossa may clinically mimic a subcondylar fracture. Plain radiographic imaging has been reported as being difficult to interpret condylar position.12 Therefore, computed tomography imaging is the most beneficial tool available to accurately diagnose these injuries.9,13,14 As evidenced in this case, computed tomography imaging (Fig 3) clearly reveals the position of the mandibular condyle displaced into the middle cranial fossa, while plain radiographs may be ambiguous (Fig 2). Several treatment modalities have been proposed for treatment of this type of injury, ranging from closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation to craniotomy with open reduction and glenoid fossa reconstruction with autogenous8 and alloplastic materials.15 A protocol for treatment has been presented by Kroestch et al,4 who advocate closed reduction under general anesthesia with postoperative computed tomography scans to ascertain any possible new intracranial injuries. They only advocate craniotomy with open reduction and reconstruction for patients with neurologic complications or associated facial fractures, long delays in treatment, or failed attempts at closed reduction. In our case, with a large amount of displacement of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa, intracranial exploration was deemed necessary. This proved appropriate in our case because dural lacerations were discovered and had to be repaired. Traumatic damage to the dura has been associated with meningitis, seizures, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and hematoma.16 Immediate reconstruction with both alloplastic materials, such as titanium mesh, and autogenous sources, such as rib or cranial bone, has been successful in reconstructing the glenoid fossa.8,12,15,17 The goals of reconstruction have been to prevent recurrent condylar dislocations, to restore posterior facial height, and to restore normal function to the joint.4 In placing an autogenous cranial bone graft over the glenoid fossa defect, faster healing and support of the fossa likely occurs. A brief period of intermaxillary fixation removes any load bearing on the joint. Gelfilm, an absorbable gelatin film approximately 0.075
862
RECONSTRUCTION OF TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION
863
CILLO, SINN, AND ELLIS
FIGURE 4. Photographs demonstrating surgical procedure. A, Outline of extended pre-auricular incision. B, Exposure of the temporomandibular and lateral skull showing that the condylar process is impacted within the middle cranial fossa. C, Small craniotomy made through temporal bone. D, Retraction of the dura showing the condyle. E, Dural tear being demonstrated. F, Condylar process has been replaced to its normal position in the mandibular fossa and the articular disc has been sutured to the posterior aspect of the condyle. G, Roof of the articular fossa (floor of the middle cranial fossa) reconstructed with calvarial bone. H, Craniotomy opening reconstructed with combination of calvarial bone and resorbable mesh. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
864
RECONSTRUCTION OF TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION
mm in thickness, was placed between the cranial bone graft and temporomandibular disc to decrease the likelihood of adhesion development. It is commonly used in neurosurgical procedures to cover dural defects because it does not produce an inflammatory reaction and absorbs at a sufficiently slow rate to permit adequate healing. In conclusion, superior dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa is a rare event that predominately occurs in children because of the anatomic composition of the mandibular condyle and the weakness of the middle glenoid fossa. Appropriate imaging is required to accurately diagnose these injuries as they may mimic subcondylar mandible fractures. Neurosurgical consultation is warranted in the majority of cases, and treatment options can vary from closed reduction to craniotomy and open reduction with reconstruction of the glenoid fossa with either alloplastic or autogenous materials. Acknowledgment Neurosurgical expertise was provided by Angela Price, MD.
FIGURE 6. Frontal photograph (A) taken at 7 weeks postsurgery showing good facial symmetry. Mouth opening (B) at 7 weeks shows deviation to the right upon opening. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
FIGURE 5. Postoperative panoramic (A) and lateral cephalometric radiographs (B) showing repositioning of the right mandibular condyle into the mandibular fossa. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
References 1. Olson RA, Fonseca RJ, Zeitler DL, et al: Fractures of the mandible: A review of 580 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:23, 1993
865
KRETZSCHMAR, POSTMA, AND INMAN 2. Spanio S, Baciliero U, Fornezza U, et al: Intracranial dislocation of the mandibular condyle: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:253, 2002 3. Fonseca GD: Experimental study on fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Int J Oral Surg 3:89, 1974 4. Kroetsch LJ, Brook AL, Kader A, et al: Traumatic dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa: Report of a case, review of the literature, and a proposal management protocol. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59:88, 2001 5. Barron RP, Kainulainen VT, Gusenbauer AW, et al: Fracture of the glenoid fossa and traumatic dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Oral Surg Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 93:640, 2002 6. Seymour RL, Irby WB: Dislocation of the condyle into the middle cranial fossa. J Oral Surg 34:180, 1976 7. Musgrove BT: Dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24:22, 1986 8. Sandler NA, Ozaki WH, Ochs MW, et al: Intracranial reduction of an intact mandibular condyle displaced into the middle cranial fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 54:506, 1996 9. Torres K, Lind O: Cranial dislocation of the mandibular condyle: A case report with unusual hearing loss. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 23:302, 1995
10. Zachariades N: Glenoid fossa fracture and facial nerve palsy. Int J Oral Surg 14:564, 1985 11. Chuong R: Management of mandibular condyle penetration into the middle cranial fossa: Case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52:880, 1994 12. Melugin MB, Indresano AT, Clemens SP: Glenoid fossa fracture and condylar penetration into the middle cranial fossa: Report of a case and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55:1342, 1997 13. Pepper L, Zide MF: Mandibular condyle fracture and dislocation into the middle cranial fossa. Int J Oral Surg 14:278, 1985 14. Engevail S, Fischer K: Dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa: Review of the literature and report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50:524, 1992 15. Long X, Hu C, Zhao J, et al: Superior dislocation of mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. A case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26:29, 1997 16. Pia HW: Open cranio-cerebral injuries. J Postgrad Med 27:133, 1981 17. Christiansen RL: Condylar penetration into the middle cranial fossa. J Craniomandib Disord Facial Oral Pain 3:100, 1989 J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63:865-869, 2005
Intraoral Endoscopic Enucleation of a Central Mandibular Condylar Lesion David P. Kretzschmar, DDS, MS,* Gregory N. Postma, MD,† and J. Lucas Inman, MD‡ Surgeons are challenged daily to minimize invasive procedures for the benefit of their patients. Advancements in technology and equipment over the past 20 years have allowed surgeons from every discipline to diagnose and treat diseases through orifices and small incisions with the aid of the endoscope.1 Otorhinolaryngologists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons are routinely using endoscopy for craniofacial surgery, cosmetic surgery, temporomandibular joint surgery, sinus surgery, nasal surgery, laryngeal surgery, and
Received from the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC. *Associate Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. †Associate Professor, Otolaryngology, Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders. ‡Resident, Otolaryngology. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Kretzschmar: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; e-mail: [email protected] © 2005 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
0278-2391/05/6306-0027$30.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.joms.2005.02.026
trauma surgery. Recent applications of endoscopic techniques allow for a greater visualization of the operative field by magnifying the view through the aperature of telescopic lenses and transferring the image to a television monitor. Suarez-Cunqueiro et al2 published a report regarding the use of endoscopic techniques for the treatment of an ectopic mandibular molar.2 Other authors have suggested using endoscopy to access the mandibular ramus and condyle.3-5 This article presents an expanded application of endoscopic surgery for intraoral enucleation and curettage of a central lesion of the mandibular condyle in an asymptomatic 14-year-old female patient. The presurgical evaluation, radiographic studies, and differential diagnoses are reviewed, and the operative procedure is described. The final diagnosis is that of a solitary bone cyst of the left mandibular condyle.
Solitary Bone Cysts Cysts and tumors within the mandibular condyle are extremely rare. Review of the subject reveals few documented cases of a solitary bone cyst in this anatomic region, and these cysts overall account for about 2% of all cysts occurring within the jaws.6
CILLO, SINN, AND ELLIS grafting in a patient with AIDS, acute myocardial infarction, and severe left main coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Surg 44:55, 2003 15. van Marle J, Tudhope L, Weir G, et al: Vascular disease in HIV/AIDS patients. S Afr Med J 92:974, 2002 16. Chambers AJ, Lord RS: Incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related disorders at laparatomy in patients with AIDS. Br J Surg 88:294, 2001 17. Tran HS, Moncure M, Tarnoff M, et al: Predictors of operative outcome in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in-
fection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Surg 180:228, 2000 18. James J, Hofland HW, Borgstein ES, et al: The prevalence of HIV infection among burn patients in a burns unit in Malawi and its influence on outcome. Burns 29:55, 2003 19. Patton LL, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ: A systematic review of complication risks for HIV-positive patients undergoing invasive dental procedures. J Am Dent Assoc 133:195, 2002 20. Diz Dios P, Fernandez Feijoo J, Vazquez Garcia E: Tooth extraction in HIV sero-positive patients. Int Dent J 49:317, 1999 J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63:859-865, 2005
Traumatic Dislocation of the Mandibular Condyle into the Middle Cranial Fossa Treated With Immediate Reconstruction: A Case Report Joseph E. Cillo, Jr, DMD,* Douglas P. Sinn, DDS,† and Edward Ellis III, DDS, MS‡ While fractures of the mandible condylar process are common, accounting for 29% to 40% of mandibular trauma,1 dislocation of the mandibular condyle through the glenoid fossa and into the middle cranial fossa is rare. Less than 45 known cases have been reported in the literature.2 This report documents another occurrence of this rare event with its treatment and immediate reconstruction of the glenoid fossa with a cranial bone graft.
Report of a Case A 7-year-old boy reported to an outside hospital following a 4-wheel all-terrain vehicle collision where he was thrown from the vehicle and struck his chin on the ground. He was transferred to the Children’s Medical Center of Dallas Emergency Room for treatment. He was neurologically intact and
Received from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX. *Resident, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. †Former Professor and Chairman, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. ‡Professor and Program Director, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Ellis: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9109; e-mail: [email protected] © 2005 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
0278-2391/05/6306-0026$30.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.joms.2005.02.029
his chief complaints were right-sided jaw pain, limited mouth opening, and malocclusion with an anterior open bite. Physical exam revealed chin deviation to the right (Fig 1A), limited mouth opening (Fig 1B), malocclusion, right preauricular tenderness to palpation, and a luxated maxillary right central incisor. There were no signs of hemotypani or cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea. Plain radiographs (Fig 2) and computed tomography scans (Fig 3) revealed a superiorly displaced right mandibular condyle in the middle cranial fossa. Immediate consultation with the Neurosurgical and Oral and Maxillofacial surgery teams was initiated and the patient taken to the operating room for treatment. Following induction of general anesthesia and nasotracheal intubation, an incision extending from the right temporal line along the anterior aspect of the ear down to the earlobe was completed and the temporomandibular joint accessed in the standard fashion (Fig 4A).Once access to the temporomandibular joint was completed, it was noted that the mandibular condyle was dislocated through the fractured glenoid fossa into the cranial base (Fig 4B). The neurosurgical team then performed a craniotomy in the right temporal fossa region and the bony window was removed (Fig 4C). With retraction of the brain in the right temporal region, the right mandibular condyle was visualized (Fig 4D). With inferiorly directed force applied to the posterior mandible and inferior pressure placed on the condyle with a periosteal elevator, the mandible was able to be reduced and placed back into the remnants of the glenoid fossa (Fig 4E). Following reduction of the mandibular condyle, a dural tear with exposed brain matter was successfully repaired by the neurosurgical team. Inspection of the right mandibular condyle showed that it was intact without any evidence of fracture. The right temporomandibular joint disk was found to be grossly medially displaced. The articular disk
860
RECONSTRUCTION OF TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION
FIGURE 2. Posteroanterior mandible x-ray showing deviation and canting of the mandible to the right side. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
was successfully repositioned and sutured into place with Nurolon suture (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ) (Fig 4F). A portion of the bony window that had been removed during the craniotomy was used to reconstruct the glenoid fossa from above the fracture site and sutured into place (Fig 4G). A sheet of Gelfilm (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI), an absorbable gelatin film approximately 0.075 mm in thickness, was then placed above the temporomandibular disk to provide an additional barrier against adhesions between the articular surface and the dura. Lactosorb (Biomet, Inc, Warsaw, IN) plates and screws were then used to reconstruct the craniotomy site (Fig 4H). The maxillary right central incisor was repositioned and the patient placed into maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with Erich arch bars. Postoperative panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs showed that the mandibular condyle had been restored to its proper position within the glenoid fossa and symmetrical inferior borders of the mandible (Fig 5). The patient did well postoperatively and was released from MMF at 3 weeks postoperatively. At 7 weeks, his facial symmetry was restored (Fig 6A), he had good mandibular mobility although he deviated to the right on wide opening (Fig 6B), and a normal occlusal relationship. His arch bars were then removed. The patient has continued to do well and is now 6 months postsurgery.
Discussion Dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa is a rare event, which is evident from
4™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™™ FIGURE 1. Frontal photograph of patient demonstrating deviation of the chin to the right side (A). The patient’s ability to open his mouth was limited (B). Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
CILLO, SINN, AND ELLIS
FIGURE 3. Coronal (A) and sagittal (B) computed tomography showing displacement of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
the small number of reported cases, for several reasons. Experimental studies completed by Fonseca3 have shown that the condylar head is much larger than the glenoid fossa, making central luxation difficult. However, this type of injury is much more common in children because younger individuals can have underdeveloped medial and lateral poles of the mandibular condyle, and a rounded condyle may be more easily superiorly displaced through the relatively weak middle of the glenoid fossa into the middle cranial fossa.4,5 Even in this situation, special circumstances must occur for this type of injury to take place. Seymour and Irby6 and Musgrove7 have suggested that the combination of an open-mouth position on impact with a posterior-superiorly directed blow to the chin may produce such an injury.
861 The clinical examination in this case consisted of preauricular tenderness, mandibular deviation to the side of the injury, malocclusion with anterior open bite, and restricted mouth opening that were consistent with numerous previously reported cases.4 – 6,8 While no neurological deficits were noted in this case, previous cases have reported hearing loss,9 cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea, and facial nerve injury,10 as well as hemorrhaging from the external auditory canal.8,9,11,12 Radiographic imaging in these cases is imperative to determine the exact nature of the injury because mandibular condyle dislocation into the middle cranial fossa may clinically mimic a subcondylar fracture. Plain radiographic imaging has been reported as being difficult to interpret condylar position.12 Therefore, computed tomography imaging is the most beneficial tool available to accurately diagnose these injuries.9,13,14 As evidenced in this case, computed tomography imaging (Fig 3) clearly reveals the position of the mandibular condyle displaced into the middle cranial fossa, while plain radiographs may be ambiguous (Fig 2). Several treatment modalities have been proposed for treatment of this type of injury, ranging from closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation to craniotomy with open reduction and glenoid fossa reconstruction with autogenous8 and alloplastic materials.15 A protocol for treatment has been presented by Kroestch et al,4 who advocate closed reduction under general anesthesia with postoperative computed tomography scans to ascertain any possible new intracranial injuries. They only advocate craniotomy with open reduction and reconstruction for patients with neurologic complications or associated facial fractures, long delays in treatment, or failed attempts at closed reduction. In our case, with a large amount of displacement of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa, intracranial exploration was deemed necessary. This proved appropriate in our case because dural lacerations were discovered and had to be repaired. Traumatic damage to the dura has been associated with meningitis, seizures, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and hematoma.16 Immediate reconstruction with both alloplastic materials, such as titanium mesh, and autogenous sources, such as rib or cranial bone, has been successful in reconstructing the glenoid fossa.8,12,15,17 The goals of reconstruction have been to prevent recurrent condylar dislocations, to restore posterior facial height, and to restore normal function to the joint.4 In placing an autogenous cranial bone graft over the glenoid fossa defect, faster healing and support of the fossa likely occurs. A brief period of intermaxillary fixation removes any load bearing on the joint. Gelfilm, an absorbable gelatin film approximately 0.075
862
RECONSTRUCTION OF TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION
863
CILLO, SINN, AND ELLIS
FIGURE 4. Photographs demonstrating surgical procedure. A, Outline of extended pre-auricular incision. B, Exposure of the temporomandibular and lateral skull showing that the condylar process is impacted within the middle cranial fossa. C, Small craniotomy made through temporal bone. D, Retraction of the dura showing the condyle. E, Dural tear being demonstrated. F, Condylar process has been replaced to its normal position in the mandibular fossa and the articular disc has been sutured to the posterior aspect of the condyle. G, Roof of the articular fossa (floor of the middle cranial fossa) reconstructed with calvarial bone. H, Craniotomy opening reconstructed with combination of calvarial bone and resorbable mesh. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
864
RECONSTRUCTION OF TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION
mm in thickness, was placed between the cranial bone graft and temporomandibular disc to decrease the likelihood of adhesion development. It is commonly used in neurosurgical procedures to cover dural defects because it does not produce an inflammatory reaction and absorbs at a sufficiently slow rate to permit adequate healing. In conclusion, superior dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa is a rare event that predominately occurs in children because of the anatomic composition of the mandibular condyle and the weakness of the middle glenoid fossa. Appropriate imaging is required to accurately diagnose these injuries as they may mimic subcondylar mandible fractures. Neurosurgical consultation is warranted in the majority of cases, and treatment options can vary from closed reduction to craniotomy and open reduction with reconstruction of the glenoid fossa with either alloplastic or autogenous materials. Acknowledgment Neurosurgical expertise was provided by Angela Price, MD.
FIGURE 6. Frontal photograph (A) taken at 7 weeks postsurgery showing good facial symmetry. Mouth opening (B) at 7 weeks shows deviation to the right upon opening. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
FIGURE 5. Postoperative panoramic (A) and lateral cephalometric radiographs (B) showing repositioning of the right mandibular condyle into the mandibular fossa. Cillo, Sinn, and Ellis. Reconstruction of Traumatic Dislocation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005.
References 1. Olson RA, Fonseca RJ, Zeitler DL, et al: Fractures of the mandible: A review of 580 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:23, 1993
865
KRETZSCHMAR, POSTMA, AND INMAN 2. Spanio S, Baciliero U, Fornezza U, et al: Intracranial dislocation of the mandibular condyle: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:253, 2002 3. Fonseca GD: Experimental study on fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Int J Oral Surg 3:89, 1974 4. Kroetsch LJ, Brook AL, Kader A, et al: Traumatic dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa: Report of a case, review of the literature, and a proposal management protocol. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59:88, 2001 5. Barron RP, Kainulainen VT, Gusenbauer AW, et al: Fracture of the glenoid fossa and traumatic dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Oral Surg Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 93:640, 2002 6. Seymour RL, Irby WB: Dislocation of the condyle into the middle cranial fossa. J Oral Surg 34:180, 1976 7. Musgrove BT: Dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 24:22, 1986 8. Sandler NA, Ozaki WH, Ochs MW, et al: Intracranial reduction of an intact mandibular condyle displaced into the middle cranial fossa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 54:506, 1996 9. Torres K, Lind O: Cranial dislocation of the mandibular condyle: A case report with unusual hearing loss. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 23:302, 1995
10. Zachariades N: Glenoid fossa fracture and facial nerve palsy. Int J Oral Surg 14:564, 1985 11. Chuong R: Management of mandibular condyle penetration into the middle cranial fossa: Case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 52:880, 1994 12. Melugin MB, Indresano AT, Clemens SP: Glenoid fossa fracture and condylar penetration into the middle cranial fossa: Report of a case and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55:1342, 1997 13. Pepper L, Zide MF: Mandibular condyle fracture and dislocation into the middle cranial fossa. Int J Oral Surg 14:278, 1985 14. Engevail S, Fischer K: Dislocation of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa: Review of the literature and report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50:524, 1992 15. Long X, Hu C, Zhao J, et al: Superior dislocation of mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa. A case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 26:29, 1997 16. Pia HW: Open cranio-cerebral injuries. J Postgrad Med 27:133, 1981 17. Christiansen RL: Condylar penetration into the middle cranial fossa. J Craniomandib Disord Facial Oral Pain 3:100, 1989 J Oral Maxillofac Surg 63:865-869, 2005
Intraoral Endoscopic Enucleation of a Central Mandibular Condylar Lesion David P. Kretzschmar, DDS, MS,* Gregory N. Postma, MD,† and J. Lucas Inman, MD‡ Surgeons are challenged daily to minimize invasive procedures for the benefit of their patients. Advancements in technology and equipment over the past 20 years have allowed surgeons from every discipline to diagnose and treat diseases through orifices and small incisions with the aid of the endoscope.1 Otorhinolaryngologists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons are routinely using endoscopy for craniofacial surgery, cosmetic surgery, temporomandibular joint surgery, sinus surgery, nasal surgery, laryngeal surgery, and
Received from the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC. *Associate Professor, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. †Associate Professor, Otolaryngology, Center for Voice and Swallowing Disorders. ‡Resident, Otolaryngology. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Kretzschmar: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; e-mail: [email protected] © 2005 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
0278-2391/05/6306-0027$30.00/0 doi:10.1016/j.joms.2005.02.026
trauma surgery. Recent applications of endoscopic techniques allow for a greater visualization of the operative field by magnifying the view through the aperature of telescopic lenses and transferring the image to a television monitor. Suarez-Cunqueiro et al2 published a report regarding the use of endoscopic techniques for the treatment of an ectopic mandibular molar.2 Other authors have suggested using endoscopy to access the mandibular ramus and condyle.3-5 This article presents an expanded application of endoscopic surgery for intraoral enucleation and curettage of a central lesion of the mandibular condyle in an asymptomatic 14-year-old female patient. The presurgical evaluation, radiographic studies, and differential diagnoses are reviewed, and the operative procedure is described. The final diagnosis is that of a solitary bone cyst of the left mandibular condyle.
Solitary Bone Cysts Cysts and tumors within the mandibular condyle are extremely rare. Review of the subject reveals few documented cases of a solitary bone cyst in this anatomic region, and these cysts overall account for about 2% of all cysts occurring within the jaws.6