- Email: [email protected]
Travel to, and use of, twenty-one Michigan trails
Preventive Medicine 56 (2013) 234–236
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Preventive Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ypmed
Brief Original Report
Travel to, and use of, twenty-one Michigan trails Anna E. Price a,⁎, Julian A. Reed b, Lisa Grost c, Christina Harvey c, Karah Mantinan d a
Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, 5151 Park Ave, Fairfield, CT 0825, USA Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, USA c Public Health Consultant, Building Healthy Communities and Physical Activity, MI, USA d Altarum Institute, USA b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Available online 25 January 2013 Keywords: Physical activity Exercise Health promotion Built environment Trails
a b s t r a c t Objective and methods: This study examined trail use among 857 trail users on 21 trails in Michigan from 2008 to 2011 using a valid and reliable intercept survey. Results: Most of the 857 participants traveled to the trail from their home (92.6%), lived within 15 min of the trails (74.8%), and used active transport to travel to the trails 69.7%. The odds of active transport to the trails were greater among those who had not graduated high school (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.02, 11.99) and high school graduates (OR = 7.432; 95% CI = 2.02, 27.30) compared to college graduates. Whites and adults also had greater odds of active transport than non-Whites (OR = 3.160, 95% CI: 1.65, 6.05), and older adults (OR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.54). The majority of respondents (89.7%) reported using trails for recreational purposes. A significantly greater proportion of females (73.3%) compared to males (64.7%) reported using the trail with others. Conclusions: The findings from this study might enable health and parks and recreation professionals to better promote physical activity on trails. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction The creation and promotion of places for physical activity (PA), such as trails, are recommended for increasing PA in communities (Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 2002). Before trail use promotion, it is important to understand current trail usage. This paper examines trail users' reported travel to trails, their purpose for using trails, and PA frequency, type, and duration while on trails for recreation and transportation purposes. The findings can be used to promote PA on trails.
(walking/jogging, cycling, other), and amount of time (b30, 30–59, ≥60 min) usually spent on the trail. A dichotomous regular trail use (≥30 min, 3 days each week) variable was created for both recreation and transportation purposes. Respondents reported if they typically use the trail alone or with companions. Finally, respondents were asked about their demographic characteristics, including their age category (adult: 18–59 years; older adult: ≥60 years), education level (b high school graduate, high school graduate, college graduate), gender (male, female), and race (White, non-Whites). All procedures were approved by the Michigan State University Internal Review Board. Data analysis
Methods Following a standard protocol (Maslow et al., 2012), a valid and reliable intercept survey (Troped et al., 2009) was used to examine 857 trail users' travel to, and activity on, 21 trails in Michigan. Trained interviewers verbally confirmed that all respondents were ≥18 years old and obtained informed consent before administering the survey. Data were collected over four days (i.e., Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday) during the spring and summer for a total of 16 days, 4 times per day (7:30 am, 12 pm, 3:30 pm and 6 pm) in 2008–2011. Respondents reported whether they use active (e.g., walk) or inactive (e.g., bus) transport to travel to the trail, where they are usually coming from (home, work, other), and how long (b 30, 30–59, ≥60 min) it takes them to get to the trail from both their home and workplace. Survey respondents reported if they typically use the trail for recreation, transportation, or both as well as trail use frequency (number of days/previous week), PA type ⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +1 203 365 4723. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.E. Price). 0091-7435/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.009
Data were entered in SPSS for analysis (21.0). Descriptive statistics summarize the data. Due to the sample size restrictions, chi square tests examined associations between regular transportation trail use and demographic characteristics. Logistic regression models were used to examine demographic predictors (i.e., age category, education, gender, and race) of active versus inactive transport to trails, regular versus irregular recreation trail use, and trail use with and without companions. Statistical significance was set at p b .05.
Results Travel to the trails Respondents' demographic characteristics are included in Table 1. Characteristics of respondents' travel to the trail and trail use are included in Table 2.
A.E. Price et al. / Preventive Medicine 56 (2013) 234–236 Table 1 Demographic characteristics of 857 Michigan trail users, 2008–2011. Variable
Age category, n = 800 Adults Older adults Gender, n = 845 Female Male Race, n = 809 White Other Education, n = 799 bHS graduate HS graduate College graduate
Age (yrs.)
Table 2 Travel to Michigan trails by 857 trail users, 2008–2011.
Total n= 857 n
235
Travel characteristics %
62.8 172
78.5 21.5
473 372
55.1 43.4
763 46
94.3 5.7
34 677 88
4.3 84.7 11.0
M
SD
45.72
15.61
HS = high school, n = number, M = mean, SD = standard deviation.
Which factors predict active transport to the trail? Age category, education, gender, and race were examined as predictors of active transport to the trails. The odds of active transport to the trails were greater among those who reported that they had not graduated high school (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.02, 11.99) and high school graduates (OR = 7.432; 95% CI = 2.02, 27.30) compared to college graduates; Whites than others (OR = 3.160, 95% CI = 1.65, 6.05); and adults than older adults (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.54). Use of the trail
Time to trail from home, n = 800a b30 min 30–59 min ≥60 min or more Time to trail from work, n = 218b b30 min 30–59 min ≥60 min or more Transport type On foot Cycling Motor vehicle Other Active transport only Yes No Recreation trail use time, n= 826c b30 min 30–59 min ≥60 min Recreation trail use activities, n = 826c Walking/jogging Cycling Other Transportation trail use time, n = 126d b30 min 30–59 min ≥60 min Transportation trail use activities, n = 126d Walking/jogging Cycling Other a b
Participants reported using the trail for recreation 3.82 (SD=1.89) days/week and for transportation 1.19 (SD=1.81) days/week. Additional recreation and transportation trail characteristics are shown in Table 2. Associations between regular trail use and demographic characteristics A greater proportion of those with less than a high school degree (53.8%) compared to those with a high school degree (11.2%) or college degree (0%; p b .001), and males (22.4%) compared to females (4.3%; p = .007) regularly used the trail for transportation purposes. There were no significant associations between regular transportation trail use and age (p = .814) or race (p = .235). Age category, education, gender, and race were examined as predictors of regular recreation trail use. The odds of regular recreation trail use were less among those with less than a high school education (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.11, 0.77) or a high school education (OR = .48; 95% CI = 0.28, 0.79) compared to those with a college education. The odds of regular recreation trail use were greater in males than females (OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.16, 2.15) and less among non-Whites compared to Whites (OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.17, 0.78). Companionship Thirty-one percent of respondents reported only using the trail by themselves; 69% of respondents reported using the trail with companions. Age category, education, gender, and race were examined as predictors of trail use with companions. The only significant predictor of using the trail with companions was gender with greater odds of trail use with a companion among women than men (OR=1.45; 95% CI=1.06, 2.00). Discussion One third of respondents reported inactive transport to the trails. Promoting active travel to trails might increase the likelihood that trail users reach national PA recommendations (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2008). Promotion of active transport among
c d
n
%
598 163 39
74.8 20.4 4.9
103 57 58
47.2 26.1 26.6
375 201 260 21
43.8 23.4 30.3 2.5
597 260
69.7 30.3
140 447 239
16.9 54.1 28.9
577 210 27
70.9 25.8 3.3
73 45 8
57.9 35.7 6.3
79 60 12
52.3 39.7 7.9
Number of persons who reported ever traveling to the trail from their home. Number of persons who reported ever traveling to the trail from their home. Number of persons who reported using the trail for recreation. Number of persons who reported using the trail for transportation.
those with higher education levels, non-Whites, and older adults might be especially useful as these persons are less likely to travel to the trail in an active manner. Similar to previous research (Maslow et al., 2012; Price et al., 2012b), a small proportion of trail users reported using the trail for transportation purposes. Most respondents also traveled to the trail from their home rather than work. As worksites try to identify opportunities to improve the health and productivity of their employees (Goetzel and Ozminkowski, 2008), trail use might be a low-cost strategy to promote transportation PA. Perhaps changes to urban environments, such as bike racks at worksites and in commercial areas (Shephard, 2008), might increase the proportion of people who use trails for transportation purposes to and from work. Further, those using the trail for transportation (versus recreation) spent less time on the trail. It might be that persons are more inclined to use trails for transportation if proximate to origin and destination. Walking was also the preferred mode of activity, by far, in this study. These findings suggest a need for short trail links, and trail connectivity, between residential and commercial properties. Research suggests a positive relationship between education level and PA level (Borodulin et al., 2008; Shaw and Spokane, 2008). In this study, a greater proportion of those without a college degree used active transport and regularly used the trails for transportation purposes compared to those with a college degree. Similar to previous research (Price et al., 2012a, 2012b; Reed et al., 2011), a smaller proportion of females than males regularly used the trail. When women in this study and a previous study (Maslow et al., 2012) use trails, they more often report trail use with others. The creation of social activities on trails might increase the proportion of women using trails for PA.
236
A.E. Price et al. / Preventive Medicine 56 (2013) 234–236
This study has several limitations. The use of a self-reported PA measure might have been affected by recall issues and social desirability bias. Most trail research, however, has used self-report surveys (Troped et al., 2001) because of their low cost and ease of administration. This study was cross-sectional not allowing causal inferences to be made. Not having survey data on the demographics of neighborhoods proximate to the trail is also a limitation. For example, the larger proportion of Whites and adults using active transport to the trail may be because they more heavily populate the neighborhoods near the trail. Conclusions The study findings suggest that trail use might be favored PA location among groups traditionally less active, such as those with low education levels. There is an opportunity to increase PA by increasing connectivity between residential and commercial properties and trails. Efforts to promote trail use, such as walking groups on trails, among women are needed. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments This research project was funded by Michigan's Building Healthy Communities Program in collaboration with the Michigan Department of Community Health. Building Healthy Communities provides funding
to local health departments in Michigan to develop, implement and evaluate interventions promoting physical activity, healthy eating and tobacco free environments. References Borodulin, K., Laatikainen, T., Lahti-Koski, M., Jousilahti, P., Lakka, T., 2008. Association of age and education with different types of leisure-time physical activity among 4437 Finnish adults. J. Phys. Act. Health 5, 242–251. Goetzel, R., Ozminkowski, R., 2008. The health and cost benefits of work site healthpromotion programs. Annu. Rev. Public Health 29, 303–323. Maslow, A., Reed, J., Price, A., Hooker, S., 2012. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions of the built environment on the frequency, type, and duration of physical activity among trail users. Prev. Chronic Dis. 9, E53. Price, A., Reed, J., Hooker, S., 2012a. The association of natural elements and trail use by adults. Prev. Chronic Dis. 9, E06. Price, A., Reed, J., Muthukrishnan, S., 2012b. Trail user demographics, physical activity behaviors, and perceptions of a newly constructed greenway trail. J. Community Health 37, 949–956. Reed, J., Hooker, S., Muthukrishnan, S., Hutto, B., 2011. User demographics and physical activity behaviors on a newly constructed urban rail/trail conversion. J. Phys. Act. Health 8, 534–542. Shaw, B., Spokane, L., 2008. Examining the association between education level and physical activity changes during early old age. J. Aging Health 20, 767–787. Shephard, R., 2008. Is active commuting the answer to population health? Sports Med. 38, 751–758. Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 2002. Recommendations to increase physical activity in communities. Am. J. Prev. Med. 22, 67–72. Troped, P., Saunders, R., Pate, R., Reininger, B., Ureda, J., Thompson, S., 2001. Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. Prev. Med. 32, 182–190. Troped, P., Whitcomb, H., Hutto, B., Reed, J., Hooker, S., 2009. Reliability of a brief intercept survey for trail use behaviors. J. Phys. Act. Health 6, 775–780. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2008. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Preventive Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ypmed
Brief Original Report
Travel to, and use of, twenty-one Michigan trails Anna E. Price a,⁎, Julian A. Reed b, Lisa Grost c, Christina Harvey c, Karah Mantinan d a
Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, 5151 Park Ave, Fairfield, CT 0825, USA Department of Health Sciences, Furman University, USA c Public Health Consultant, Building Healthy Communities and Physical Activity, MI, USA d Altarum Institute, USA b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Available online 25 January 2013 Keywords: Physical activity Exercise Health promotion Built environment Trails
a b s t r a c t Objective and methods: This study examined trail use among 857 trail users on 21 trails in Michigan from 2008 to 2011 using a valid and reliable intercept survey. Results: Most of the 857 participants traveled to the trail from their home (92.6%), lived within 15 min of the trails (74.8%), and used active transport to travel to the trails 69.7%. The odds of active transport to the trails were greater among those who had not graduated high school (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.02, 11.99) and high school graduates (OR = 7.432; 95% CI = 2.02, 27.30) compared to college graduates. Whites and adults also had greater odds of active transport than non-Whites (OR = 3.160, 95% CI: 1.65, 6.05), and older adults (OR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.54). The majority of respondents (89.7%) reported using trails for recreational purposes. A significantly greater proportion of females (73.3%) compared to males (64.7%) reported using the trail with others. Conclusions: The findings from this study might enable health and parks and recreation professionals to better promote physical activity on trails. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction The creation and promotion of places for physical activity (PA), such as trails, are recommended for increasing PA in communities (Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 2002). Before trail use promotion, it is important to understand current trail usage. This paper examines trail users' reported travel to trails, their purpose for using trails, and PA frequency, type, and duration while on trails for recreation and transportation purposes. The findings can be used to promote PA on trails.
(walking/jogging, cycling, other), and amount of time (b30, 30–59, ≥60 min) usually spent on the trail. A dichotomous regular trail use (≥30 min, 3 days each week) variable was created for both recreation and transportation purposes. Respondents reported if they typically use the trail alone or with companions. Finally, respondents were asked about their demographic characteristics, including their age category (adult: 18–59 years; older adult: ≥60 years), education level (b high school graduate, high school graduate, college graduate), gender (male, female), and race (White, non-Whites). All procedures were approved by the Michigan State University Internal Review Board. Data analysis
Methods Following a standard protocol (Maslow et al., 2012), a valid and reliable intercept survey (Troped et al., 2009) was used to examine 857 trail users' travel to, and activity on, 21 trails in Michigan. Trained interviewers verbally confirmed that all respondents were ≥18 years old and obtained informed consent before administering the survey. Data were collected over four days (i.e., Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday) during the spring and summer for a total of 16 days, 4 times per day (7:30 am, 12 pm, 3:30 pm and 6 pm) in 2008–2011. Respondents reported whether they use active (e.g., walk) or inactive (e.g., bus) transport to travel to the trail, where they are usually coming from (home, work, other), and how long (b 30, 30–59, ≥60 min) it takes them to get to the trail from both their home and workplace. Survey respondents reported if they typically use the trail for recreation, transportation, or both as well as trail use frequency (number of days/previous week), PA type ⁎ Corresponding author. Fax: +1 203 365 4723. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.E. Price). 0091-7435/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.009
Data were entered in SPSS for analysis (21.0). Descriptive statistics summarize the data. Due to the sample size restrictions, chi square tests examined associations between regular transportation trail use and demographic characteristics. Logistic regression models were used to examine demographic predictors (i.e., age category, education, gender, and race) of active versus inactive transport to trails, regular versus irregular recreation trail use, and trail use with and without companions. Statistical significance was set at p b .05.
Results Travel to the trails Respondents' demographic characteristics are included in Table 1. Characteristics of respondents' travel to the trail and trail use are included in Table 2.
A.E. Price et al. / Preventive Medicine 56 (2013) 234–236 Table 1 Demographic characteristics of 857 Michigan trail users, 2008–2011. Variable
Age category, n = 800 Adults Older adults Gender, n = 845 Female Male Race, n = 809 White Other Education, n = 799 bHS graduate HS graduate College graduate
Age (yrs.)
Table 2 Travel to Michigan trails by 857 trail users, 2008–2011.
Total n= 857 n
235
Travel characteristics %
62.8 172
78.5 21.5
473 372
55.1 43.4
763 46
94.3 5.7
34 677 88
4.3 84.7 11.0
M
SD
45.72
15.61
HS = high school, n = number, M = mean, SD = standard deviation.
Which factors predict active transport to the trail? Age category, education, gender, and race were examined as predictors of active transport to the trails. The odds of active transport to the trails were greater among those who reported that they had not graduated high school (OR = 3.49; 95% CI = 1.02, 11.99) and high school graduates (OR = 7.432; 95% CI = 2.02, 27.30) compared to college graduates; Whites than others (OR = 3.160, 95% CI = 1.65, 6.05); and adults than older adults (OR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.54). Use of the trail
Time to trail from home, n = 800a b30 min 30–59 min ≥60 min or more Time to trail from work, n = 218b b30 min 30–59 min ≥60 min or more Transport type On foot Cycling Motor vehicle Other Active transport only Yes No Recreation trail use time, n= 826c b30 min 30–59 min ≥60 min Recreation trail use activities, n = 826c Walking/jogging Cycling Other Transportation trail use time, n = 126d b30 min 30–59 min ≥60 min Transportation trail use activities, n = 126d Walking/jogging Cycling Other a b
Participants reported using the trail for recreation 3.82 (SD=1.89) days/week and for transportation 1.19 (SD=1.81) days/week. Additional recreation and transportation trail characteristics are shown in Table 2. Associations between regular trail use and demographic characteristics A greater proportion of those with less than a high school degree (53.8%) compared to those with a high school degree (11.2%) or college degree (0%; p b .001), and males (22.4%) compared to females (4.3%; p = .007) regularly used the trail for transportation purposes. There were no significant associations between regular transportation trail use and age (p = .814) or race (p = .235). Age category, education, gender, and race were examined as predictors of regular recreation trail use. The odds of regular recreation trail use were less among those with less than a high school education (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.11, 0.77) or a high school education (OR = .48; 95% CI = 0.28, 0.79) compared to those with a college education. The odds of regular recreation trail use were greater in males than females (OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.16, 2.15) and less among non-Whites compared to Whites (OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.17, 0.78). Companionship Thirty-one percent of respondents reported only using the trail by themselves; 69% of respondents reported using the trail with companions. Age category, education, gender, and race were examined as predictors of trail use with companions. The only significant predictor of using the trail with companions was gender with greater odds of trail use with a companion among women than men (OR=1.45; 95% CI=1.06, 2.00). Discussion One third of respondents reported inactive transport to the trails. Promoting active travel to trails might increase the likelihood that trail users reach national PA recommendations (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2008). Promotion of active transport among
c d
n
%
598 163 39
74.8 20.4 4.9
103 57 58
47.2 26.1 26.6
375 201 260 21
43.8 23.4 30.3 2.5
597 260
69.7 30.3
140 447 239
16.9 54.1 28.9
577 210 27
70.9 25.8 3.3
73 45 8
57.9 35.7 6.3
79 60 12
52.3 39.7 7.9
Number of persons who reported ever traveling to the trail from their home. Number of persons who reported ever traveling to the trail from their home. Number of persons who reported using the trail for recreation. Number of persons who reported using the trail for transportation.
those with higher education levels, non-Whites, and older adults might be especially useful as these persons are less likely to travel to the trail in an active manner. Similar to previous research (Maslow et al., 2012; Price et al., 2012b), a small proportion of trail users reported using the trail for transportation purposes. Most respondents also traveled to the trail from their home rather than work. As worksites try to identify opportunities to improve the health and productivity of their employees (Goetzel and Ozminkowski, 2008), trail use might be a low-cost strategy to promote transportation PA. Perhaps changes to urban environments, such as bike racks at worksites and in commercial areas (Shephard, 2008), might increase the proportion of people who use trails for transportation purposes to and from work. Further, those using the trail for transportation (versus recreation) spent less time on the trail. It might be that persons are more inclined to use trails for transportation if proximate to origin and destination. Walking was also the preferred mode of activity, by far, in this study. These findings suggest a need for short trail links, and trail connectivity, between residential and commercial properties. Research suggests a positive relationship between education level and PA level (Borodulin et al., 2008; Shaw and Spokane, 2008). In this study, a greater proportion of those without a college degree used active transport and regularly used the trails for transportation purposes compared to those with a college degree. Similar to previous research (Price et al., 2012a, 2012b; Reed et al., 2011), a smaller proportion of females than males regularly used the trail. When women in this study and a previous study (Maslow et al., 2012) use trails, they more often report trail use with others. The creation of social activities on trails might increase the proportion of women using trails for PA.
236
A.E. Price et al. / Preventive Medicine 56 (2013) 234–236
This study has several limitations. The use of a self-reported PA measure might have been affected by recall issues and social desirability bias. Most trail research, however, has used self-report surveys (Troped et al., 2001) because of their low cost and ease of administration. This study was cross-sectional not allowing causal inferences to be made. Not having survey data on the demographics of neighborhoods proximate to the trail is also a limitation. For example, the larger proportion of Whites and adults using active transport to the trail may be because they more heavily populate the neighborhoods near the trail. Conclusions The study findings suggest that trail use might be favored PA location among groups traditionally less active, such as those with low education levels. There is an opportunity to increase PA by increasing connectivity between residential and commercial properties and trails. Efforts to promote trail use, such as walking groups on trails, among women are needed. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments This research project was funded by Michigan's Building Healthy Communities Program in collaboration with the Michigan Department of Community Health. Building Healthy Communities provides funding
to local health departments in Michigan to develop, implement and evaluate interventions promoting physical activity, healthy eating and tobacco free environments. References Borodulin, K., Laatikainen, T., Lahti-Koski, M., Jousilahti, P., Lakka, T., 2008. Association of age and education with different types of leisure-time physical activity among 4437 Finnish adults. J. Phys. Act. Health 5, 242–251. Goetzel, R., Ozminkowski, R., 2008. The health and cost benefits of work site healthpromotion programs. Annu. Rev. Public Health 29, 303–323. Maslow, A., Reed, J., Price, A., Hooker, S., 2012. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions of the built environment on the frequency, type, and duration of physical activity among trail users. Prev. Chronic Dis. 9, E53. Price, A., Reed, J., Hooker, S., 2012a. The association of natural elements and trail use by adults. Prev. Chronic Dis. 9, E06. Price, A., Reed, J., Muthukrishnan, S., 2012b. Trail user demographics, physical activity behaviors, and perceptions of a newly constructed greenway trail. J. Community Health 37, 949–956. Reed, J., Hooker, S., Muthukrishnan, S., Hutto, B., 2011. User demographics and physical activity behaviors on a newly constructed urban rail/trail conversion. J. Phys. Act. Health 8, 534–542. Shaw, B., Spokane, L., 2008. Examining the association between education level and physical activity changes during early old age. J. Aging Health 20, 767–787. Shephard, R., 2008. Is active commuting the answer to population health? Sports Med. 38, 751–758. Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 2002. Recommendations to increase physical activity in communities. Am. J. Prev. Med. 22, 67–72. Troped, P., Saunders, R., Pate, R., Reininger, B., Ureda, J., Thompson, S., 2001. Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. Prev. Med. 32, 182–190. Troped, P., Whitcomb, H., Hutto, B., Reed, J., Hooker, S., 2009. Reliability of a brief intercept survey for trail use behaviors. J. Phys. Act. Health 6, 775–780. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2008. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.