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Treatment of high strength wastewater containing nitrogenous compounds in an anaerobic multistage biofilter
S464
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S460–S495
V5-Y-040
V5-Y-048
Treatment of high strength wastewater containing nitrogenous compounds in an anaerobic multistage biofilter
Production of citric acid by solid state fermentation
Saeid Ghaniyari Benis 1,∗ , Mohammad H. Sarrafzadeh 2 , Mehdi Bagheri 3 1 Chemical&Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 1473964763, Iran 2 School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 3 Laboratory of TPNT, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
E-mail address: [email protected] (S.G. Benis). The biological process of anaerobic treatment was employed by the reduction of the organic matter in a microbiological system mixed in an anaerobic condition (Reyes et al., 1999). This laboratory research has been carried out to evaluate the performance of an anaerobic multistage biofilter with a working volume of 70 l, during the treatment of a synthetic wastewater in two states of presence and absence of nitrate. At first, performance of the reactor was studied when subjected to increase of HRT. By increasing HRT from 6 h to 5 day, removal efficiency of COD was increased from 63% to 94%. The result showed that with increasing HRT, the role of the first compartment became more at declining the organic load and increasing the treatment efficiency, as at HRT of 5 day was almost removed 74% of COD at the first compartment. At HRTs of 6 and 16 h, and 1 day, the VFAs value declines with a more slope from the second–fourth compartments that this subject shows a more presence of methanogens at the second and third chambers. Being high of VFA at HRT of 6 h shows that by declining the contact time between wastewater and biomass, there was not an enough time for transforming VFAs to end products and the outflow COD has been commonly formed from VFAs. Effect of nitrate addition at concentration of 3000 mg/l on the reactor performance was investigated in second state of the study. Biological denitrification demonstrated an effective bioprocess to remove nitrate and nitrite by denitrifiers from wastewaters that carry out by heterotrophic bacteria (Xiao et al., 2007). Denitrification took place almost solely in the first three compartments of the reactor, with efficiencies of 85%, 95% and 98%, respectively. The denitrification caused increase of removal efficiency of organic material approximately 10%. From the stoichiometry had been determined that for performing denitrification, the mass ratio of COD/nitrate is equal to 0.605 that the result of this ratio is increasing in COD removal efficiency in presence of nitrate (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). References Reyes, O., Sanchez, E., Rovirosa, N., Borja, R., Cruz, M., Colmenarejo, M.F., Escobedo, R., Ruiz, M., Rodriguez, X., Correa, O., 1999. Low-strength wastewater treatment by a multistage anaerobic filter packed with waste tyre rubber. Bioresource Technology 70, 55–60. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D., 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th ed. Metcalf&Eddy, Inc., McGraw Hill. Xiao, L.W., Rodgers, M., Mulqeen, J., 2007. Organic carbon and nitrogen removal from a strong wastewater using a denitrifying suspended growth reactor and a horizontal-flow biofilm reactor. Bioresource Technology 98, 739–744.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1080
Mehdi Gholizadeh Aghdam ∗ , Mohammad Taherzadeh University College of Boras, Boras, Sweden E-mail address: mg [email protected] (M.G. Aghdam). Citric acid is used as organic acids in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals and industries, so it is better to make with waste material for its environmental acceptability and less price of that. Apergillus niger CFTRI30 has been considered. It can make from citric acid cycle with moving electron between NADH and FADH2 . It is estimated that over 65% of the citric acid is consumed for food and beverages. China, Western Europe and United States stands for the majority of production capacity and consumption. Global capacity in 2005 was about 1600 thousand metric tons. For the years 2001–2003, the price of cassava has been stable. Average farm gate prices showed a decreasing trend from $1.11 per kg in 2001 to $0.99 per kg in 2003. This figure illustrates the trends in cassava production worldwide from 1973 to 2005. The amount of bagasse produced in industry is significant, being roughly equal to 900 kg of bagasse with 85% of moisture for each ton of processed root. The precise composition of dry bagasse depends on the cassava’s origin as well as on the processing procedure, but the predominance is starch (40–60%) and fibre which is about 15–50%, plus small quantities of proteins and lipids. Cassava bagasse also can be used for animal feeding. Brazil is considered to have best economic conditions in effective inflation rate (4.2%), nominal exchange rate variation (−10.6%), GDP growth rate (3.7%), nominal base interest rate (15.1%), real base interest rate (11.6%) and export, import of 19.9 and 6 in 2005, respectively. The economy is 69% free. In comparison with SMF, SSF can give higher yields, better product characteristics with lower costs. Studies show that main advantage of SSF is the cheap raw material that can be used as substrate for enzymatic process by micro-organisms. SSF is considered to be the best way to use carbohydrates. According to economical analysis production of citric acid from cassava bagasse seems feasible, because some factor such as raw material, trends of citric acid and cassava, adaptability, price (end product, machinery) and by product are considerable, and it shows FCIL : $43 525 858.54, CRM : $1 081 530, CWT : $4 811 520, CUT : $2 546 373, COL : $23520, COM: $22 623 473.08, interest rate (real): $0.116, COMd : $18279354.43. References Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2000. Championing the Cause of Cassava. Index of Economic Freedom, 2007. Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 2006. Citric acid Fermentation and Incorporation Chemical International Society (ICIS).
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1081
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S460–S495
V5-Y-040
V5-Y-048
Treatment of high strength wastewater containing nitrogenous compounds in an anaerobic multistage biofilter
Production of citric acid by solid state fermentation
Saeid Ghaniyari Benis 1,∗ , Mohammad H. Sarrafzadeh 2 , Mehdi Bagheri 3 1 Chemical&Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 1473964763, Iran 2 School of Chemical Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 3 Laboratory of TPNT, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
E-mail address: [email protected] (S.G. Benis). The biological process of anaerobic treatment was employed by the reduction of the organic matter in a microbiological system mixed in an anaerobic condition (Reyes et al., 1999). This laboratory research has been carried out to evaluate the performance of an anaerobic multistage biofilter with a working volume of 70 l, during the treatment of a synthetic wastewater in two states of presence and absence of nitrate. At first, performance of the reactor was studied when subjected to increase of HRT. By increasing HRT from 6 h to 5 day, removal efficiency of COD was increased from 63% to 94%. The result showed that with increasing HRT, the role of the first compartment became more at declining the organic load and increasing the treatment efficiency, as at HRT of 5 day was almost removed 74% of COD at the first compartment. At HRTs of 6 and 16 h, and 1 day, the VFAs value declines with a more slope from the second–fourth compartments that this subject shows a more presence of methanogens at the second and third chambers. Being high of VFA at HRT of 6 h shows that by declining the contact time between wastewater and biomass, there was not an enough time for transforming VFAs to end products and the outflow COD has been commonly formed from VFAs. Effect of nitrate addition at concentration of 3000 mg/l on the reactor performance was investigated in second state of the study. Biological denitrification demonstrated an effective bioprocess to remove nitrate and nitrite by denitrifiers from wastewaters that carry out by heterotrophic bacteria (Xiao et al., 2007). Denitrification took place almost solely in the first three compartments of the reactor, with efficiencies of 85%, 95% and 98%, respectively. The denitrification caused increase of removal efficiency of organic material approximately 10%. From the stoichiometry had been determined that for performing denitrification, the mass ratio of COD/nitrate is equal to 0.605 that the result of this ratio is increasing in COD removal efficiency in presence of nitrate (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). References Reyes, O., Sanchez, E., Rovirosa, N., Borja, R., Cruz, M., Colmenarejo, M.F., Escobedo, R., Ruiz, M., Rodriguez, X., Correa, O., 1999. Low-strength wastewater treatment by a multistage anaerobic filter packed with waste tyre rubber. Bioresource Technology 70, 55–60. Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D., 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th ed. Metcalf&Eddy, Inc., McGraw Hill. Xiao, L.W., Rodgers, M., Mulqeen, J., 2007. Organic carbon and nitrogen removal from a strong wastewater using a denitrifying suspended growth reactor and a horizontal-flow biofilm reactor. Bioresource Technology 98, 739–744.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1080
Mehdi Gholizadeh Aghdam ∗ , Mohammad Taherzadeh University College of Boras, Boras, Sweden E-mail address: mg [email protected] (M.G. Aghdam). Citric acid is used as organic acids in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals and industries, so it is better to make with waste material for its environmental acceptability and less price of that. Apergillus niger CFTRI30 has been considered. It can make from citric acid cycle with moving electron between NADH and FADH2 . It is estimated that over 65% of the citric acid is consumed for food and beverages. China, Western Europe and United States stands for the majority of production capacity and consumption. Global capacity in 2005 was about 1600 thousand metric tons. For the years 2001–2003, the price of cassava has been stable. Average farm gate prices showed a decreasing trend from $1.11 per kg in 2001 to $0.99 per kg in 2003. This figure illustrates the trends in cassava production worldwide from 1973 to 2005. The amount of bagasse produced in industry is significant, being roughly equal to 900 kg of bagasse with 85% of moisture for each ton of processed root. The precise composition of dry bagasse depends on the cassava’s origin as well as on the processing procedure, but the predominance is starch (40–60%) and fibre which is about 15–50%, plus small quantities of proteins and lipids. Cassava bagasse also can be used for animal feeding. Brazil is considered to have best economic conditions in effective inflation rate (4.2%), nominal exchange rate variation (−10.6%), GDP growth rate (3.7%), nominal base interest rate (15.1%), real base interest rate (11.6%) and export, import of 19.9 and 6 in 2005, respectively. The economy is 69% free. In comparison with SMF, SSF can give higher yields, better product characteristics with lower costs. Studies show that main advantage of SSF is the cheap raw material that can be used as substrate for enzymatic process by micro-organisms. SSF is considered to be the best way to use carbohydrates. According to economical analysis production of citric acid from cassava bagasse seems feasible, because some factor such as raw material, trends of citric acid and cassava, adaptability, price (end product, machinery) and by product are considerable, and it shows FCIL : $43 525 858.54, CRM : $1 081 530, CWT : $4 811 520, CUT : $2 546 373, COL : $23520, COM: $22 623 473.08, interest rate (real): $0.116, COMd : $18279354.43. References Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 2000. Championing the Cause of Cassava. Index of Economic Freedom, 2007. Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 2006. Citric acid Fermentation and Incorporation Chemical International Society (ICIS).
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1081