Trends of Including Pharmacoeconomics Course in the Undergraduate Pharmacy Curriculum

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been mainly adopted in this paper.  Results: Through comparison and contrast, it is suggested that the health security system in China be of Chinese characteristics, of multi-levels and multi-formats, of a balance between equity and efficiency, and of an organic combination of government supervision and market mechanism.  Conclusions: Based on the comparison and experiences, related policy suggestions have been put forward to improve the health security system in China, which go as follows: deal with the relationship between government and market; promote the press forward with legislation focusing on specialized law of health security; set up a stable and multiple financing mechanism; and enhance the supervision on health service institutions. PHP101 Evaluation of Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effects of Gymnema Sylvestre R.BR. Species Cultivated in Pakistan Against Common Resistant Pathogens Tahir M1, Anjum MS2, Zahid Tanveer M1, Iqbal MZ3 1University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Lahore, Pakistan, 2PMAS- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 3AIMST University, Sungai Petani, Malaysia

Objectives: The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy and safety profile of sequential extracts of an indigenous plant Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Gurmar) leaves.  Methods: This study was conducted against 4 bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens type-A, Haemophillus paragallinarum which are common causatives of various infections. In order to assess antibacterial potential of Chloroform, Hexane, Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. leaves, agar well diffusion method was used.  Results: The results exhibited that ethanolic and chloroformic extracts have more antibacterial activity against all four microorganisms under study. Hexane, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of G. sylvestre R. Br. showed antibacterial activity against all isolates of selected 4 microorganisms (Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophillus paragallinarum and Clostridium perfringens type-A) under study. On the other hand aqueous extract showed antibacterial activity only against Clostridium perfringens type-A while no antibacterial activity was observed against remaining three bacteria under study. MTT Assay was performed using vero cell lines. The results showed that 2900µg/ml, 3612.50µg/ml, 4075µg/ml and 1562.50µg/ml concentrations of Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol and Aqueous extracts respectively were found safe as Cell Survival Percentage (CSP) at these concentrations was above 50%.  Conclusions: The antibacterial and MTT Assay results suggest that sequential extracts of dried leaves of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. can be used as a safer antibacterial against tested resistant bacteria. All results were compared statistically using DMR (Duncan’s Multiple Range) Post hoc test at P ≤  0.05. PHP102 What is Government’s Responsibility for China’s Universal Health Security? An Outlook for a National Health Security System Wu J, Liu J, Zhu B, Mao Y Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

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improving the patient education at an outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in India  Methods: A multidisciplinary team trained on HFMEA methodology analyzed various processes involved in patient education at outpatient department. The team identified potential failure modes in each process, assigned hazard scoring for each of them, followed it with the various causes leading to these failure modes and actions or outcome measures to overcome them.  Results: We identified 8 processes and 32 failure modes with average hazard scoring of 6. The high risk potential failure is identified as, “healthcare worker doesn’t identify the need for patient education in specific cases” and the least potential failure is identified as, “absence of translator for language barrier”. The actions or outcome measures and the persons responsible for implementing them are detailed for further improvement.  Conclusions: Patient Safety and care reliability issues are a major concern in healthcare. This study suggests that tools such as HFMEA can enable a detailed analysis of the patient education process and guiding improvement efforts PHP104 Trends of Including Pharmacoeconomics Course in the Undergraduate Pharmacy Curriculum Thomas D, Sundararaj KG, Shirwaikar A Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates

Objectives: Although pharmacoeconomics was recognized as a sub-discipline of health economics for over 25 years, its diffusion into pharmacy education has been gradual. The purpose of this global review was to describe the global trend of inclusion of pharmacoeconomics course in undergraduate pharmacy education.  Methods: Published literatures were searched and information on the inclusion of pharmacoeconomics course in the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum was collected and collated. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google databases were used for the search in October and December 2015. Both compulsory and elective pharmacoeconomic courses in the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum (BS, B.Pharm, PharmD) were considered. We have organized and summarized the information by countries and time period.  Results: Four surveys from the US have provided the key baseline for documenting trends in inclusion of pharmacoeconomics course in the pharmacy curriculum. As per 2011 survey, pharmacoeconomics course was included in almost all colleges/schools of pharmacy in the US. Other than surveys from the US, 6 out of 9 were conducted or published in the last 3 years. Many of the surveys identified that the contents in pharmacoeconomic course vary to different extent. Information from many countries was not available, especially in Africa and Asia.  Conclusions: The pharmacoeconomics course was very much part of the undergraduate pharmacy programs in the US. Even though the diffusion of pharmacoeconomics course to the rest of the world was slow; it has picked up the pace in this decade. Standardization of pharmacoeconomics education shall be necessary. PHP105 The Impact of Surgical Professional Education: A Review of Clinical and Economic Outcomes Bourcet A1, Lim S2, Metz L1 1Johnson & Johnson Medical Asia Pacific, Singapore, Singapore, 2Costello Medical Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore

Objectives: Chinese Government has announced the Healthy China 2020 initiative to reform disease prevention and health promotion, healthcare services, pharmaceutical policies and health insurance system. As pointed out in report of 3rd Plenum of the 18th Communist Party of China, the transformation of government functions will be sped up, leaving market to play the decisive role in allocation of resources. In this view, government’s responsibility in setting up universal health security system and protecting universal health is due to be defined clearly.  Methods: Based on China’s social reality and international experience, we put forward the development strategy for National Health Security and clarify the government’s responsibility in the area of medical resources from both health services supply-side and demand-side.  Results: Firstly, it is the government’s responsibility to deliver universal basic health coverage and eliminate urban-rural, regional and population disparities, thus achieving the goal of Health for all on schedule. Secondly, government is supposed to take the leading role in the establishment of a Uniform and Multi-standard Universal Primary Health System and, meanwhile, introduce the market mechanism. Not only the access to basic medical service of low-income groups should be ensured by the government, commercial health insurance and long-term care service, in the area of which socialist market mechanism domains, should also be vigorously supported by the government. Relevant policies should be introduced to meet different health needs of different groups. Finally, health service industry’s development in the future ought to be government-led and market-driven.  Conclusions: It is suggested not only strengthen the government’s responsibility in policy decision, supervision and administration and the cultivation of a decent policy environment suitable for the development of health industry but also give greater play to the fundamental role of the market in resource allocation and inspire social energy on the improving of quality and efficiency of health service.

Objectives: Patient safety concerns have led to the emergence of alternative training models (eg. workshops, simulator training) that allow surgeons to develop surgical proficiency outside the operating theatre. In Moore’s educational outcomes measurement framework, the ultimate goal of surgical education is improved patient and community health.1 This literature review aimed to qualitatively assess published evidence on the impact of surgical education on clinical and economic outcomes. Methods: A pragmatic literature search of PubMed and Chinese Knowledge Infrastructure was performed (August 2015-November 2015) using search terms developed from “surgical”, “training”, “education”, “clinical” and “economic”. Primary studies, economic studies and reviews reporting clinical or economic outcomes associated with surgical education interventions were included.  Results: A total of 47 studies were identified (5 systematic literature reviews, 4 RCTs, 34 cohort studies, 3 review papers, 1 case study). Surgical education reduced technical error rates and operative times when assessed under simulation. Several studies reported favourable clinical outcomes (reduced blood loss, complication rates, mortality). ~50% studies reported outcomes that could indirectly contribute to improved patient safety: procedural/anatomical knowledge acquisition, improved technical skills (instrument/tissue handling, speed, accuracy), improved non-technical skills (decision-making, teamwork, stress management). Economic data primarily comprised direct training costs (simulator costs, cost of faculty time); few studies reported cost-comparative analyses between surgical education models. While evidence for the clinical benefit of surgical education exists, conclusive interpretation was limited due to the pragmatic method of review, heterogeneity of studies and inherent limitations of studies identified (before-after studies, surveys).  Conclusions: There is a need to critically evaluate how the impact of surgical education is assessed. Current studies focus on surgical learning outcomes; further research is needed to strengthen the evidence base for the impact of surgical education on not only surgeons, but also patients and hospitals. 1Moore D et al. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2009;29(1):1-15

PHP103 Application of Healthcare Failure Mode & Effect Analysis in Improving Patient Education at an Outpatient Department Of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Health Care Use & Policy Studies – Health Technology Assessment Programs

Devarakonda S Armed Forces Medical College, pune, India

Objectives: Patient Education has become one of the important standards for many accreditation bodies. This paper describes how the HFMEA can be applied in

PHP106 Health Technology Assessment Supports Evidence-Based DecisionMaking in The Changi General Hospital Marketplace Exercise Pwee KH, Tong SC, Chow WL