Triadimenol in turfgrass lysimeter leachates after fall application of triadimefon and overwintering

Chemosphere,Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 415-419, 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in Great Britain 0045-6535/94 $7.00+0.00

Pergamon 0045-6535(94)00174-X

TRIADIMENOL IN TURFGRASS LYSIMETER LEACHATES AFTER FALL APPLICATION OF TRIADIMEFON AND OVERWINTERING A. Martin Petrovic ~, Roger G. Young 2, christine A Sanchirico j, and Donald J. Lisk 2. IDepartment of Floriculture and Ornamental Horticulture ~ o x i c Chemicals Laboratory New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (Received in USA 12 January 1994; accepted 30 March 1994)

ABS~CT

An earlier study showed that fall application of the fungicide, triadimefon to sandy turfgrass lysimeter plots resulted in rapid appearance of the metabolite, triadimenol in collected leachates but only occasional presence of the parent fungicide. In the present study, it was shown that, if after such fall applications, leachates are collected and analyzed through the following winter and spring, residues of the metabolite, triadlmenol, are detectable as late as early June. Factors influencing these results are discussed. INTRODUCTION

Triadimefon (Bayleton)

(1-(4-chlorophenoxy)3,3-dimethyl-l-(1H-1, 2,4-triazol-l-yl)-2-

(butanone) is a systemic fungicide that controls rust diseases of seed grasses and other diseases of turfgrasses and ornamentals.

In an earlier study, triadimefon and trladimenol (B-

(4-chlorophenoxy)-u-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol), the metabolite of triadimefon, were found at appreciable concentrations in turfgrass lysimeter leachates of a sand 54 days after fall applications of the fungicide (Petrovic et al. 1993).

It was of

interest to learn if residues of triadimefon would still be present in such leachates the following spring after fall application.

The latter study was conducted and is reported here.

EXPERIMENTAL

The leaching studies were carried out using an ARESTS (Automated Rain Exclusion System for !urfgrass Studies) facility in Ithaca, New York (White et al. 1987; Borromeo 1992).

It is an

automated acquisition and control facility, basically, a mesocosm scale field facility composed of draining lysimeters (3.2 m x 3.2 m), a rainout shelter (12 m x 36 m) and a precipitation control/delivery system.

Each lysimeter has a 37 cm deep soil profile, has a

separately valved irrigation system, is plastic-lined and with all leachate water collected by drain lines at the bottom.

The soil was a sand, pH 6.7 ("Sand C", Blue Ridge Peat Farms,

Whitehaven, PA from southern New Jersey) which is commonly used to build golf tees and greens. Nine randomly located replicated plots were used. Penncross creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds) was seeded and established on each of the plots in the fall of 1991. On June 3, September 22 and October 28 of 1992, 160 g/plot (156.3 kg/ha) of a 29-3-7 (N-P-K) fertilizer was applied to each of the plots.

On September 15 and again on October 27 of 1992, triadimefon was applied to eight plots at a rate of 11.32 g active/plot (11.05 ks/ha) as a dispersible powder in water using a handoperated air-pressure sprayer.

Application to the plots was made taking care to avoid

spraying closer than 0.3 m from the edges of the plots. *Address all correspondence

415

One untreated plot served as a

416 control.

L e a c h a t e was c o l l e c t e d during any p r e c i p i t a t i o n or s n o w - m e l t i n g e v e n t that produced

leaching (Table 1).

L e a c h a t e samples w e r e collected, mixed, the v o l u m e d e t e r m i n e d and a 0.5 1

subsample w a s t a k e n and stored frozen (-10°C} for analysis. Table 1. M o n t h l y p r e c i p i t a t i o n June, 1993).

(rain and snow) during the p e r i o d of the s t u d y

Month

.

October,

1992

November, December, January,

R a i n (cm)

none

5.99

8.86

6.35

1992

6.76

25.40

3.07

16.76

1993

3.33

47.50

March,

1993

8.03

86.61

April,

1993

20.73

20.07

May, 1993 June,

1993

1992-

(cm)

1992

1993

February,

snow

(October,

3.94

none

11.71

none

Table 2. R e s i d u e s of t r i a d i m e f o n and triadimenol in lysimeter leachates c o l l e c t e d over winter and spring f o l l o w i n g the f a l l - a p p l i e d fungicide to sandy t u r f g r a s s plots. Collection date

Parts per billion in plot No.: 1

9/15/92 10/22

3

4

tn'

tl ~

tn

tl

tn

tl

nd d

13

nd

17

nd

13

tn

5 tl

6

7

tn

tl

tn

tl

tn

nd

9

nd

14

....

8 tl

tn

tl

nd

40

nd

18

c

10/27 °

10/28

nd

ii

nd

9

nd

12

nd

33

nd

9

nd

16

nd

10/29

nd

nd r

nd

18

nd

12

nd

64

nd

nd

nd

nd

15

10 . . . . . . . .

10/30

7

15

nd

31 . . . . . . .

6

17

27

15

8

43 . . . . . . .

6

6

32

11/7

4

8

nd

15

nd

8

nd

9

nd

12

28

23

19

49

11/12

9

18

nd

12

nd

12

nd

24

nd

nd

nd

11

35

29

21

56

11/24

16

41

nd

16

nd

12

nd

nd

nd

11

nd

6

9

35

14

46

21

nd

16

nd

53

nd

17

nd

6

4

53

5

71

nd

20

nd

40

nd

14

nd

14

nd

nd

42

nd

35

12/18

4

29

nd

1/1/93

nd

53

....

1/5

nd

66

nd

4/1

-_i

. . . . . .

4/2

nd

24

nd

4/9

nd

92

nd

24

nd

21

nd

38

15

nd

43

nd

31 . . . . . .

24

nd

52

nd

61

nd

18

....

nd

nd

nd

72 . . . . . . . .

38

nd

16

nd

54

nd

24

nd

20

nd

29

nd

115

nd

90

nd

24

........

4/16

nd

56

nd

21

nd

21

nd

25

nd

24

nd

13

nd

37

nd

59

4/21

nd

33

nd

12

nd

15

nd

11

nd

10

nd

5

nd

15

nd

35

5/5

nd

14

nd

7

nd

17

nd

17

nd

7

nd

nd

nd

9

nd

24

6/8

nd

18

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

nd

5

~ r i a d i m e f o n ; ~ r i a d i m e n o l ; ~ a y of first t r i a d i m e f o n a p p l i c a t i o n (see text); dNot d e t e c t a b l e (less t h a n 3 ppb}; ~ a y of last t r i a d i m e f o n application (see text); ~ o t d e t e c t a b l e (less than 7 ppb); SSample not available.

417 The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t r i a d i m e f o n and its metabolite,

triadimenol

in the l e a c h a t e s was

a c c o m p l i s h e d b y an a d a p t a t i o n of the m e t h o d of Brennecke

(1984).

sample was t r a n s f e r r e d into a 125 ml separatory funnel.

The w a t e r was e x t r a c t e d 3 times with

5 ml of d i c h l o r o m e t h a n e , c e n t r i f u g e tube.

F i f t y to i00 ml of the water

c o l l e c t i n g the lower organic layers in a 15 ml g l a s s s t o p p e r e d

The c o m b i n e d e x t r a c t s were e v a p o r a t e d to d r y n e s s in a 3 5 ° C w a t e r bath using

a gentle s t r e a m of nitrogen.

The e v a p o r a t e d residues w e r e d i s s o l v e d in 1.0 ml of ethyl

acetate, m i x e d and a n a l y z e d for t r i a d i m e f o n by gas chromatography.

The i n s t r u m e n t used was a

Perkin E l m e r M o d e l 3920 e q u i p p e d w i t h a r u b i d i u m t h e r m i o n i c n i t r o g e n detector. glass, 2 m m id x 2 m long and p a c k e d w i t h 3% OV-17 on 100-120 m e s h Gas C h r o m Q. t e m p e r a t u r e s of the column, nitrogen

(35 ml/min)

i n j e c t o r and d e t e c t o r w e r e 190 °, 250 ° and 250°C,

was the carrier gas.

had r e t e n t i o n times, respectively,

Under these conditions,

of about 3 and 4.6 min.

method for t r i d i m e f o n and its metabolite,

The column was The

respectively,

and

t r i a d i m e f o n and triadimenol

The limits of d e t e c t i o n of the

triadimenol were, respectively,

3 and 7 ppb.

R E S U L T 8 AND D I S ~ S S I O N

The r e s u l t s of a n a l y s e s of the c o l l e c t e d leachatee for t r i a d i m e f o n and t r i a d i m e n o l are listed in T a b l e 2.

The m a j o r fungicide residue found in the leachates was triadimenol.

The

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t r i a d i m e f o n and t r i a d i m e n o l were not d e t e c t a b l e in leachates c o l l e c t e d on the same d a t e s from t h e control sand plot. c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t r i a d i m e n o l c o l l e c t i o n dates.

This data is p l o t t e d in Figure 1.

ly c o n v e r t e d t o t r i a d i m e n o l leachates.

Table 3 gives the average

(± s t a n d a r d error)

in the leachates for the eight r e p l i c a t e d p l o t s on each of the As is evident,

t r i a d i m e f o n is efficient-

in the sand with the m e t a b o l i t e r a p i d l y a p p e a r i n g in collected

U s i n g gas c h r o m a t o g r a p h y and mass spectrometry,

this same o b s e r v a t i o n was made

earlier w i t h f a l l - a p p l i e d t r i a d i m e f o n in this sand (Petrovic et al.

1993) but the collection

and a n a l y s i s of l e a c h a t e s was not continued through the following w i n t e r and spring. Figure 1, it can b e seen that t r i a d i m e n o l peaks in c o n c e n t r a t i o n in w i n t e r - c o l l e c t e d

In leachates

near the b e g i n n i n g of 1993, t h e r e a f t e r d e c r e a s i n g rapidly t h r o u g h the spring p e r i o d from April to June. Table 3. A v e r a g e (± s t a n d a r d error) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t r i a d i m e n o l r e p l i c a t e d sand p l o t s on e a c h of the c o l l e c t i o n dates. Collection date

T r i a d i m e n o l ppb

(Av ± S.E. )

i0/2s/92"

14.3 +

10/29/92

26.0 ± 12.8

10/30/92

25.5 +

3.0

4.7

11/7/92

17.7 +

5.6

11/12/92

20.3 +

6.0

11/24/92

20.9 ±

6.1

12/18/92

33.3 +

8.1 9.7

1/1/93

35.5 ~

115193

45.9 ± 13.1

4/1/93

41.5 ± 18.5

4/2/93 4/9/93 4/16/93

29.6 +

5/5193 618193 of t r i a d i m e f o n application,

5.4

43.1 ± lO.1

4/21/93

~ates

in the l e a c h a t e s of the 8

32.0 ±

6.0

17.0 ±

3.9

13.6 + 2.9 ± 9/15/92 and 10/27/92

(see text)

2.2 2.2

418

TRI/~DIMENOL (PPB) --

~

~

~

0

0

0

0

0

iX) O" 4~

O"

O"

i"

. /

-

oi I'0 !

m,I

0 PO 0,1

I

I

I

I

0 Figure 1. Average (± standard error} concentrations of triadimenol in fall and spring laachates from the 8 replicated sand plots as s function of days after the last fall application of trladlmefon on 10/27/92. Triadimefon has been shown to be converted to triadimenol when applied to wheat 1991}.

(Garcla et al

Its conversion when applied to turfgrass is rapid as concluded from its little

presence in the leachates in this study.

Dense turfgrass and the presence of a thatch layer

can facilitate pesticide adsorption and biodegradation (Niemczyk 1987; Niemczyk and Chapman 1987} but such reactions occur mostly in the root zone of soil profiles. The rate of such

419 reactions will be influenced by soll type, pH, moisture, temperature and available nutrients. The water solubility of triadimefon is about 70 ggl "l at 20°C (Brennecke 1984) and that of triadimenol is about 100 ggl "I. mlcrobially mediated,

Assuming that ultimate decomposition of triadimenol

is

the paucity of bacterial activity in sand and the facile movement of

water-soluble compounds through it may explain its rapid appearance and persistence in the collected leachates.

Earthworm activity in sand which predominates in the turfgrass root zone

may further facilitate downward migration of water and solutes through worm holes.

Since

active adsorption sites provided by clay and organic matter would be minimal in sand, competitive adsorption of solutes moving downwards in leachates by such solid phases would expectedly be far less. RSI"BRRNCB8

1.

Borromeo NR (1992) Leaching of Turfgrass Pesticides, MS Thesis, Cornel1 Univ,

2.

Brenneoke R, Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten

Bayer 37 (1984) 68-93

3.

Garcia G, Kirchhoff J, Grossman F (1991) J Environ Sci Health B26:427-436

4.

Niemczyk HD (1987) J Econ Entomol 80:465-470

5.

Niemczyk HD, Chapman RA (1987) J Econ Entomol 80:880-882

6.

Petrovic AM, Young RG, Ebel JG, Lisk DJ (1993) Chemosphere 26(8):1549-1557

7.

White RA, Petrovic AM, Hummel NW, Jr.

(1987) Amer Soc Agron Abs 39

Ithaca, NY