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Trichloroethylene-Extracted and Expeller-Type Meat Scraps and Tallow in the Diets of Young Chickens1
Trichloroethylene-Extracted and Expeller-Type Méat Scraps and Tallow in the Diets of Young Chickens 1 S. L. BALLOUN, G. A. DONOVAN AND R. E. P H I L L I P S Department of Ponltry Husbattdry, Iowa State Collège, Ames (Received for publication June 27, 1955)
The présent study was conducted to détermine the level at which trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps could be safely fed to chickens and to compare it with conventional expeller-type méat scraps. The literature regarding the use of inedible animal fats in the diets of young chicks has been adequately reviewed by Siedler, Scheid and Schweigert (1955) and Runnels (1955). The effect of the addition of inedible fats to diets containing solventextracted méat scraps is an important considération because a part of the advantage of solvent extraction commercially is the more complète recovery of edible fats. Accordingly, experiments were conducted to déterminé the value of tallow as a sup1 Journal Paper No. J-2780 of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames r Iowa. Project No. 1062.
plement in diets containing trichloroethylene-extracted and expeller-type méat scraps. EXPERIMENTAL Five experiments involving 1,200 chicks were conducted to détermine the value of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps, expeller méat scraps and tallow in the diet of chickens. The solvent-extracted meal was produced by the azeotropic extraction process according to the method described by Levin and Lerman (1951). It contained by chemical analyses 2.5 percent fat, 25.6 percent ash and 57.0 percent protein. The expeller méat scraps were a blend of two commercial méat scraps samples and analyzed 8.0 percent fat and 51.2 percent protein. The tallow was described by the producer as prime tallow, containing 2.3 percent free fatty acids, having an iodine number of 57.4, titer of 41.5 and A.O.M. stability of 102 hours. The composition of the basai diet used in the experiments is given in Table 1. When méat scraps were added to the expérimental diets, the protein, phosphorus and calcium content of the rations were kept as nearly as possible the same by adjusting the soybean oil meal, corn, bone meal and oyster shell. Tallow was added at the expense of corn in the diet. With the exception of experiment 2, 20 sexed New Hampshire chicks comprised each replicated lot. The sexes were divided equally and the chicks were kept in batteries for the entire test periods. In experiment 2, 75 chicks were used in each group, the maies and females were kept
163
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O EVERAL investigators in récent years, ^ among them Sunde et ai. (1952) and Lillie, Sizemore and Bird (1952), hâve shown that méat scraps hâve a supplementary value when added to corn-soybean meal diets of growing chicks. Most of thèse studies were concerned with expeller-type méat scraps. Little information is available on the value of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps in chick diets. Eveleth and Goldsby (1953) reported a toxicosis of chickens as a resuit of fèeding trichloroethylene-extracted soybean meal. However, Balloun, Johnson and Arnold (1953) fed several samples of trichloroethylene-extracted soybean meals to chicks and observed no harmful efîects.
164
S. L. B A L L O U N , G. A. D O N O V A N AND R. E .
TABLE 1.—Composition of basai diel
Ingrédient
Percent
Ground yellow corn Soybean oil meal (44% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Iodized sait Manganèse sulfate (feed grade) Steamed bone meal Ground oyster shell Vitamin mix*
61.00 30.00 2.50 0.4S 0.05 4.00 1.00 1.00 100.00
separate and the chicks were placed in floor pens after 4 weeks of âge. I n ail experiments, the chicks were groupweighed by sexes and the data reported as average weights based on group records. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In experiment 1, trichloroethyleneextracted méat scraps and a blend of expeller méat scraps were compared at dietary levels of 5 and 10 percent. T h e growth results are shown in Table 2. N o supplementary fat was added to the rations and as a conséquence, those diets containing the solvent-extracted méat scraps were quite dry and dusty. Nevertheless, consumption of thèse diets was normal and it is apparent t h a t the same amounts of either méat product had a TABLE 2.—Effect of trichloroethylene-extracted and expeller méat scraps on growth of chicks to four weeks of âge. {Experiment î) Weight (grams) Rep. 1
Treatment
Basai Diet 5 % T C MS» 5 Exp M S t 10% T C MS 10 Exp M S
M
F
270 250 251 320 302
255 240 249 274 268
M
262 245 250 297 285
270 274 293 298 280
F 245 248 251 258 272
Ave. 257 261 272 278 276
260 253 261 a 287 280»
* Trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps. t Blend of two commercial expeller-type méat scraps. Significantly greater than basai diet group average at the 0.01 level of probability. a
I n experiment 2, 450 day-old sexed New Hampshire chicks were alloted at random to 6 expérimental groups of 75 maie or female chicks each'. For the first 4 week period, thèse groups were further subdivided into replicate b a t t e r y pens of 25 chicks each. At 4 weeks the chicks were moved from batteries to floor pens and replicate lots were combined. T h e test was continued to 12 weeks. Since différences in weight a t 4 weeks among replicates were found to be statistically non-significant, only the averages TABLE 3.—Effect of dietary additions of two types of méat scraps on the growth of chicks to 12 weeks of âge. (Experiment 2)
Ave. 1 &2
Rep. 2
Ave.
comparable effect on chick growth to 4 weeks of âge. When either type of méat scraps was fed at the 10 percent level there was a n improvement in growth over t h a t produced by the basai soybean oil meal diet. However, 5 percent of either sample of méat scraps did not produce the growth response reported by Lillie, Sizemore and Bird (1952). T h e y reported significant growth improvement when 4 percent méat and bone scrap was added to the diet of chicks. The presently reported data do support the conclusions of the above authors t h a t New Hampshire maies respond more than females to dietary additions of méat scraps. Maies on diets containing 10 percent méat scraps in thèse trials gained 11 percent more than maies on the basai diet; the corresponding growth improvement for the females was 7 percent.
Chick weiight (grams) 1 Treatment
Basai diet 10% T C MS* 10% Exp M S t 1
4 wks.
8 wks.
12 wks.
M
F
M
F
M
F
304 306 284
259 276 2SS
699 745 663
590 658 622
1,388 1,505 1,450
1,170 1,238 1,209
75 maie and 75 female chicks per expérimental treatment. * Trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps. t Blend of two commercial expeller-type méat scraps.
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* Supplies per pound of ration: Ribofiavin 2 mg., niacin 10 mg., calcium pantothenate 5 mg., choline 227 mg., vitamin Bi2 4.5 mcg., vitamin A, 2,500 USP units, vitamin D 3 340 ICU.
PHILLIPS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE-EXTRACTED FEEDS IN CHICK D I E T S
TABLE 5.—Effect on growth of adding lallow and méat scraps to the diet of chicks. [Experiment 4)
Méat scraps in diet
Mean 4 week weight (grams) Sex
Ave.
Added tallow (%) 0
1
None
M F Ave.
268 222 245
300 248 274
2 292 270 281
330 276 303
3 297 254 276
10% Exp MS»
M F Ave.
288 240 264
298 250 274
305 245 275
290 256 273
295 248 272
10% T C MSf
M F Ave.
280 240 260
294 234 264
306 252 279
285 275 280
291 250 271
* Blend of two commercial expeller-type méat scraps. t Trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps.
10 percent of the diet, experiment 3 was conducted to détermine whether higher levels of this product could be used satisfactorily. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 4. The data of experiment 3 indicate that the addition of either type of méat scraps to the diet improved chick growth and feed conversion. There was little différence between the two types of méat scraps in this respect. Five percent méat scraps was fully as effective in promoting improved growth and feed conversion as was 10 or 15 percent. This is not in accord with Since the results of experiments 1 and 2 the results of experiment 2. It should be had shown trichloroethylene-extracted observed that chicks in experiment 3 were méat scraps to be a satisfactory source of older when placed on test than those used protein for chicks when fed at levels up to in experiment 2, and could, therefore, hâve been depleted of possible body storTABLE 4.—A comparison of expeller and trichloroage of some unidentified growth factor beethylene-extracted méat scraps as suppléments to a fore being placed on experiment. This corn-soybean oil meal diet. (Experiment 3) seems the most reasonable explanation M é a t scraps Gain in chick weights 1 since chicks in this experiment were fed a in diet (grams) Feed/ simple corn-soybean oil meal type ration Type M F Ave. % a before being placed on expérimental diets None 490 402 446 2.62 None 483 403 443 2.63a at 3 weeks of âge. TCMS* 5 547 451 499 2.50 Exp MSf TCMS ExpMS TCMS ExpMS
5 10 10 15 15
494 525 509 503 488
442 437 443 419 438
468 481 476 461 463
2.47 2.40 2.40 2.53 2.45
1 Chicks placed on experiment at 3 weeks and continued for 4 weeks. * Trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps. t Blend of two commercial expeller-type scraps. a Significantly poorer feed efficiency than other groups (.01 level of probability).
Dietary additions of 10 or 15 percent expeller méat scraps resulted in gains about equal to those obtained with 5 percent. When the splvent-extracted méat scraps were added at 10 or 15 percent, there was a dépression in growth as com-
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of the three replicate groups of both sexes for each dietary treatment are given. The results of this experiment are summarized in Table 3. It is apparent that the addition of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps improved the basai diet and that the continuous feeding of this product at the 10 percent level had no adverse effect on chicks to 12 weeks of âge. In fact, the greatest improvement in growth was obtained in the latter part of the expérimental period. The expeller méat scraps diet in this experiment did not promote as rapid early growth as either the control or trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps rations, but later gains were fully as satisfactory. Examination of the data reveals that the expeller méat scraps diet resulted in superior gains in the 8 to 12 weeks period. Thèse data also support the results observed in experiment 2 that maies respond to dietary additions of méat scraps more than females. This was true only in the final 4 weeks of the experiment, but was an important factor in the différences in weight gains observed at 12 weeks of âge.
165
166
S. L. BAIXOUN, G. A. DONOVAN AND R. E. PHILLIPS
TABLE 6.—Trichloroethylene-extracled méat scraps and tallow as suppléments lo a corn-soybean oil meal diet. {Experiment 5) Mean chick weight (grams)
Treatments 4 wks.
12 wks.
Feed/gain
F
Ave.
M
F
Ave.
M
F
Ave.
0 0 4
339 355 331
303 325 303
321 340 317
1,005 1,061 960
860 870 900
932 965 930
1,806 1,957 1,836
1,477 1,504 1,566
1,641 1,730 1,701
3.26 3.09 2.95
0 2 4
336 341 333
313 309 317
324 325 325
970 1,031 1,012
882 834 893
926 932 952
1,781 1,890 1,834
1,475 1,420 1,589
1,628 1,655 1,711
3.08 3.10 2.99
20 20 20
0 2 4
317 328 305
285 309 303
301 318 304
930 1,011 955
861 888 831
895 950 893
1,723 1,836 1,838
1,532 1,521 1,536
1,627 1,678 1,687
2.99 2.92 2.86
% '
pared to that obtained with 5 percent of this product. The data indicate that this dépression in growth was almost entirely due to reduced feed intake. This was thought to be because diets containing the higher levels of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps were very dry and dusty. To check on this, experiment 4 involving 12 pens of 20 chicks each was designed to explore the effect of adding fat to thèse diets. The results are presented in Table 5. Adding either type of méat scraps at 10 percent improved chick growth over that obtained with the basai diet, but when tallow was added, the basai corn-soybean oil meal diet was fully equal to diets containing méat scraps. The addition of 1 percent tallow to a diet containing 10 percent expeller méat scraps improved chick growth as much as the 2 or 3 percent levels. However, when solvent-extracted méat scraps and the corn-soybean oil meal rations were supplemented with fat, chick growth was improved with dietary additions of 2 and 3 percent tallow over that obtained with 1 percent. Contrary to expectations, the addition of tallow to diets containing trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps improved chick growth only slightly more than did
similar additions of tallow to expellertype méat scraps rations. It must be concluded, therefore, that the growth dépression observed in experiment 3 when 10 or 15 percent solvent-extracted méat scraps was included in the diet, was not due to low fat content. In experiment 4, female chicks responded more to dietary additions of tallow than did maies. In gênerai, maximum growth was obtained with maies when 1 percent tallow was added to the diets, but females grew at the maximum rate when diets were supplemented with 3 percent tallow. It may well be, as suggested by Runnels (1955), that the effect of sex is an important factor in evaluating the results of dietary additions of fats. Experiment 5 was conducted to détermine whether trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps could be used at higher levels and over a longer period of time than fed in the original tests. The design of the experiment was a 32 factorial involving 180 chicks in 9 lots, with levels of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps of 0, 10, and 20 percent as one factor and tallow additions of 0, 2, and 4 percent as the other factor. The results of this experiment are summarized in Table 6. No consistent growth improvement at
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M
OOO
8 wks.
%
ooo
Méat Tallow,
E.F.F.M.
Thèse results apply only to poultry but on the basis of the présent trials with one sample of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps, it appears that no harmful effects would resuit from the feeding of such a product to chicks to market weight. The detrimental effects of growth-depression and abnormally high mortality in chicks fed trichloroethylene-extracted soybean meal, as reported by Eveleth and Goldsby (1953), were not observed in thèse experiments. In the séries of experiments reported hère, growth was usually improved by the addition of the solventextracted méat scraps and mortality rate was not influenced. In fact, in experiment 5, in lots receiving 20 percent of the solvent-extracted méat scrap, no mortality occurred during the expérimental period from 1 week to 12 weeks of âge. SUMMARY
Trichloroethylene-extracted and expeller-type méat scraps usually improved chick growth when added at levels of 5 or 10 percent to corn-soybean oil meal diets. Feed conversion was improved and
mortality rate and growth of chicks to 12 weeks of âge were not adversely affected by 20 percent trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps in the diet. Dietary additions of tallow improved chick growth, the improvement being less marked when the diet contained expellertype méat scraps. When chicks were grown to 12 weeks, 2 or 4 percent tallow in the diet improved feed conversion. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This investigation was financed in part by the E. I. Du Pont de Nemours Company through the Institute of American Poultry Industries. Tallow was supplied by Armour and Company, Chicago, Illinois, through the courtesy of Mr. B. M. Shinn, and some of the vitamins by Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey. REFERENCES Balloun, S. L., E. L. Johnson and L. K. Arnold, 1953. Laboratory estimation of the nutritive value of soybean oil meals. Poultry Sci. 32: 517— 527. Eveleth, T>. F., and A. I. Goldsby, 1953. Toxicosis of chickens caused by trichloroethylene-extracted soybean meal. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 123: 3839. Levin, E., and F. Lerman, 1951. An azeotropic extraction process for complète solvent rendering raw tissues. J. A. Oil Chemist's Soc. 28:441-444. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore and H. R. Bird, 1952. Development of a chick assay for an unknown growth factor. Poultry Sci. 31: 923. Runnels, T. D., 1955. Animal fat in combination with various other ingrédients in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 34: 140-144. Siedler, A. J., H. E. Scheid and B. S. Schweigert, 1955. Effects of différent grades of animal fats on the performance of chicks. Poultry Sci. 34: 411-414. . Sunde, M. L., J. R. Vedvik, H. W. Bruins and W. W. • Cravens, 1952. Effect on growth of suppléments to chick rations containing vitamin B12 and antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 571-576.
JUNE 4-5, EASTERN FEDERATION OF FEED MERCHANTS, HOTEL COMMODORE, NEW YORK, N. Y.
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any âge was noted over that obtained with the basai corn-soybean oil meal diet from the addition of trichloroethyleneextracted méat scraps at 10 or 20 percent. The addition of 2 or 4 percent tallow improved growth of chicks to 12 weeks of âge. Apparently both of thèse feed ingrédients were well-utilized by the chicks because the addition of either méat scraps or tallow improved feed emciency. The best feed conversion was obtained in those lots fed both méat scraps and tallow. The results of this experiment indicate that trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps can be safely fed at levels up to 20 percent of the diet to broilers to market weight.
167
The présent study was conducted to détermine the level at which trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps could be safely fed to chickens and to compare it with conventional expeller-type méat scraps. The literature regarding the use of inedible animal fats in the diets of young chicks has been adequately reviewed by Siedler, Scheid and Schweigert (1955) and Runnels (1955). The effect of the addition of inedible fats to diets containing solventextracted méat scraps is an important considération because a part of the advantage of solvent extraction commercially is the more complète recovery of edible fats. Accordingly, experiments were conducted to déterminé the value of tallow as a sup1 Journal Paper No. J-2780 of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames r Iowa. Project No. 1062.
plement in diets containing trichloroethylene-extracted and expeller-type méat scraps. EXPERIMENTAL Five experiments involving 1,200 chicks were conducted to détermine the value of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps, expeller méat scraps and tallow in the diet of chickens. The solvent-extracted meal was produced by the azeotropic extraction process according to the method described by Levin and Lerman (1951). It contained by chemical analyses 2.5 percent fat, 25.6 percent ash and 57.0 percent protein. The expeller méat scraps were a blend of two commercial méat scraps samples and analyzed 8.0 percent fat and 51.2 percent protein. The tallow was described by the producer as prime tallow, containing 2.3 percent free fatty acids, having an iodine number of 57.4, titer of 41.5 and A.O.M. stability of 102 hours. The composition of the basai diet used in the experiments is given in Table 1. When méat scraps were added to the expérimental diets, the protein, phosphorus and calcium content of the rations were kept as nearly as possible the same by adjusting the soybean oil meal, corn, bone meal and oyster shell. Tallow was added at the expense of corn in the diet. With the exception of experiment 2, 20 sexed New Hampshire chicks comprised each replicated lot. The sexes were divided equally and the chicks were kept in batteries for the entire test periods. In experiment 2, 75 chicks were used in each group, the maies and females were kept
163
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O EVERAL investigators in récent years, ^ among them Sunde et ai. (1952) and Lillie, Sizemore and Bird (1952), hâve shown that méat scraps hâve a supplementary value when added to corn-soybean meal diets of growing chicks. Most of thèse studies were concerned with expeller-type méat scraps. Little information is available on the value of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps in chick diets. Eveleth and Goldsby (1953) reported a toxicosis of chickens as a resuit of fèeding trichloroethylene-extracted soybean meal. However, Balloun, Johnson and Arnold (1953) fed several samples of trichloroethylene-extracted soybean meals to chicks and observed no harmful efîects.
164
S. L. B A L L O U N , G. A. D O N O V A N AND R. E .
TABLE 1.—Composition of basai diel
Ingrédient
Percent
Ground yellow corn Soybean oil meal (44% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Iodized sait Manganèse sulfate (feed grade) Steamed bone meal Ground oyster shell Vitamin mix*
61.00 30.00 2.50 0.4S 0.05 4.00 1.00 1.00 100.00
separate and the chicks were placed in floor pens after 4 weeks of âge. I n ail experiments, the chicks were groupweighed by sexes and the data reported as average weights based on group records. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In experiment 1, trichloroethyleneextracted méat scraps and a blend of expeller méat scraps were compared at dietary levels of 5 and 10 percent. T h e growth results are shown in Table 2. N o supplementary fat was added to the rations and as a conséquence, those diets containing the solvent-extracted méat scraps were quite dry and dusty. Nevertheless, consumption of thèse diets was normal and it is apparent t h a t the same amounts of either méat product had a TABLE 2.—Effect of trichloroethylene-extracted and expeller méat scraps on growth of chicks to four weeks of âge. {Experiment î) Weight (grams) Rep. 1
Treatment
Basai Diet 5 % T C MS» 5 Exp M S t 10% T C MS 10 Exp M S
M
F
270 250 251 320 302
255 240 249 274 268
M
262 245 250 297 285
270 274 293 298 280
F 245 248 251 258 272
Ave. 257 261 272 278 276
260 253 261 a 287 280»
* Trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps. t Blend of two commercial expeller-type méat scraps. Significantly greater than basai diet group average at the 0.01 level of probability. a
I n experiment 2, 450 day-old sexed New Hampshire chicks were alloted at random to 6 expérimental groups of 75 maie or female chicks each'. For the first 4 week period, thèse groups were further subdivided into replicate b a t t e r y pens of 25 chicks each. At 4 weeks the chicks were moved from batteries to floor pens and replicate lots were combined. T h e test was continued to 12 weeks. Since différences in weight a t 4 weeks among replicates were found to be statistically non-significant, only the averages TABLE 3.—Effect of dietary additions of two types of méat scraps on the growth of chicks to 12 weeks of âge. (Experiment 2)
Ave. 1 &2
Rep. 2
Ave.
comparable effect on chick growth to 4 weeks of âge. When either type of méat scraps was fed at the 10 percent level there was a n improvement in growth over t h a t produced by the basai soybean oil meal diet. However, 5 percent of either sample of méat scraps did not produce the growth response reported by Lillie, Sizemore and Bird (1952). T h e y reported significant growth improvement when 4 percent méat and bone scrap was added to the diet of chicks. The presently reported data do support the conclusions of the above authors t h a t New Hampshire maies respond more than females to dietary additions of méat scraps. Maies on diets containing 10 percent méat scraps in thèse trials gained 11 percent more than maies on the basai diet; the corresponding growth improvement for the females was 7 percent.
Chick weiight (grams) 1 Treatment
Basai diet 10% T C MS* 10% Exp M S t 1
4 wks.
8 wks.
12 wks.
M
F
M
F
M
F
304 306 284
259 276 2SS
699 745 663
590 658 622
1,388 1,505 1,450
1,170 1,238 1,209
75 maie and 75 female chicks per expérimental treatment. * Trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps. t Blend of two commercial expeller-type méat scraps.
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* Supplies per pound of ration: Ribofiavin 2 mg., niacin 10 mg., calcium pantothenate 5 mg., choline 227 mg., vitamin Bi2 4.5 mcg., vitamin A, 2,500 USP units, vitamin D 3 340 ICU.
PHILLIPS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE-EXTRACTED FEEDS IN CHICK D I E T S
TABLE 5.—Effect on growth of adding lallow and méat scraps to the diet of chicks. [Experiment 4)
Méat scraps in diet
Mean 4 week weight (grams) Sex
Ave.
Added tallow (%) 0
1
None
M F Ave.
268 222 245
300 248 274
2 292 270 281
330 276 303
3 297 254 276
10% Exp MS»
M F Ave.
288 240 264
298 250 274
305 245 275
290 256 273
295 248 272
10% T C MSf
M F Ave.
280 240 260
294 234 264
306 252 279
285 275 280
291 250 271
* Blend of two commercial expeller-type méat scraps. t Trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps.
10 percent of the diet, experiment 3 was conducted to détermine whether higher levels of this product could be used satisfactorily. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 4. The data of experiment 3 indicate that the addition of either type of méat scraps to the diet improved chick growth and feed conversion. There was little différence between the two types of méat scraps in this respect. Five percent méat scraps was fully as effective in promoting improved growth and feed conversion as was 10 or 15 percent. This is not in accord with Since the results of experiments 1 and 2 the results of experiment 2. It should be had shown trichloroethylene-extracted observed that chicks in experiment 3 were méat scraps to be a satisfactory source of older when placed on test than those used protein for chicks when fed at levels up to in experiment 2, and could, therefore, hâve been depleted of possible body storTABLE 4.—A comparison of expeller and trichloroage of some unidentified growth factor beethylene-extracted méat scraps as suppléments to a fore being placed on experiment. This corn-soybean oil meal diet. (Experiment 3) seems the most reasonable explanation M é a t scraps Gain in chick weights 1 since chicks in this experiment were fed a in diet (grams) Feed/ simple corn-soybean oil meal type ration Type M F Ave. % a before being placed on expérimental diets None 490 402 446 2.62 None 483 403 443 2.63a at 3 weeks of âge. TCMS* 5 547 451 499 2.50 Exp MSf TCMS ExpMS TCMS ExpMS
5 10 10 15 15
494 525 509 503 488
442 437 443 419 438
468 481 476 461 463
2.47 2.40 2.40 2.53 2.45
1 Chicks placed on experiment at 3 weeks and continued for 4 weeks. * Trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps. t Blend of two commercial expeller-type scraps. a Significantly poorer feed efficiency than other groups (.01 level of probability).
Dietary additions of 10 or 15 percent expeller méat scraps resulted in gains about equal to those obtained with 5 percent. When the splvent-extracted méat scraps were added at 10 or 15 percent, there was a dépression in growth as com-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at New York University on April 16, 2015
of the three replicate groups of both sexes for each dietary treatment are given. The results of this experiment are summarized in Table 3. It is apparent that the addition of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps improved the basai diet and that the continuous feeding of this product at the 10 percent level had no adverse effect on chicks to 12 weeks of âge. In fact, the greatest improvement in growth was obtained in the latter part of the expérimental period. The expeller méat scraps diet in this experiment did not promote as rapid early growth as either the control or trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps rations, but later gains were fully as satisfactory. Examination of the data reveals that the expeller méat scraps diet resulted in superior gains in the 8 to 12 weeks period. Thèse data also support the results observed in experiment 2 that maies respond to dietary additions of méat scraps more than females. This was true only in the final 4 weeks of the experiment, but was an important factor in the différences in weight gains observed at 12 weeks of âge.
165
166
S. L. BAIXOUN, G. A. DONOVAN AND R. E. PHILLIPS
TABLE 6.—Trichloroethylene-extracled méat scraps and tallow as suppléments lo a corn-soybean oil meal diet. {Experiment 5) Mean chick weight (grams)
Treatments 4 wks.
12 wks.
Feed/gain
F
Ave.
M
F
Ave.
M
F
Ave.
0 0 4
339 355 331
303 325 303
321 340 317
1,005 1,061 960
860 870 900
932 965 930
1,806 1,957 1,836
1,477 1,504 1,566
1,641 1,730 1,701
3.26 3.09 2.95
0 2 4
336 341 333
313 309 317
324 325 325
970 1,031 1,012
882 834 893
926 932 952
1,781 1,890 1,834
1,475 1,420 1,589
1,628 1,655 1,711
3.08 3.10 2.99
20 20 20
0 2 4
317 328 305
285 309 303
301 318 304
930 1,011 955
861 888 831
895 950 893
1,723 1,836 1,838
1,532 1,521 1,536
1,627 1,678 1,687
2.99 2.92 2.86
% '
pared to that obtained with 5 percent of this product. The data indicate that this dépression in growth was almost entirely due to reduced feed intake. This was thought to be because diets containing the higher levels of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps were very dry and dusty. To check on this, experiment 4 involving 12 pens of 20 chicks each was designed to explore the effect of adding fat to thèse diets. The results are presented in Table 5. Adding either type of méat scraps at 10 percent improved chick growth over that obtained with the basai diet, but when tallow was added, the basai corn-soybean oil meal diet was fully equal to diets containing méat scraps. The addition of 1 percent tallow to a diet containing 10 percent expeller méat scraps improved chick growth as much as the 2 or 3 percent levels. However, when solvent-extracted méat scraps and the corn-soybean oil meal rations were supplemented with fat, chick growth was improved with dietary additions of 2 and 3 percent tallow over that obtained with 1 percent. Contrary to expectations, the addition of tallow to diets containing trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps improved chick growth only slightly more than did
similar additions of tallow to expellertype méat scraps rations. It must be concluded, therefore, that the growth dépression observed in experiment 3 when 10 or 15 percent solvent-extracted méat scraps was included in the diet, was not due to low fat content. In experiment 4, female chicks responded more to dietary additions of tallow than did maies. In gênerai, maximum growth was obtained with maies when 1 percent tallow was added to the diets, but females grew at the maximum rate when diets were supplemented with 3 percent tallow. It may well be, as suggested by Runnels (1955), that the effect of sex is an important factor in evaluating the results of dietary additions of fats. Experiment 5 was conducted to détermine whether trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps could be used at higher levels and over a longer period of time than fed in the original tests. The design of the experiment was a 32 factorial involving 180 chicks in 9 lots, with levels of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps of 0, 10, and 20 percent as one factor and tallow additions of 0, 2, and 4 percent as the other factor. The results of this experiment are summarized in Table 6. No consistent growth improvement at
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M
OOO
8 wks.
%
ooo
Méat Tallow,
E.F.F.M.
Thèse results apply only to poultry but on the basis of the présent trials with one sample of trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps, it appears that no harmful effects would resuit from the feeding of such a product to chicks to market weight. The detrimental effects of growth-depression and abnormally high mortality in chicks fed trichloroethylene-extracted soybean meal, as reported by Eveleth and Goldsby (1953), were not observed in thèse experiments. In the séries of experiments reported hère, growth was usually improved by the addition of the solventextracted méat scraps and mortality rate was not influenced. In fact, in experiment 5, in lots receiving 20 percent of the solvent-extracted méat scrap, no mortality occurred during the expérimental period from 1 week to 12 weeks of âge. SUMMARY
Trichloroethylene-extracted and expeller-type méat scraps usually improved chick growth when added at levels of 5 or 10 percent to corn-soybean oil meal diets. Feed conversion was improved and
mortality rate and growth of chicks to 12 weeks of âge were not adversely affected by 20 percent trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps in the diet. Dietary additions of tallow improved chick growth, the improvement being less marked when the diet contained expellertype méat scraps. When chicks were grown to 12 weeks, 2 or 4 percent tallow in the diet improved feed conversion. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This investigation was financed in part by the E. I. Du Pont de Nemours Company through the Institute of American Poultry Industries. Tallow was supplied by Armour and Company, Chicago, Illinois, through the courtesy of Mr. B. M. Shinn, and some of the vitamins by Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey. REFERENCES Balloun, S. L., E. L. Johnson and L. K. Arnold, 1953. Laboratory estimation of the nutritive value of soybean oil meals. Poultry Sci. 32: 517— 527. Eveleth, T>. F., and A. I. Goldsby, 1953. Toxicosis of chickens caused by trichloroethylene-extracted soybean meal. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 123: 3839. Levin, E., and F. Lerman, 1951. An azeotropic extraction process for complète solvent rendering raw tissues. J. A. Oil Chemist's Soc. 28:441-444. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore and H. R. Bird, 1952. Development of a chick assay for an unknown growth factor. Poultry Sci. 31: 923. Runnels, T. D., 1955. Animal fat in combination with various other ingrédients in broiler rations. Poultry Sci. 34: 140-144. Siedler, A. J., H. E. Scheid and B. S. Schweigert, 1955. Effects of différent grades of animal fats on the performance of chicks. Poultry Sci. 34: 411-414. . Sunde, M. L., J. R. Vedvik, H. W. Bruins and W. W. • Cravens, 1952. Effect on growth of suppléments to chick rations containing vitamin B12 and antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 3 1 : 571-576.
JUNE 4-5, EASTERN FEDERATION OF FEED MERCHANTS, HOTEL COMMODORE, NEW YORK, N. Y.
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any âge was noted over that obtained with the basai corn-soybean oil meal diet from the addition of trichloroethyleneextracted méat scraps at 10 or 20 percent. The addition of 2 or 4 percent tallow improved growth of chicks to 12 weeks of âge. Apparently both of thèse feed ingrédients were well-utilized by the chicks because the addition of either méat scraps or tallow improved feed emciency. The best feed conversion was obtained in those lots fed both méat scraps and tallow. The results of this experiment indicate that trichloroethylene-extracted méat scraps can be safely fed at levels up to 20 percent of the diet to broilers to market weight.
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