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Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system
international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system Ahmad Haddad a, Mohamad Ramadan a,b,*, Mahmoud Khaled a,c, Haitham S. Ramadan d,e,f, Mohamed Becherif e,f a
School of Engineering, International University of Beirut, BIU, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon Associate Member at FCLAB, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, UTBM, CNRS Rue Ernest Thierry Mieg, F-90010, Belfort, France c Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France d Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt e FEMTO-ST Institute, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, UTBM, CNRS Rue Ernest Thierry Mieg, F-90000, Belfort, France f FCLAB, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, UTBM, CNRS Rue Ernest Thierry Mieg, F-90010, Belfort, France b
article info
abstract
Article history:
One of the most challenging issues in the domain of renewable energy is the instability of
Received 11 April 2018
produced power. To put it another way, renewable resources such as solar energy cannot
Received in revised form
provide continuous energy supply because they rely on natural phenomena that vary
21 February 2019
randomly. That said, to cover the potential lack of energy that may occur, hybrid renewable
Accepted 16 May 2019
energy system can be adopted. In other terms, instead of using single renewable energy
Available online xxx
source, two different sources can be utilized in order to optimize the output power all over the year. Furthermore, complementary energy system is needed along with renewable
Keywords:
sources, to store energy and insure the supply during shortage period. With this in mind, a
Hybrid renewable energy
Green-Green energy system can be constructed by using green storage system such as Fuel
Fuel cell
Cell to be coupled with the renewable sources. In the light of green-green energy concept,
Hydrogen energy storage
the present paper examines a triple wind-solar-fuel cell combination in the aim of over-
Wind turbine
coming the energy shortage that occurs during several months of the year. A case study on
Solar thermal
the region of Dahr Al-Baidar in Lebanon is conducted to present the advantage of the
Optimum coupling
proposed system. Results show that combining wind energy system with thermal solar system allows overcoming the low power produced by solar thermal system especially in winter. For illustration 16 kW are produced by wind turbine during the month of January, by contrast the thermal solar system provides 2 kW during the same period. Nevertheless, in June thermal solar offers 17 kW and wind turbine produces 11 kW. © 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. School of Engineering, International University of Beirut, BIU, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Ramadan). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143 0360-3199/© 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
2
international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
Introduction The rapid growth of renewable energy domains, leads to remarkable challenges due to uncertainty of these resources. In other words, the intermittent aspect results in strong fluctuations in power supply. Thanks to their flexible chargingedischarging characteristics, energy storage systems (ESSs) become a promising viable and effective solution to enhance the controllability of power distribution. The ESS convenient choice greatly depends on its application purpose and technical features, including energy rating, energy density, ramp rate, efficiency, response time, and cycle time. Furthermore, if environmental dimension is to be highlighted, fuel cell is considered the star of ESS. On one hand, huge effort is being dedicated to enhance the performance of fuel cell [1,2]. On the other hand, coupling renewable energy sources and fuel cell are gaining much attention since it is considered a green-green energy system. It can be performed within different scenarios depending on the available renewable energy sources. Various studies have been put forward to study SolareFuel Cell (SFC) hybrid systems, as single renewable source [3e10] or combined to wind energy [11e24]. Wind-fuel cell (WFC) coupling is also investigated [25e30] in many works. Genc¸ et al. [31] study (WFC) coupling for different scenarios with wind turbine of different characteristic. Khaitan et al. [32] examine a coupled WFC system where waste heat is used to provide heat for the desorption of the hydrogen. Samaniego et al. [33] discuss an economical study of a hybrid WFC system. Having said that and in spite of the fact that fuel cell can smooth the fluctuation in renewable sources, energy production may severely suffer during some period of the year. Solar energy represents typical example of this problem. Indeed, during the first three months of the year the irradiation in Lebanon is very low as in most countries. To overcome this problem a hybrid system combining solar, wind and fuel cell (SWFC) may be suggested. By contrast to WFC and SFC coupling less works are dedicated to study solar-wind-fuel cell (SWFC) coupling [11e17]. In Ref. [18] optimization approach for SWFC system is examined. In Ref. [19] the authors discuss an economical study for SWFC system. Akbar et al. [20] evaluate hybrid photovoltaic-wind system with both battery and fuel cell. Mezzai et al. [21] present a mathematical modeling and a control management for a hybrid solar-wind-fuel cell system. Suha yaczici et al. [22] investigate several scenarios of SWFC coupling with case study on Istanbul city. In Ref. [23] Cetin et al. study a hybrid SWFC system for residential application in turkey. Onar et al. [24] present a system combining SWFC and ultra-capacitor, the authors consider several scenarios of wind speed solar radiation and load demand. In this paper, a triple hybrid energy system is investigated. It consists in coupling thermal solar system, wind turbine and fuel cell. The main contribution with respect to the existing SWFC coupled system is that the solar system is not photovoltaic but instead it is thermal solar system.
Concept of coupling The concept of coupling consists in supplying the electrolyzer from the energy produced by the thermal solar system and the wind turbine as shown in Fig. 1.
The procedure of calculation goes as follows (see Fig. 2): The power provided by each of the two systems is evaluated all over the year if the one of the systems produces higher amount of power over the year then the coupling is not recommended. Otherwise the coupling is recommended.
Electrolyzer sizing and modeling To meet the load demand at night and during periods of low insulation, energy storage is essential. Conventional battery bank concept used in small scale projects do not apply in case of large power generation. Indeed, controlling the state of charge of a big battery bank to protect it against overcharge/ overdischarge is a challenging problem. Furthermore, batteries’ lifetime is limited and harmfully affected with temperature increase. Moreover, they are not environmentally friendly. For all these reasons we propose to use hydrogen production as a storage medium. For this end, we use an electrolyzer of 36kW rated power and 150V DC voltage. The electrolyzer is sized based on the maximum total DC power produced by both Wind Turbine (WT) and the Parabolic Trough (PT) system in July with an additional 12% security margin. The hydrogen and oxygen production rates m_ H2 and m_ O2 are: m_ H2 ¼ 2m_ O2 ¼
ncells iE hF MH2 3600 2F rH2
(1)
with ncells : Number of electrolyzer's cells. F: Faraday's constant. MH2 : Molar mass of hydrogen. rH2 : Density of hydrogen. hF : Faraday's efficiency given by:
hF ¼ 96:5 exp
0:09 iE
75:5 i2 E
(2)
iE : Electrolyzer's current given by: iE ¼
iE ¼
PWT hRectifier 150 V
ðWT caseÞ
PPT hRectifier ðPT caseÞ 150 V
(3)
(4)
hRectifier : Efficiency of the rectifier used to convert the total AC power generated by the WT and PT to a DC one.
Fuel cell sizing and modeling Hydrogen and oxygen produced by the electrolyzer are used to feed the Fuel Cell (FC) system for power generation in absence of solar radiations. The fuel cell's output current is function of hydrogen consumption rate as shown in the following equation: iFC ¼
rH 2 F m_ H2 2 3600 MH2
(5)
The output voltage per cell is: Vcell ¼ Enernst Vact Vohm Vconc
(6)
Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 1 e Schematic of the coupling concept.
with Enernst : Open circuit voltage.Vact : Activation voltage loss given by: Vact ¼
RG TFC iFC ln 2F i0
(7)
RG : Gas constant.TFC : Fuel cell temperature.i0 : Exchange Current.Vohm : Ohmic voltage loss given by: Vohm ¼ ðRA þ RM þ RC Þ iFC
(8)
RA : Anode electrical resistance.RC : Cathode electrical resistance.RM : Membrane electrical resistance.Vconc : Concentration voltage loss given by:
Vconc ¼
RG TFC iFC ln 1 2F imax
(9)
imax : Limit Current. The fuel cell's output power is: PFC ¼ VFC iFC ¼ Ncells Vcell iFC
(10)
Ncells : Number of cells. The fuel cell is sized according to the maximum yearly power produced when the WT and PT are coupled together. As will be shown in the simulation results, the maximum power produced by the hybrid system is near 14 kW and it occurs on July for the studied location. Accordingly, the FC rated power
Fig. 2 e Procedure of coupling. Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
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international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
is considered 15 kW. This power is determined by the FC optimal current density as well as to the inverter's input DC voltage. Based on experimental works, the maximum limit current density jopt of the fuel cell is 0:5 A =cm2 and the minimum guaranteed fuel cell's output voltage is 0:6 V =cell. The FC output voltage is chosen to be equal to the DC input voltage of a conventional 220 VAC inverter, which is 48 VDC. Given this voltage and the rated power, the FC rated current is: iFC ¼
15 kW ¼ 312:5 A 48 V
(11)
Therefore, the cell's area is: 312:5 A z625 cm2 Acell ¼ 0:5 A=cm2
(12)
The number of cells is: 48 V ¼ 80 cells Ncells ¼ 0:6 V=cell
(13)
The received solar energy can be calculated as follows: (14)
where PSUN , PPERFORMANCE and PCONFIGURATION represent respectively parameters of sun irradiance, parameters of performance and parameters of system configuration. PSUN ¼ DNI cosq IAM
Rowshadow ¼
Lspacing cosqz W cosq
(22)
where W represents the collector aperture width and Lspacing represents the spacing length between troughs. Endlosses are characterized by the Endloss factor can be determined as follows: Endloss ¼ 1
f tanq LSCA
(23)
where f represents the focal length and LSCA represents the length of single collector assembly. The output electrical power obtained from one mirror is written: Pmirror ¼ Q_ absorbed hthermal helectrical
Parabolic trough sizing and modeling
Q_ absorbed ¼ PSUN PPERFORMANCE PCONFIGURATION
The Rowshadow reduces the performance of the collector by reducing the amount of radiation incident:
(24)
where hthermal is the thermal efficiency of the cycle and helectrical represents the electrical efficiency. The design of the parabolic trough farms relies on determining its geometric configuration. A rectangle land is considered where the number of parabolic trough lines is imposed then the width is calculated by considering the spacing length between the lines. As a matter of fact, the length is determined from the total area and the width. On the other hand, the number of troughs per line is obtained as the ratio of the length of the land over the length of each (PT). Fig. 3 illustrates the geometric distribution of the (PT) on the land.
(15)
where the direct normal insulation DNI represents the portion of solar radiation that reaches the surface of the earth. It depends generally on time period of the year and location. IAM is the incidence angle modifier and q is the angle of incidence.
Wind turbine sizing and modeling
where Rowshadow accounts for mutual shading. Endloss accounts for losses from ends of the receiver tubes or Heat Collection Elements HCE. hfield is an efficiency that represents losses due to mirrors' imperfections. hHCE is an efficiency that represents HCEs' imperfections.
The WT is sized according to the maximum operational wind speed in the studied location. Based on wind speed data, the average speed in Dahr Al-Baidar is around 9:1 m =s. Accordingly, a WT having the characteristics presented in Table 1 is considered. The profile of the power curve versus wind speed for the selected WT is shown in Fig. 4. Results show that for a velocity up to 9 m =s the profile can be approximated, with minor error, to a power curve having the following model:
PCONFIGURATION ¼ SFa A
PWT ¼ 0:0592 S3:1394
PPERFORMANCE ¼ Rowshadow Endloss hfield hHCE
(16)
(17)
where A is the area of the tube and SFa is the fraction of the solar field tracking the sun. The angle of incidence is written: cosq ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cos2 qz þ cos2 d sin2 W
(18)
where w represents the hour angle obtained from: cosqz ¼ cosd cos∅ cosW þ sind sin∅
(19)
where ∅ is the latitude. IAM accounts for the additional reflection and absorption losses due to the increase of the angle of incidence: IAM ¼
K cosq
K ¼ cosq þ 0:000884q þ 0:00005369q2
(20) (21)
(25)
where, PWT is the WT output power in kW and S is the wind speed in m =s. The model presented in equation (25) is utilized to calculate of the wind turbine power variation over the entire year. The wind farm size is determined according to the WT rotor's diameter and the available land area. Spacing between wind turbines is a critical factor that should be taken into consideration in sizing wind farms. In fact, a minimum spacing is needed to allow for wind recovery or else the wind power will be lost. In general, optimum spacing is estimated to be 3 to 5 times rotor diameter between towers and 5 to 9 times between rows as shown in Fig. 5 [34]. These spacing considerations are the main factor that contributes in sizing the wind farm (number of wind turbines in each row and column) based on the available land area.
Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
Fig. 3 e Geometric configuration of the PT farm.
Table 1 e Characteristics of the selected WT. Rated power Rotor Diameter Cut in speed Rated speed Cut out speed
100 kW 25 m 2.7 m/s 10 m/s 25 m/s
Simulation results Comparing yearly average wind speed and direct normal insulation The location studied in this paper is Dahr Al-Baidar region located in Mount-Lebanon (Latitude: 33 480 NortheLongitude: 35 450 East, Elevation: 1555 m). Wind speed data for the selected location are taken from the Lebanese ministry of energy and water. Solar insulation data are taken from the Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS). Comparison between average wind speed and DNI for the studied location is shown in Fig. 6. It is clear that wind speed and DNI have opposite behaviors over the year. In winter, much more energy is available from wind while solar radiations are low.
Fig. 4 e WT power profile versus wind speed.
Fig. 5 e Optimum spacing between wind turbines.
In summer, radiations have much more potential. We conclude that coupling WT with PT systems might be an optimal solution for weather fluctuation that can ensure a minimum guaranteed power for the load during the entire year.
Fig. 6 e Yearly average wind speed and DNI.
Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
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Fig. 7 e Yearly AC power variation - WT/PT.
Fig. 9 e Fuel Cell output power e WT/PT.
Comparing yearly AC power for WT and PT Yearly fuel cell power for WT and PT Fig. 7 presents the yearly AC power variation for both WT and PT. Results show that from mid-October to the end of April the WT power is greater than the one of PT. This latter exceeds the WT from the end of April to mid-October. The WT power varies between 5.8 kW in October and 17 kW in February. The PT power changes from 2 kW in January to 18 kW in June. Hence, the minimum guaranteed power over the entire year for both systems is relatively low comparing to the systems’ rated powers. Therefore, choosing one of the two technologies to feed the load will result in oversizing the systems and consequently increasing their cost. Coupling the two concepts appears to be a solution for this problem.
The energy stored in form of hydrogen is used to generate power during shortage time using the Fuel Cell system. The output power of this latter is proportional to its hydrogen consumption rate. Hence, Fuel Cell generates power profiles similar to those of hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer in case of WT and PT. This result is shown in Fig. 9. According to results of Fig. 9, much more energy can be stored from WT during the winter and from PT during the summer.
Effect of energy storage on the total available power for the load
Yearly hydrogen production rate for WT and PT As discussed in the previous section coupling WT with PT results in better yearly power that can meet a higher load demand. As a result, there will be exceeds of energy during some periods of high radiations and wind speed. This extra energy is stored in form of hydrogen using the electrolyzer. The AC powers of WT and PT needs to be converted to DC using a rectifier before connection to the electrolyzer. Fig. 8 presents the hydrogen production rates of DC powers resulting from WT and PT. Results show production rates similar to powers profiles.
Fig. 8 e H2 production rates - WT/PT.
In this section, we study the effect of energy storage on the total available power for the load. Fig. 10 shows the total power produced by coupling WT with PT. Here, two cases are considered: without energy storage (unbuffered) and with energy storage (buffered) using electrolyzer and Fuel Cell. It is obvious from the results that much total power is available without energy storage (unbuffered case). Hence, we advise to avoid energy storage if the WT and PT systems can
Fig. 10 e Total buffered and unbuffered powers for hybrid WT/PT system.
Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
be connected to the grid. However, energy storage becomes a must in case of isolated sites which require stand-alone independent power generation systems. Referring to results in Fig. 10, the minimum guaranteed load power for the hybrid system is 10.62 kW for unbuffered case, and 4.63 kW for buffered case.
Conclusion The present work proposes a full green renewable energy system based on the coupling of Fuel Cell with WT and TS solar systems through hydrogen storage. A case study on the region of Daher Elbaidar in the east of Lebanon is considered. The systems are sized according to the average wind speed and the DNI data of the studied location. Mathematical models for WT, PT, Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer are elaborated. Proposed models calculate the output power of each system as well as the produced quantity of hydrogen. A comparison between the output powers of the two solar systems based on yearly wind speed and insulation data is performed. Results show that WT and PT powers present opposite behaviors over the year. In winter, much more power is available from WT while PT is favorable in summer. For instance, in January 16 kW is provided by the WT whereas the TS provides 2.14 kW. Nonetheless 18 kW is produced by TS in the month of July and 11 kW are provided by WT. Results also prove that choosing one of the two technologies to feed the load will result in oversizing the systems and consequently increasing their cost. Coupling the two concepts appears to be a solution for this problem, as well as for the problem of weather fluctuation during the year. Finally, the usage of Fuel Cell with hydrogen storage is an attractive remedial for the problem of power shortage in isolated sites.
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Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he
Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system Ahmad Haddad a, Mohamad Ramadan a,b,*, Mahmoud Khaled a,c, Haitham S. Ramadan d,e,f, Mohamed Becherif e,f a
School of Engineering, International University of Beirut, BIU, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon Associate Member at FCLAB, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, UTBM, CNRS Rue Ernest Thierry Mieg, F-90010, Belfort, France c Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France d Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt e FEMTO-ST Institute, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, UTBM, CNRS Rue Ernest Thierry Mieg, F-90000, Belfort, France f FCLAB, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, UTBM, CNRS Rue Ernest Thierry Mieg, F-90010, Belfort, France b
article info
abstract
Article history:
One of the most challenging issues in the domain of renewable energy is the instability of
Received 11 April 2018
produced power. To put it another way, renewable resources such as solar energy cannot
Received in revised form
provide continuous energy supply because they rely on natural phenomena that vary
21 February 2019
randomly. That said, to cover the potential lack of energy that may occur, hybrid renewable
Accepted 16 May 2019
energy system can be adopted. In other terms, instead of using single renewable energy
Available online xxx
source, two different sources can be utilized in order to optimize the output power all over the year. Furthermore, complementary energy system is needed along with renewable
Keywords:
sources, to store energy and insure the supply during shortage period. With this in mind, a
Hybrid renewable energy
Green-Green energy system can be constructed by using green storage system such as Fuel
Fuel cell
Cell to be coupled with the renewable sources. In the light of green-green energy concept,
Hydrogen energy storage
the present paper examines a triple wind-solar-fuel cell combination in the aim of over-
Wind turbine
coming the energy shortage that occurs during several months of the year. A case study on
Solar thermal
the region of Dahr Al-Baidar in Lebanon is conducted to present the advantage of the
Optimum coupling
proposed system. Results show that combining wind energy system with thermal solar system allows overcoming the low power produced by solar thermal system especially in winter. For illustration 16 kW are produced by wind turbine during the month of January, by contrast the thermal solar system provides 2 kW during the same period. Nevertheless, in June thermal solar offers 17 kW and wind turbine produces 11 kW. © 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
* Corresponding author. School of Engineering, International University of Beirut, BIU, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Ramadan). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143 0360-3199/© 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
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Introduction The rapid growth of renewable energy domains, leads to remarkable challenges due to uncertainty of these resources. In other words, the intermittent aspect results in strong fluctuations in power supply. Thanks to their flexible chargingedischarging characteristics, energy storage systems (ESSs) become a promising viable and effective solution to enhance the controllability of power distribution. The ESS convenient choice greatly depends on its application purpose and technical features, including energy rating, energy density, ramp rate, efficiency, response time, and cycle time. Furthermore, if environmental dimension is to be highlighted, fuel cell is considered the star of ESS. On one hand, huge effort is being dedicated to enhance the performance of fuel cell [1,2]. On the other hand, coupling renewable energy sources and fuel cell are gaining much attention since it is considered a green-green energy system. It can be performed within different scenarios depending on the available renewable energy sources. Various studies have been put forward to study SolareFuel Cell (SFC) hybrid systems, as single renewable source [3e10] or combined to wind energy [11e24]. Wind-fuel cell (WFC) coupling is also investigated [25e30] in many works. Genc¸ et al. [31] study (WFC) coupling for different scenarios with wind turbine of different characteristic. Khaitan et al. [32] examine a coupled WFC system where waste heat is used to provide heat for the desorption of the hydrogen. Samaniego et al. [33] discuss an economical study of a hybrid WFC system. Having said that and in spite of the fact that fuel cell can smooth the fluctuation in renewable sources, energy production may severely suffer during some period of the year. Solar energy represents typical example of this problem. Indeed, during the first three months of the year the irradiation in Lebanon is very low as in most countries. To overcome this problem a hybrid system combining solar, wind and fuel cell (SWFC) may be suggested. By contrast to WFC and SFC coupling less works are dedicated to study solar-wind-fuel cell (SWFC) coupling [11e17]. In Ref. [18] optimization approach for SWFC system is examined. In Ref. [19] the authors discuss an economical study for SWFC system. Akbar et al. [20] evaluate hybrid photovoltaic-wind system with both battery and fuel cell. Mezzai et al. [21] present a mathematical modeling and a control management for a hybrid solar-wind-fuel cell system. Suha yaczici et al. [22] investigate several scenarios of SWFC coupling with case study on Istanbul city. In Ref. [23] Cetin et al. study a hybrid SWFC system for residential application in turkey. Onar et al. [24] present a system combining SWFC and ultra-capacitor, the authors consider several scenarios of wind speed solar radiation and load demand. In this paper, a triple hybrid energy system is investigated. It consists in coupling thermal solar system, wind turbine and fuel cell. The main contribution with respect to the existing SWFC coupled system is that the solar system is not photovoltaic but instead it is thermal solar system.
Concept of coupling The concept of coupling consists in supplying the electrolyzer from the energy produced by the thermal solar system and the wind turbine as shown in Fig. 1.
The procedure of calculation goes as follows (see Fig. 2): The power provided by each of the two systems is evaluated all over the year if the one of the systems produces higher amount of power over the year then the coupling is not recommended. Otherwise the coupling is recommended.
Electrolyzer sizing and modeling To meet the load demand at night and during periods of low insulation, energy storage is essential. Conventional battery bank concept used in small scale projects do not apply in case of large power generation. Indeed, controlling the state of charge of a big battery bank to protect it against overcharge/ overdischarge is a challenging problem. Furthermore, batteries’ lifetime is limited and harmfully affected with temperature increase. Moreover, they are not environmentally friendly. For all these reasons we propose to use hydrogen production as a storage medium. For this end, we use an electrolyzer of 36kW rated power and 150V DC voltage. The electrolyzer is sized based on the maximum total DC power produced by both Wind Turbine (WT) and the Parabolic Trough (PT) system in July with an additional 12% security margin. The hydrogen and oxygen production rates m_ H2 and m_ O2 are: m_ H2 ¼ 2m_ O2 ¼
ncells iE hF MH2 3600 2F rH2
(1)
with ncells : Number of electrolyzer's cells. F: Faraday's constant. MH2 : Molar mass of hydrogen. rH2 : Density of hydrogen. hF : Faraday's efficiency given by:
hF ¼ 96:5 exp
0:09 iE
75:5 i2 E
(2)
iE : Electrolyzer's current given by: iE ¼
iE ¼
PWT hRectifier 150 V
ðWT caseÞ
PPT hRectifier ðPT caseÞ 150 V
(3)
(4)
hRectifier : Efficiency of the rectifier used to convert the total AC power generated by the WT and PT to a DC one.
Fuel cell sizing and modeling Hydrogen and oxygen produced by the electrolyzer are used to feed the Fuel Cell (FC) system for power generation in absence of solar radiations. The fuel cell's output current is function of hydrogen consumption rate as shown in the following equation: iFC ¼
rH 2 F m_ H2 2 3600 MH2
(5)
The output voltage per cell is: Vcell ¼ Enernst Vact Vohm Vconc
(6)
Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
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Fig. 1 e Schematic of the coupling concept.
with Enernst : Open circuit voltage.Vact : Activation voltage loss given by: Vact ¼
RG TFC iFC ln 2F i0
(7)
RG : Gas constant.TFC : Fuel cell temperature.i0 : Exchange Current.Vohm : Ohmic voltage loss given by: Vohm ¼ ðRA þ RM þ RC Þ iFC
(8)
RA : Anode electrical resistance.RC : Cathode electrical resistance.RM : Membrane electrical resistance.Vconc : Concentration voltage loss given by:
Vconc ¼
RG TFC iFC ln 1 2F imax
(9)
imax : Limit Current. The fuel cell's output power is: PFC ¼ VFC iFC ¼ Ncells Vcell iFC
(10)
Ncells : Number of cells. The fuel cell is sized according to the maximum yearly power produced when the WT and PT are coupled together. As will be shown in the simulation results, the maximum power produced by the hybrid system is near 14 kW and it occurs on July for the studied location. Accordingly, the FC rated power
Fig. 2 e Procedure of coupling. Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
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is considered 15 kW. This power is determined by the FC optimal current density as well as to the inverter's input DC voltage. Based on experimental works, the maximum limit current density jopt of the fuel cell is 0:5 A =cm2 and the minimum guaranteed fuel cell's output voltage is 0:6 V =cell. The FC output voltage is chosen to be equal to the DC input voltage of a conventional 220 VAC inverter, which is 48 VDC. Given this voltage and the rated power, the FC rated current is: iFC ¼
15 kW ¼ 312:5 A 48 V
(11)
Therefore, the cell's area is: 312:5 A z625 cm2 Acell ¼ 0:5 A=cm2
(12)
The number of cells is: 48 V ¼ 80 cells Ncells ¼ 0:6 V=cell
(13)
The received solar energy can be calculated as follows: (14)
where PSUN , PPERFORMANCE and PCONFIGURATION represent respectively parameters of sun irradiance, parameters of performance and parameters of system configuration. PSUN ¼ DNI cosq IAM
Rowshadow ¼
Lspacing cosqz W cosq
(22)
where W represents the collector aperture width and Lspacing represents the spacing length between troughs. Endlosses are characterized by the Endloss factor can be determined as follows: Endloss ¼ 1
f tanq LSCA
(23)
where f represents the focal length and LSCA represents the length of single collector assembly. The output electrical power obtained from one mirror is written: Pmirror ¼ Q_ absorbed hthermal helectrical
Parabolic trough sizing and modeling
Q_ absorbed ¼ PSUN PPERFORMANCE PCONFIGURATION
The Rowshadow reduces the performance of the collector by reducing the amount of radiation incident:
(24)
where hthermal is the thermal efficiency of the cycle and helectrical represents the electrical efficiency. The design of the parabolic trough farms relies on determining its geometric configuration. A rectangle land is considered where the number of parabolic trough lines is imposed then the width is calculated by considering the spacing length between the lines. As a matter of fact, the length is determined from the total area and the width. On the other hand, the number of troughs per line is obtained as the ratio of the length of the land over the length of each (PT). Fig. 3 illustrates the geometric distribution of the (PT) on the land.
(15)
where the direct normal insulation DNI represents the portion of solar radiation that reaches the surface of the earth. It depends generally on time period of the year and location. IAM is the incidence angle modifier and q is the angle of incidence.
Wind turbine sizing and modeling
where Rowshadow accounts for mutual shading. Endloss accounts for losses from ends of the receiver tubes or Heat Collection Elements HCE. hfield is an efficiency that represents losses due to mirrors' imperfections. hHCE is an efficiency that represents HCEs' imperfections.
The WT is sized according to the maximum operational wind speed in the studied location. Based on wind speed data, the average speed in Dahr Al-Baidar is around 9:1 m =s. Accordingly, a WT having the characteristics presented in Table 1 is considered. The profile of the power curve versus wind speed for the selected WT is shown in Fig. 4. Results show that for a velocity up to 9 m =s the profile can be approximated, with minor error, to a power curve having the following model:
PCONFIGURATION ¼ SFa A
PWT ¼ 0:0592 S3:1394
PPERFORMANCE ¼ Rowshadow Endloss hfield hHCE
(16)
(17)
where A is the area of the tube and SFa is the fraction of the solar field tracking the sun. The angle of incidence is written: cosq ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cos2 qz þ cos2 d sin2 W
(18)
where w represents the hour angle obtained from: cosqz ¼ cosd cos∅ cosW þ sind sin∅
(19)
where ∅ is the latitude. IAM accounts for the additional reflection and absorption losses due to the increase of the angle of incidence: IAM ¼
K cosq
K ¼ cosq þ 0:000884q þ 0:00005369q2
(20) (21)
(25)
where, PWT is the WT output power in kW and S is the wind speed in m =s. The model presented in equation (25) is utilized to calculate of the wind turbine power variation over the entire year. The wind farm size is determined according to the WT rotor's diameter and the available land area. Spacing between wind turbines is a critical factor that should be taken into consideration in sizing wind farms. In fact, a minimum spacing is needed to allow for wind recovery or else the wind power will be lost. In general, optimum spacing is estimated to be 3 to 5 times rotor diameter between towers and 5 to 9 times between rows as shown in Fig. 5 [34]. These spacing considerations are the main factor that contributes in sizing the wind farm (number of wind turbines in each row and column) based on the available land area.
Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
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Fig. 3 e Geometric configuration of the PT farm.
Table 1 e Characteristics of the selected WT. Rated power Rotor Diameter Cut in speed Rated speed Cut out speed
100 kW 25 m 2.7 m/s 10 m/s 25 m/s
Simulation results Comparing yearly average wind speed and direct normal insulation The location studied in this paper is Dahr Al-Baidar region located in Mount-Lebanon (Latitude: 33 480 NortheLongitude: 35 450 East, Elevation: 1555 m). Wind speed data for the selected location are taken from the Lebanese ministry of energy and water. Solar insulation data are taken from the Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS). Comparison between average wind speed and DNI for the studied location is shown in Fig. 6. It is clear that wind speed and DNI have opposite behaviors over the year. In winter, much more energy is available from wind while solar radiations are low.
Fig. 4 e WT power profile versus wind speed.
Fig. 5 e Optimum spacing between wind turbines.
In summer, radiations have much more potential. We conclude that coupling WT with PT systems might be an optimal solution for weather fluctuation that can ensure a minimum guaranteed power for the load during the entire year.
Fig. 6 e Yearly average wind speed and DNI.
Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
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Fig. 7 e Yearly AC power variation - WT/PT.
Fig. 9 e Fuel Cell output power e WT/PT.
Comparing yearly AC power for WT and PT Yearly fuel cell power for WT and PT Fig. 7 presents the yearly AC power variation for both WT and PT. Results show that from mid-October to the end of April the WT power is greater than the one of PT. This latter exceeds the WT from the end of April to mid-October. The WT power varies between 5.8 kW in October and 17 kW in February. The PT power changes from 2 kW in January to 18 kW in June. Hence, the minimum guaranteed power over the entire year for both systems is relatively low comparing to the systems’ rated powers. Therefore, choosing one of the two technologies to feed the load will result in oversizing the systems and consequently increasing their cost. Coupling the two concepts appears to be a solution for this problem.
The energy stored in form of hydrogen is used to generate power during shortage time using the Fuel Cell system. The output power of this latter is proportional to its hydrogen consumption rate. Hence, Fuel Cell generates power profiles similar to those of hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer in case of WT and PT. This result is shown in Fig. 9. According to results of Fig. 9, much more energy can be stored from WT during the winter and from PT during the summer.
Effect of energy storage on the total available power for the load
Yearly hydrogen production rate for WT and PT As discussed in the previous section coupling WT with PT results in better yearly power that can meet a higher load demand. As a result, there will be exceeds of energy during some periods of high radiations and wind speed. This extra energy is stored in form of hydrogen using the electrolyzer. The AC powers of WT and PT needs to be converted to DC using a rectifier before connection to the electrolyzer. Fig. 8 presents the hydrogen production rates of DC powers resulting from WT and PT. Results show production rates similar to powers profiles.
Fig. 8 e H2 production rates - WT/PT.
In this section, we study the effect of energy storage on the total available power for the load. Fig. 10 shows the total power produced by coupling WT with PT. Here, two cases are considered: without energy storage (unbuffered) and with energy storage (buffered) using electrolyzer and Fuel Cell. It is obvious from the results that much total power is available without energy storage (unbuffered case). Hence, we advise to avoid energy storage if the WT and PT systems can
Fig. 10 e Total buffered and unbuffered powers for hybrid WT/PT system.
Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143
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be connected to the grid. However, energy storage becomes a must in case of isolated sites which require stand-alone independent power generation systems. Referring to results in Fig. 10, the minimum guaranteed load power for the hybrid system is 10.62 kW for unbuffered case, and 4.63 kW for buffered case.
Conclusion The present work proposes a full green renewable energy system based on the coupling of Fuel Cell with WT and TS solar systems through hydrogen storage. A case study on the region of Daher Elbaidar in the east of Lebanon is considered. The systems are sized according to the average wind speed and the DNI data of the studied location. Mathematical models for WT, PT, Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer are elaborated. Proposed models calculate the output power of each system as well as the produced quantity of hydrogen. A comparison between the output powers of the two solar systems based on yearly wind speed and insulation data is performed. Results show that WT and PT powers present opposite behaviors over the year. In winter, much more power is available from WT while PT is favorable in summer. For instance, in January 16 kW is provided by the WT whereas the TS provides 2.14 kW. Nonetheless 18 kW is produced by TS in the month of July and 11 kW are provided by WT. Results also prove that choosing one of the two technologies to feed the load will result in oversizing the systems and consequently increasing their cost. Coupling the two concepts appears to be a solution for this problem, as well as for the problem of weather fluctuation during the year. Finally, the usage of Fuel Cell with hydrogen storage is an attractive remedial for the problem of power shortage in isolated sites.
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Please cite this article as: Haddad A et al., Triple hybrid system coupling fuel cell with wind turbine and thermal solar system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.143