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Tunnels in bedded rock with high horizontal stresses
9A
[81087 SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF A TUNNEL MACHINE IN DEEP-LEVEL GOLD MINES ~rsham, P C Paper to Tunnelling '76 conference, London, 1-5 ~ c h 1976, P397-403, disc P404-hlO A t~n%nel machine commissioned for use at a site more than 7000 ft below surface is described. The machine has the unique ability of being able to bore crosscuts off a main tunnsl, retreat back to the tunnel and continue boring the main tunnel. Problems involving poor rock stability are described, together with necessary modifications to enable the tin, chine to bore at design rates. 781088 FULL FACE TUNNELLING MACHINES IN BRITISH COAL M I/~F~S Rees, P B; Hughes, H M] Hay, J D Paper to Tur,nelling '76 conferen .~-e, London, 1-5 March 1976, P413-422, disc P436-438 The p~per is in 3 parts: The need for tunnelling machines, by Rees, t~n yeS~s of NCB development: 1959-1969, by Hughes, a~%d Specification, design, n~nufactsre and operation of the 3.65m diameter Thyssen tunuelling machine type FLP 35: 1970-1975, by Hay.
Tunnels See also:
7810%
GROUND FREEZING DFAIS WITH TUNNEL INSTABILITY Harris, J S; Woodhead, F A Ground Engng, VI0, N6, Sept 1977, Ph7 -48 Briefly reviews some case studies of the use of freezlr~ in turanelling operations.
781094 SEELISB~G MIDDLE SECTION CONSTRUCTION Buri I F; Aeschlimann, U; Herrenknecht, M Tunn Tunnlg V9, N5, 1977, P40-44 The Seelisbe-~g Tunnel is, after the Gotthard which "~uts throu~1 the Alps, the longest tunnel of the Swiss National Motor~a~ N2. It consists of two parallel tunnels 12m dla, 60m apart and 9.25km long. The middle section includes t~he Huttegg underground ventilation complex. The construction of the tunnel, mainly in marl, is described. 781095 S ~ 9 f L E M ~ S O BS~RVED ABOVE A %~JNNEL IN SAND E~die, H S T~en TunulgjVp, NS, 1977, P93-9h Surface settlement caused by driving a ?.pro dia sewer tunnel in sands in the Clyde Estuary were measured. When plotted in terms of the relationship of the geometry of the settlement trough to that of the tunnel, the results obtained fall into the lower r~age of sands above ground water level as defined by Peck. M~Kimum surface settlements observed were of the order of 20r~n.
781086, 7810S7, 781088, 781192
781089 USE OF PRECAST SEG~TNTED CONCRETE LINERS IN RAPID YRANSIT TUNNELS IN BALTIM]RE, MARYLAND H~mond, D G Tunnlg Technol Newsl, NI7, March 197Y, P7 Brief news item describing the application of the liners and a test ig~ogc~n~ne. No test results are given. 781090 GRC A_ND A-RMCO MARCH TO THE FACE Hands, d, D New Civ Engr, N261, 22 Sept 1977, P20-21 Briefly reports the use of glass reinforced concrete ps~nels and galv~nised steel Armao tubing in the construction of a slopi~ adit t h r o ~ a weak fragmented mudstone with ~% underlying ~ate-~-saturated sandstone layer. 731"091 ~[ELBOURNE'S TROUBLED TUNNELLER GRINDS TO A HALT Fer guson, H New Civ Engr, N256, 18 &ug 1977, P16-17 Discusses the use of a specially designed ~ c h i n e in the construction of the uudergfound railway in Melbourne. A series of failures finally necessitated a complete redesign at an estimated cost of about £350,000. 781092 COMING THROUGH THE _MOUNTAIN - SINCE 1956 Gunnell, B New Civ En.gr, N249, 30 June 1977, P22-24 Reports exp.~=cience in ~onstruction of %~he 16kin Santo Marco tunnel in Southern Italy, now 8 yes2s behind its original 3-year schedule. Of particula~ interest is the use of freezing to stabilise a weakened section of ground after it collapsed into the tunnel at one point. The shield w~s then able to advance 2.4m per day tllro~h the frozen ground.
781096 TUNNELS IN BEDDED ROCK WITH HIGH HORIZONTAL STRESSES Lo, K Y; Morton, J D Can Geotech J, VI3, N3, Aug 1976, P216-230 Tunnels in S. Ontario eneotunter bedded and anisotcopic sedimentary rocks where in sits horizontal stresses considerably higher than the vertical overburden pressure are found. High stress concentrations are therefore expected at the crown and invert, causing failure in the weaker layers of the rocks. Field observations made in three tunnels are described. The instability at the roof and floor and the observed pattern of radial displacements are consistent with the approach en~loyed. Some requirements for temporsry support under these conditions are outlin_~d. Available field data on the time-dependent deformation of these openings are presented and %~he consequent influence on the choice of permanent lining is discussed. 781097 SSIRAL DRILL-~ND-BL~ST CONCEPT N[~Y SPEED UP TUNNECING ADVANCE RATE Peterson, C R; Fisk, A T; Brooks, R E Min Engng, V29, N6, June 1977, P29-92 Discusses the Rapidex continuous spiral drill-and-blast concept which involves a partly self-shielding geometry that permits a lightly shielded m(mchine to term%in at the face during blasting. The spiral blast pattern consists of rmdial spokelike rows of blastholes emsnating from the centreline of the heading and dividing the face into pie-shaped segments. This article describes the method and the machine used, and suramarises tests of the front end of the machine, is, drilling, loading, blast initiation and shielding components. Cost reductions of 50 per cent on a per foot basis are predicted.
[81087 SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF A TUNNEL MACHINE IN DEEP-LEVEL GOLD MINES ~rsham, P C Paper to Tunnelling '76 conference, London, 1-5 ~ c h 1976, P397-403, disc P404-hlO A t~n%nel machine commissioned for use at a site more than 7000 ft below surface is described. The machine has the unique ability of being able to bore crosscuts off a main tunnsl, retreat back to the tunnel and continue boring the main tunnel. Problems involving poor rock stability are described, together with necessary modifications to enable the tin, chine to bore at design rates. 781088 FULL FACE TUNNELLING MACHINES IN BRITISH COAL M I/~F~S Rees, P B; Hughes, H M] Hay, J D Paper to Tur,nelling '76 conferen .~-e, London, 1-5 March 1976, P413-422, disc P436-438 The p~per is in 3 parts: The need for tunnelling machines, by Rees, t~n yeS~s of NCB development: 1959-1969, by Hughes, a~%d Specification, design, n~nufactsre and operation of the 3.65m diameter Thyssen tunuelling machine type FLP 35: 1970-1975, by Hay.
Tunnels See also:
7810%
GROUND FREEZING DFAIS WITH TUNNEL INSTABILITY Harris, J S; Woodhead, F A Ground Engng, VI0, N6, Sept 1977, Ph7 -48 Briefly reviews some case studies of the use of freezlr~ in turanelling operations.
781094 SEELISB~G MIDDLE SECTION CONSTRUCTION Buri I F; Aeschlimann, U; Herrenknecht, M Tunn Tunnlg V9, N5, 1977, P40-44 The Seelisbe-~g Tunnel is, after the Gotthard which "~uts throu~1 the Alps, the longest tunnel of the Swiss National Motor~a~ N2. It consists of two parallel tunnels 12m dla, 60m apart and 9.25km long. The middle section includes t~he Huttegg underground ventilation complex. The construction of the tunnel, mainly in marl, is described. 781095 S ~ 9 f L E M ~ S O BS~RVED ABOVE A %~JNNEL IN SAND E~die, H S T~en TunulgjVp, NS, 1977, P93-9h Surface settlement caused by driving a ?.pro dia sewer tunnel in sands in the Clyde Estuary were measured. When plotted in terms of the relationship of the geometry of the settlement trough to that of the tunnel, the results obtained fall into the lower r~age of sands above ground water level as defined by Peck. M~Kimum surface settlements observed were of the order of 20r~n.
781086, 7810S7, 781088, 781192
781089 USE OF PRECAST SEG~TNTED CONCRETE LINERS IN RAPID YRANSIT TUNNELS IN BALTIM]RE, MARYLAND H~mond, D G Tunnlg Technol Newsl, NI7, March 197Y, P7 Brief news item describing the application of the liners and a test ig~ogc~n~ne. No test results are given. 781090 GRC A_ND A-RMCO MARCH TO THE FACE Hands, d, D New Civ Engr, N261, 22 Sept 1977, P20-21 Briefly reports the use of glass reinforced concrete ps~nels and galv~nised steel Armao tubing in the construction of a slopi~ adit t h r o ~ a weak fragmented mudstone with ~% underlying ~ate-~-saturated sandstone layer. 731"091 ~[ELBOURNE'S TROUBLED TUNNELLER GRINDS TO A HALT Fer guson, H New Civ Engr, N256, 18 &ug 1977, P16-17 Discusses the use of a specially designed ~ c h i n e in the construction of the uudergfound railway in Melbourne. A series of failures finally necessitated a complete redesign at an estimated cost of about £350,000. 781092 COMING THROUGH THE _MOUNTAIN - SINCE 1956 Gunnell, B New Civ En.gr, N249, 30 June 1977, P22-24 Reports exp.~=cience in ~onstruction of %~he 16kin Santo Marco tunnel in Southern Italy, now 8 yes2s behind its original 3-year schedule. Of particula~ interest is the use of freezing to stabilise a weakened section of ground after it collapsed into the tunnel at one point. The shield w~s then able to advance 2.4m per day tllro~h the frozen ground.
781096 TUNNELS IN BEDDED ROCK WITH HIGH HORIZONTAL STRESSES Lo, K Y; Morton, J D Can Geotech J, VI3, N3, Aug 1976, P216-230 Tunnels in S. Ontario eneotunter bedded and anisotcopic sedimentary rocks where in sits horizontal stresses considerably higher than the vertical overburden pressure are found. High stress concentrations are therefore expected at the crown and invert, causing failure in the weaker layers of the rocks. Field observations made in three tunnels are described. The instability at the roof and floor and the observed pattern of radial displacements are consistent with the approach en~loyed. Some requirements for temporsry support under these conditions are outlin_~d. Available field data on the time-dependent deformation of these openings are presented and %~he consequent influence on the choice of permanent lining is discussed. 781097 SSIRAL DRILL-~ND-BL~ST CONCEPT N[~Y SPEED UP TUNNECING ADVANCE RATE Peterson, C R; Fisk, A T; Brooks, R E Min Engng, V29, N6, June 1977, P29-92 Discusses the Rapidex continuous spiral drill-and-blast concept which involves a partly self-shielding geometry that permits a lightly shielded m(mchine to term%in at the face during blasting. The spiral blast pattern consists of rmdial spokelike rows of blastholes emsnating from the centreline of the heading and dividing the face into pie-shaped segments. This article describes the method and the machine used, and suramarises tests of the front end of the machine, is, drilling, loading, blast initiation and shielding components. Cost reductions of 50 per cent on a per foot basis are predicted.