Two Hundred Forty Years Ago in Spine

Two Hundred Forty Years Ago in Spine

J.D. Dishman / The Spine Journal 5 (2005) 650–659 [43] Herzog W, Conway PJ, Zhang YT, Gal J, Guimaraes AC. Reflex responses associated with manipulati...

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J.D. Dishman / The Spine Journal 5 (2005) 650–659 [43] Herzog W, Conway PJ, Zhang YT, Gal J, Guimaraes AC. Reflex responses associated with manipulative treatments on the thoracic spine: a pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1995; 18:233–6. [44] Herzog W, Scheele D, Conway PJ. Electromyographic responses of back and limb muscles associated with spinal manipulative therapy. Spine 1999;24:146–52. [45] Cramer GD, Gregerson DM, Knudsen JT, Hubbard BB, Ustas LM, Cantu JA. The effects of side-posture positioning and spinal adjusting

Two Hundred Forty Years Ago in Spine

on the lumbar Z joints: a randomized controlled trial with sixty-four subjects. Spine 2002;27:2459–66. [46] Cramer GD, Tuck NR, Knudsen JT, et al. Effects of side-posture positioning and side-posture adjusting on the lumbar zygapophyseal joints as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: a before and after study with randomization. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23: 380–94. [47] Bronfort G. Spinal manipulation: current state of research and its indications. Neurol Clin 1999;17:91–111.

Morgan was born in Philadelphia and received his medical education at Edinburgh. The work commemorated the founding, in 1765, of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, which was founded in 1740. This was the first American medical school and Morgan held the first chair of medicine. Reference

In 1765, John Morgan [1] issued the first publication about medical education in the United States.

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[1] Morgan J. A discourse upon the institution of medical schools in America. Philadelphia: William Bradford, 1765.