Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1482 – 1489
:RUOG0XOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ$UFKLWHFWXUH8UEDQ3ODQQLQJ6\PSRVLXP :0&$86
7\SHDQG6L]HRI8UEDQ&HOODV7RROVIRU6XVWDLQDEOH8UEDQ 5H 'HYHORSPHQW $OHQD%LQG]iURYiD a
Alena Bindzárová, Institute of Urban Design and Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Námestie slobody 19, Bratislava 812 45, Slovakia
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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI:0&$86 Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016 Keywords:XUEDQSODQQLQJXUEDQEORFNPL[HGXVHJKRVWWRZQVVXVWDLQDELOLW\
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address: DOHQDELQG]DURYD#VWXEDVN
1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of WMCAUS 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.614
Alena Bindzárová / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1482 – 1489
1483
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
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7RZQVDQGFLWLHVIRXQGHGLQFHUWDLQSHULRGIRUDFHUWDLQSXUSRVHSODQQHGFRPPXQLWLHVUHSUHVHQWDSKHQRPHQRQ LQ FLYLOL]DWLRQV IRRWSULQW DOO DURXQG WKH ZRUOG )URP DUP\ VHWWOHPHQWV RI $QFLHQW 5RPH WKURXJK WK FHQWXU\ LQGXVWULDOFLWLHVPLQLQJFLWLHVLQIDUDZD\ODQGVRIWRGD\5XVVLD$PHULFDDQG$XVWUDOLDWRFRQWHPSRUDU\GHVFHQGDQWV LQ&KLQDHFRFLWLHVÁRIYDVWGLPHQVLRQVDQGFDSDFLWLHV $OWKRXJKHDFKFLW\FRQVLVWVRIFRPSOH[SDUWVPXWXDOO\FRQQHFWHG DQGIRUPDQLQGLYLGXDOOLYLQJV\VWHPVRPH VLPLODULWLHVFDQEHIRXQGLQVLGHWKHVWUXFWXUH$FLW\FRUHXVXDOO\RUJDQLFDOO\JURZQZLWKQDUURZZU\VWUHHWVERUGHUHG ZLWKKLVWRULFDOEXLOGLQJVRIKLJKTXDOLW\FODLPLQJDSHULRGRIFODVVLFDOSODQQLQJ&RORQLDOSODQQLQJDVVRFLDWHG ZLWKFDSWXULQJQHZUHJLRQVEHDUVJUDQGPDQQHUVDQGJHVWXUHVRISDVWGD\V¶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rban tools %DVLFXUEDQWRROVXUEDQFHOOEORFNZLWKLWVLQKHUHQWDQGHYHUFKDQJLQJVL]HDQGXVHIXQFWLRQZLOOEHDQDO\]HG KHUH,WLVWDNHQIRUDVWUXFWXUDOSDUWLFOHIRUFRPSRVLQJWKHPDVWHUSODQRUJHQHUDOSODQRUGHYHORSPHQWSODQ 7KH HOHPHQWKDVEHHQFKDQJLQJWKURXJKRXWWKHKLVWRU\DIIHFWHGE\HDFKHUDDQGSROLWLFDOVLWXDWLRQ$Q\ZD\LWSRVVHVVHV LWVLQKHUHQWDWWULEXWHVVL]HDQGXVH,QWKHFRQWH[WRI*HKO VSULQFLSDOUXOHRIDPDQ
ZHGRQRWWU\WRILQGDQLGHDO YDOXHVEXWWRJHWDVFORVHDVSRVVLEOHVWDUWLQJWKHUHVHDUFKDQGUHOHDVLQJILUVWSDUWLDOUHVXOWVKHUH ,WLVH[SHFWHGWKDWDSSURDFKHVWRZDUGVPDVWHUSODQVDUHGLIIHUHQWDOORYHUWKHZRUOG+RZHYHUVRPHUHSHDWLQJLGHDV FDQEHGHWHFWHGVWDUWLQJZLWKWKHDFFHVVLELOLW\RIGRFXPHQWV$PRQJWRSLFVRIVXVWDLQDEOHXUEDQGHVLJQDQGSODQQLQJ QRQHRIWKHVHVKRXOGEHIRUJRWWHQFODVVLFDO HQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWHFRORJ\VRFLDODVSHFWVIRUPLQJFRPPXQLWLHV DQGQHLJKERXUKRRGVZDONDELOLW\DQGELF\FOHWUDQVSRUWSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDQGVWDWLRQDU\SDUNLQJDUHDV*+*ÁÁDQG&2
SODQQHGFDUHIXOO\DFFRUGLQJWRSURJUDPDQGWDUJHWVRQIRUPHUO\XQGHYHORSHGDUHDDQRSSRVLWHWRRUJDQLFDOO\QDWXUDOO\JURZQVHWWOHPHQWV W\SLFDOO\PHGLHYDOWRZQV Á PRVWUHFHQWVKLIWLQSDUDGLJPRIXUEDQSODQQLQJHPHUJLQJLQJUHDWPHJDFLWLHVRIWRGD\WRPRUURZLQ&KLQD7DLKX1HZ7RZQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ +HDGTXDUWHUV )RXUHOHPHQWDU\SHULRGVRISODQQLQJDSSURDFKHVFODVVLFDOFRORQLDOVRFLDOLVWFRPSUHKHQVLYHLVFORVHUGHVFULEHG813RSXODWLRQ'LYLVLRQ
DKXPDQZLWKKLVVWDEOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKDWGRQRWFKDQJHLQWLPHQRUHYHQLQWKHVWFHQWXU\>@ VRPH FRXQWULHV ORFN WKHLU GRZQORDGDEOH GRFXPHQWV RI WKH FLW\ ZHESDJHV ZKR NQRZV ZK\ XVHU LQWHUIDFH TXDOLW\ DQG RSHQQHVV GLIIHUV LQ XQEHOLHYDEOHZD\V ÁÁ *+*VWDQGVIRU*UHHQKRXVH*DVHPLVVLRQVFLW\GHVFULSWLYHIDFWRUUHIHUULQJWRDFLW\VUROHLQFRQWHPSRUDU\HFRORJLFDOWRSLFRIULVLQJDYHUDJH
1484
Alena Bindzárová / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1482 – 1489
HPLVVLRQVOLPLWVZDWHUWUHDWPHQWDQGUDLQZDWHUUHXVHPDWHULDOEDVHRIGHYHORSHGDUHDVVRFLDOKRXVLQJDQGKRXVLQJ SROLF\ PDLQWDLQLQJ LGHQWLW\ WRXULVP DQG RWKHUV SURFHVVXDO FRRSHUDWLRQ DQG SXEOLFSULYDWH SDUWQHUVKLSV IRU GHYHORSPHQWVWLPHSKDVLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQZLWKSXEOLFLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQDQGILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWDUFKLWHFWXUDO DQGXUEDQGHVLJQFRPSHWLWLRQV 2.2. Mixed use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ase studies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
HDUWKWHPSHUDWXUH>@ DQRWKHUILJXUHVXVHGWRGHVFULEHWKHFLW\PD\EHRIQRGDORUOLQHDUFKDUDFWHUOLPLWHGDQGUHVWULFWHGDUHDVSRLQWVRIWHFKQLFDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUH LVROLQHVRIDLUSRUWVKHOLSRUWVEURDGFDVWLQJWRZHUVDOORIWKHVHZLOOQRWEHUHJDUGHGIRUSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHU
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
1485
Alena Bindzárová / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1482 – 1489
WKXVDFKLHYLQJDKLJKHUWLPHFRPSOH[LW\ 2.3.1. Neighbourhood level in Hammarby, Sjöstad, Sweden +DPPDUE\SURMHFWVWDUWHGLQDQGLWLVDUHJHQHUDWHGEURZQILHOGZLWKLQQHUVXEQHLJKERXUKRRGVZLWKWKHLU RZQGHWDLOHG'HVLJQ&RGHV$UHDRIKDZDVSURMHFWHGWREHFRPH DKRPHIRUSHRSOH+HUHKRXVLQJ EXLOGLQJVDUHH[SHFWHGWRKDYHDSXEOLFJURXQGIORRU>@$FFRUGLQJWRORFDOSODQEDVLFEXLOGLQJEORFNKDVGLPHQVLRQV RI[PRIEXLOWDUHDKDVSXEOLFILUVWIORRUZLWKVHUYLFHVDQGRWKHUDFFHVVLEOHXUEDQDFWLYLWLHV6SHFLILFDOO\ WKLVPDVWHUSODQGRHVQRWXVHRQHFRORXUIRUPL[HGXVHEXWVWUHHWVDQGVTXDUHVWKDWDUHWREHERUGHUHGE\SXEOLFJURXQG IORRUDUHPDUNHGZLWKH[WUDFRORXUHGVWULSH)LJ
)LJ+DPPDUE\ODQGXVHEODFNUHSUHVHQWVDUHDVZLWKGHVLJQDWHGPL[HGXVH
2.3.2. Neighbourhood level in Cork, United Kingdom &RPSDUHGWRSUHYLRXVRQHWKHPDVWHUSODQIRUUHGHYHORSLQJDQDUHDLQWKHFLW\RI&RUN8.FRQVLVWVRIEXLOGLQJV RI FHUWDLQ VKDSHV DQG YROXPHV ,W ZDV FUHDWHG LQ LW DOVR XVHV D ERUGHUOLQH WR VKRZ ZKHUH WKH SXEOLF OLIH LV FRQFHQWUDWHGDQGFRPELQHGZLWKKRXVLQJRQWKHXSSHUIORRUV7KHEXLOGLQJEORFNLVW\SLFDOO\RIPZLGHWRP ORQJZLWKVTXDUHDQGUHFWDQJXODUSURSRUWLRQVWRRRIDUHDLVGHVLJQDWHGZLWKPL[HGXVH>@)LJ
)LJ&RUNODQGXVHEODFNUHSUHVHQWVDUHDVZLWKGHVLJQDWHGPL[HGXVH
2.3.3. District level in Tangshan Caofeidian, China &DRIHLGLDQLVDIXWXUH(FRFLW\GLVWULFWRINPðZKHUHSHRSOHIURPQHDUE\VPRJFRQWDPLQDWHGDUHDVVKRXOG PRYHWRGHVLJQHGLQE\6ZHFRFRPSDQ\,QFOXGLQJHFRORJLFDODQGVRFLDOO\ILQDQFLDOO\VXVWDLQDEOHWDFWLFVLWV
1486
Alena Bindzárová / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1482 – 1489
PDVWHUSODQZRUNVZLWKDQXUEDQFHOORIVL]H[P,QWKHPDSZHFDQVHHWKDWRIEXLOGLQJVLVSODQQHGWR EHDPL[WXUHRIGZHOOLQJDQGVRPHSXEOLFDFWLYLWLHV>@7KHSODQVD\VWKHWDUJHWVFRSHRIPL[HGXVHZLOOUHSUHVHQW LQIXWXUH)LJ
)LJ&DRIHLGLDQODQGXVHEODFNUHSUHVHQWVDUHDVZLWKGHVLJQDWHGPL[HGXVH
2.3.4. District level in Tianjin, China 7LDQMLQLVDQRWKHU(FRFLW\RINPðGHVLJQHGIRULQKDELWDQWVEDVHGRQWKHPDVWHUSODQIURP $XWKRUVRIWKHPDVWHUSODQXVHDQHFRFHOO`P[P_WKDWDUHGLYLGHGDQGGHILQHG E\URDGVLQVLGHWKHFHOO HYHU\WKLQJLVDFFHVVLEOHZLWKLQDZDONLQJGLVWDQFH>@(YHQZRUNSODFHVDUHSURPRWHGWREHSODFHGZLWKLQ HDFKEORFNVRWKDWQXPEHURIGDLO\URXWHVWRZRUNFDQEHGHFUHDVHGRIEXLOWDUHDLVXQGHUVWRRGDVPL[HGXVH )LJ
)LJ7LDQMLQODQGXVHEODFNUHSUHVHQWVDUHDVZLWKGHVLJQDWHGPL[HGXVH
2.3.5. City level in Bratislava, Slovakia
1487
Alena Bindzárová / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1482 – 1489
7KHFDSLWDORI6ORYDNLDLVDVSHFLILFH[DPSOHRIDSRVWVRFLDOLVWFRXQWU\ZKHUHWKHFLW\SODQQLQJSURFHVVKDVDORW WRFDWFKXSZLWKFKDSWHUVRIVXVWDLQDELOLW\7KHFXUUHQWO\UHOHYDQWODQGXVHSODQZDVFUHDWHGLQ,WZRUNVZLWKD W\SHRIPL[HGXVHFRPELQLQJKRXVLQJDQGVHUYLFHVWKHVFRSHRIWKLVIXQFWLRQRQWKHZKROHFLW\LVRQO\>@ ,WPXVWEHVWDWHGWKDWFLW\SODQQLQJVLQFHVEHDUVIHDWXUHVIURPWKH]RQLQJSULQFLSOHVRIPHQWLRQHGFKDUWHULQ WKHV)LJ
)LJ%UDWLVODYDODQGXVHEODFNUHSUHVHQWVDUHDVZLWKGHVLJQDWHGPL[HGXVH
2.3.6. City level in Montréal, Canada ([FHOOHQWDFFHVVLELOLW\DQGRULHQWDWLRQLVDFKLHYHGLQWKHSODQQLQJSULQFLSOHVDQGGRFXPHQWDWLRQRIFLW\RI 0RQWUpDO>@(YHU\SDUWRIFLW\KDVLWVRZQGHWDLOHGSODQQLQJGRFXPHQWEXWWKHPDVWHUSODQLVFOHDUWRR +RZHYHUWKHSODQIURPLQGLFDWHVRQO\RIPL[HGXVHDUHDV)LJ
)LJ0RQWUpDOODQGXVHEODFNUHSUHVHQWVDUHDVZLWKGHVLJQDWHGPL[HGXVH
2.3.7. City level in Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom $EHUGHHQGHYHORSPHQWSODQZDVVXEPLWWHGLQDQGGHVFULEHVWKHKRXVLQJODQGDVDSODFHZKHUHLILQFHQWUDO SDUWV LWVKRXOGKDYHDSXEOLFIDoDGH0RUHRYHUWKHODQGUHOHDVHGLQIXWXUHLVH[SHFWHGWREHILOOHGZLWKPL[HGXVH >@,IZHORRNDWWKHUHVLGHQWLDODUHDDVDPRQRIXQFWLRQDORQO\RIGHYHORSHGFLW\ODQGZRXOGEHPL[HGXVH EXWLIWKHSROLF\RQSXEOLFDFWLYLWLHVZLWKLQWKHUHVLGHQWLDODUHDZDVVWULFWDQGQRWRQO\RSWLRQDORUUHFRPPHQGHG WKHPL[XVHZRXOGPDNHWKRVHRIWKHGHYHORSHGFLW\ODQG)LJD E
1488
Alena Bindzárová / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1482 – 1489
)LJD $EHUGHHQODQGXVHDOWE $EHUGHHQODQGXVHDOWEODFNUHSUHVHQWVDUHDVZLWKGHVLJQDWHGPL[HGXVH
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
&RXQWU\
/HYHO
,QKDELWDQWV
$UHDZKROH
>KD@
%XLOWXS 0L[HG
&HOOVL]H
0RQR
>P@
+DPPDUE\6M|VWDG
6ZHGHQ
=RQH
&RUN(QJODQG
8.
=RQH
7DQJVKDQ&DRIHLGLDQ
&KLQD
'LVWULFW
7LDQMLQ
&KLQD
'LVWULFW
%UDWLVODYD
6ORYDNLD
&LW\
0RQWUpDO
&DQDGD
&LW\
$EHUGHHQ6FRWODQG
8.
FLW\
&RQFOXVLRQV 7KLVSDSHUJLYHVWZRGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIYLHZDWXUEDQVWUXFWXUH7KHILUVWWUDGLWLRQDOSURYLGHVDYLHZHUZLWK LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHSK\VLFDOVXEVWDQFHDQGLWVLQQHUOLIH:KDWLVKDSSHQLQJLQVLGHWKHEXLOGLQJEORFNDQGLQLWV FORVHVXUURXQGLQJVLQDFRQYHQWLRQDOZD\0RVWO\GHVFULEHGLQPDSVDQGSODQVDVUHVLGHQWLDODUHDSURGXFWLRQ DUHDFRPPHUFLDODQGUHFUHDWLRQDODQGVRRQ2IWHQWKLVFDQEHGHGXFWHGIURPWKHVL]HDQGVKDSHRIWKHEXLOGLQJ VHWRIEXLOGLQJVVXFKDVVSRUWVVWDGLXPRSHUDKRXVHHWF 7KHRWKHUYLHZGHVFULEHVFRPELQDWLRQDQG
Alena Bindzárová / Procedia Engineering 161 (2016) 1482 – 1489
1489
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|VWDGVWRFNKROP 6ZHGHQ KDPPDUE\VM|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pDO >KWWSYLOOHPRQWUHDOTFFDSRUWDOSDJH"BSDJHLG BGDG SRUWDO BVFKHPD 3257$/@DFFHVV >@0DVWHU3ODQ'RZQORDGWKH0DVWHU3ODQ0RQWUpDO >KWWSYLOOHPRQWUHDOTFFDSRUWDOSDJH"BSDJHLG BGDG SRUWDO BVFKHPD 3257$/@DFFHVV >@'HYHORSPHQWSODQIRUWKHFDSLWDOFLW\RI6ORYDN 5HSXEOLF%UDWLVODYD%SDUW%UDWLVODYD PXQLFLSDOLW\GHSDUWPHQWIRUXUEDQSODQQLQJDQG GHYHORSPHQW >KWWSZZZEUDWLVODYDVN9LVPR2QOLQHB$FWLRQ6FULSWV)LOHDVK["LGBRUJ LGBGRNXPHQW\ @DFFHVV >@ 'HYHORSPHQW SODQ IRU WKH FDSLWDO FLW\ RI 6ORYDN 5HSXEOLF %UDWLVODYD 'UDZLQJ 6SDWLDOFRQILJXUDWLRQ DQG ODQG XVH &RPSOH[ GHVLJQ %UDWLVODYDPXQLFLSDOLW\GHSDUWPHQWIRUXUEDQSODQQLQJDQGGHYHORSPHQW >KWWSZZZEUDWLVODYDVN9LVPR2QOLQHB$FWLRQ6FULSWV)LOHDVK["LGBRUJ LGBGRNXPHQW\ @DFFHVV