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Type I autoimmune diabetes
503 sporogonic stages of any Plasnzodiunz species have not been cultured. Here we report how the sporogonic cycle of the avian malaria parasite, Plasnzodiunz gallinaceunz. was completed irz vitro. Gametocytes obtained from infected chickens were allowed to fertilize and form zygotes that transformed into ookinetes. Ookinetes were seeded onto a murine basement membrane-like gel (Matrigel). Transformation into oocysts as well as subsequent growth and differentiation were observed in parasites attached to ?vIatrigel and depended on the presence of Drosoplzila nzelagogaster cells. Sporozoites (the infective stage is to vertebrates) were first observed on day 12 in culture. This culture method identified basement membrane components as important factors in the development of Plasnzodium oocysts. In recent years, emphasis has being placed on understanding the biology of malaria parasites in mosquitoes. Hopefully, improved knowledge will contribute to future strategies for malaria control. This culture system will aid in the study of the physiological requirements of sporogonic stages of Plasnzodium. A Warburg (1) National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA
patient had been exposed. The environmental reservoirs linked to the infections were the water supplies of three private residences, two nursing homes, two hospital outpatient clinics, and an industrial plant. Community potable water supplies that harbor L pneumophila are an important source of community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease. Furthermore, potable water supplies are likely to be a more significant source for sporadic cases of Legionnaires’ disease than cooling towers. JE Stout (2) Veterans Affairs MedicalCenter. Pit&burg.PA 15240,USA Type I autoimmune diabetes
The environmental sources of sporadic, community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease are largely unknown. We cultured potable water samples obtained from sources to which 20 patients with culture-confirmed, community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease had been exposed before the onset of symptoms. In eight of the 20 patients, isolates of Legiorzella przeumophila with identical molecular subtypes were identified in cultures from both the patient and the potable water to which the
Autoimmune type I diabetes is a disease with a strong genetic linkage with HLA class II gene products such as DQb. We now describe in humans, a functional defect in HLA class I function on diabetic antigen presenting cells such as B cells or macrophages. This defect can be detected functionally in the in vitro aatologous mixed lymphocyte reaction or by phenotyping diabetic lymphocytes where the cell surface density of MHC class I is significantly reduced. In the NOD mouse, a murine model of type I diabetes, the failure of MHC class I to be present in the lymphocyte surface appears io be secondary to failed transcription of Lndogenous peptide supply factor gene(s) which allow norr.ial MHC class I transport and expression on the cell surface. We believe MHC class I presentation of endogenous antigens is critical for self tolerance. Interestingly, these endogenous peptide supply factor genes have recently been localized adjacent to MHC class II genes. D Faustman(3) hacvardMedicalschooi, MassachusettsGeneral Hospital, Charlestown.MA 02129,USA
(I) Sciericc (1992) 255, 448
(2) N Engl J Med (1991) 326, 151 (3) Science (1992) 254, 1756
Potable water in Legionnaires’ disease
patient had been exposed. The environmental reservoirs linked to the infections were the water supplies of three private residences, two nursing homes, two hospital outpatient clinics, and an industrial plant. Community potable water supplies that harbor L pneumophila are an important source of community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease. Furthermore, potable water supplies are likely to be a more significant source for sporadic cases of Legionnaires’ disease than cooling towers. JE Stout (2) Veterans Affairs MedicalCenter. Pit&burg.PA 15240,USA Type I autoimmune diabetes
The environmental sources of sporadic, community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease are largely unknown. We cultured potable water samples obtained from sources to which 20 patients with culture-confirmed, community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease had been exposed before the onset of symptoms. In eight of the 20 patients, isolates of Legiorzella przeumophila with identical molecular subtypes were identified in cultures from both the patient and the potable water to which the
Autoimmune type I diabetes is a disease with a strong genetic linkage with HLA class II gene products such as DQb. We now describe in humans, a functional defect in HLA class I function on diabetic antigen presenting cells such as B cells or macrophages. This defect can be detected functionally in the in vitro aatologous mixed lymphocyte reaction or by phenotyping diabetic lymphocytes where the cell surface density of MHC class I is significantly reduced. In the NOD mouse, a murine model of type I diabetes, the failure of MHC class I to be present in the lymphocyte surface appears io be secondary to failed transcription of Lndogenous peptide supply factor gene(s) which allow norr.ial MHC class I transport and expression on the cell surface. We believe MHC class I presentation of endogenous antigens is critical for self tolerance. Interestingly, these endogenous peptide supply factor genes have recently been localized adjacent to MHC class II genes. D Faustman(3) hacvardMedicalschooi, MassachusettsGeneral Hospital, Charlestown.MA 02129,USA
(I) Sciericc (1992) 255, 448
(2) N Engl J Med (1991) 326, 151 (3) Science (1992) 254, 1756
Potable water in Legionnaires’ disease