- Email: [email protected]
Understanding the Client
C H A P T E R
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Understanding the Client THE PURPOSE OF DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES In chapter one, we discussed the need that people have for the management of insect pests. The purpose of an insect diagnostic service is to provide a rapid and accurate identification of an insect or mite, its signs or damage and in most cases, offer a conclusion or set of management recommendations.
The role of an insect diagnostician is to:
• identify the sample • determine if it is a pest • decide if it should be managed • provide best management recommendations.
Most often, the first interactions between the general public and an expert entomologist are with insect diagnosticians. To be productive, a diagnostician must understand who is submitting the sample or question, their concerns regarding their sample and the expectations of the submitter. In this chapter we will explore the expectations that clients have when using an insect diagnostic laboratory and just how diagnosticians can best meet those expectations. Contemporary Insect Diagnostics http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404623-8.00006-5
UNDERSTANDING THE NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS OF THE CLIENT The goal of a diagnostician upon receiving a sample or question is to completely resolve the concerns of the submitter. In order to accomplish this, a diagnostician must first understand who is submitting the sample and why they are submitting it. This is a challenge because often clients themselves do not know what questions to ask, nor do they know what background information to provide in order to help get appropriate answers. A diagnostician is therefore expected to anticipate what a client needs and expects and then to provide that information as part of the identification response. For the purposes of this book, we will discuss clients that a public insect diagnostic laboratory might deal with on a regular basis. Undoubtedly, other diagnosticians will be able to relate to one or more clients in this list. We will identify those who most frequently use a public diagnostic laboratory, analyze what their real concerns are and postulate an educated guess as to what they expect to gain from their submission. This can be made much easier by using a carefully crafted submission form such as the one presented shown in Figure 6.1.
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© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 6.1 https://www.pdffiller.com/en/project/13032792.htm?utm_expid=2952066-99.A_0_ThWlSD6YkSYRZhQUuA. 0&utm_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdffiller.com%2F5287270-PPDL-1-Wpdf-PPDL---1---W-Physical-Sample-SubmissionForm---the-Purdue-Plant--Other-forms-ppdl-purdue#red5287270 http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu/PPDL/pubs/PPDL-1-W.pdf
Understanding the Needs and Expectations of the Client
FILLING OUT THE FORM LEAVE TOP EXPOSED!
1. Complete the form on the reverse side to the best of your ability. Give complete information pertinent to the sample, including background information. PLASTIC BAG 2. State the problem clearly and indicate specific information desired. 3. Photographs or digital images of the problem site are helpful. (well tied) 4. Attach an additional sheet if further explanation is necessary. 5. Submit white and yellow copies of the form, along with the specimen.
HOW TO COLLECT AND SHIP SPECIMENS
STURDY CRUSH-PROOF CONTAINER
ADDRESS LABEL
1. Collect fresh specimens. Send a generous amount of material, if available. 2. Ship in crush-proof container immediately after collecting. If holdover periods are encountered, keep specimen cool. MAIL PACKAGES TO ARRIVE ON WEEKDAYS. 3. Incomplete information or poorly selected specimens may result in an inaccurate diagnosis or inappropriate control recommendations. Badly damaged specimens are often unidentifiable and additional sample requests can cause delays.
SUBMITTING PLANT SPECIMENS FOR DISEASE/INJURY DIAGNOSIS 1. HERBACEOUS PLANTS: for general decline/dying of plants, send WHOLE PLANTS, showing EARLY SYMPTOMS, with roots and adjacent soil intact. DIG UP PLANT CAREFULLY. Send several plants. Bundle plants together and wrap roots in a plastic bag. Wrap the entire bundle of plants in newspaper and place in a crush-proof container for shipment. DO NOT ADD WATER. 2. TREE WILTS: collect branches 1/2 to 1 inch in diameter from branches which are actively wilting but NOT totally dead. Wrap in plastic to retain moisture. Collect a handful of feeder roots and place in a plastic bag. 3. LEAVES/BRANCHES/FLESHY PARTS: when localized infections such as cankers, leaf spots and rots are involved, send specimens representing early and moderate stages of disease. For cankers include healthy portions from above and below diseased area. Press leaves flat between heavy paper or cardboard. Wrap fleshy parts in dry paper. 4. TURF: samples should be at least 4" x 4" and include both the diseased and healthy portions of grass on the same sample piece. Place the sample on a disposable plate and wrap in newspaper for shipment.
SUBMITTING PLANT SPECIMENS FOR IDENTIFICATION 1. Include a 6-10 inch sample of the terminal (tip) portion of the stem with side buds, leaves and flowers in identifiable condition. 2. Place the sample flat between a layer or two of DRY newspaper, paper toweling or similar absorbent material. Try to prevent excessive folding of the leaves and place flowers so that you are looking into the center of the flower. 3. Pack the wrapped bundle in plastic, preferably with a piece of cardboard to keep the sample flat. 4. NEVER PLACE ANY FRESH PLANT SAMPLE DIRECTLY IN PLASTIC! 5. NEVER ADD WATER TO THE SAMPLE. 6. Shake excess water from AQUATIC WEED SAMPLES and place in plastic bag. 7. Wrap whole, uncut fruit specimens in paper, place in a strong box, and pack with additional paper to prevent crushing. 8. Package in sturdy crush-proof container and pack with additional paper to prevent shifting.
SUBMITTING INSECT SPECIMENS Care should be taken to package insects so that they arrive unbroken. Be sure to separate and label the insects if two or more are included in the same package and provide appropriate information on each. 1. TINY AND/OR SOFT-BODIED SPECIMENS: such as aphids, mites, thrips, caterpillars, grubs, and spiders should be submitted in a small leakproof bottle or vial of 70 percent alcohol. Rubbing (isopropyl) alcohol is suitable and readily available. Do not submit insects in water, formaldehyde or without alcohol as they will readily ferment and decompose. 2. HARD-BODIED SPECIMENS: such as flies, grasshoppers, cockroaches, wasps, butterflies and beetles can be submitted dry in a crush-proof container. Do not tape insects to paper or place them loose in envelopes.
SUBMITTING NEMATODE SPECIMENS If you suspect a nematode problem, and no other problem: 1. Collect at least one quart of soil from the root zone of affected plants. Include roots if plants are growing. 2. Place the entire sample in a plastic bag for shipment. Do not add water to the sample; do not allow it to dry out; and protect the sample from extreme heat (don t leave samples inside a parked vehicle in direct sunlight). It is often advantageous to collect a second, similar sample from a nearby area where plant growth appears normal. 3. To the OUTSIDE of each bag or package, attach a label, note ,or tag identifying the sample. 4. Send to Nematology Laboratory, Purdue University, Smith Hall, 901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089. If you have questions please call 765-494-4611.
FIGURE 6.1 Cont’d
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What Diagnosticians Learn from Sample Submission Forms SUBMITTER CLIENT INFORMATION The title (business) of the submitter or of the client can reveal important information about what should be included in a response. From the business name listed on the submission form, a diagnostician also may get a clue about the needs of the client. Knowing whether a response is to be written for a commercial grower or a hobbyist dictates how simple or inclusive to make the response. For that reason, it is very helpful if the submitter or the client can be identified based on job title. In the example submission form above, a checklist of the most common submitters to the diagnostic laboratory at Purdue University is provided. (While this list works well for the public diagnostician, a different list may be required by private diagnosticians.) It is always safe to assume that the response should be written to the submitter. Even if a client is listed but the sample was submitted by a professional pest manager, the response should be written to the submitter. This rule makes it easier to know the audience level at which the response must be written. For example, little detail about chemical pesticides or applications is necessary if the sample is submitted by a professional pest manager. It may safely be assumed that a certified professional will be aware of those because of their training. If specific controls are requested, knowing whether the submitter is a professional or homeowner influences what products should be recommended (professional use vs. do it yourself [DIY]), and what application recommendations to make.
CHECK INFORMATION DESIRED It makes sense to clearly understand what information the submitter desires when
submitting a specimen. A simple checklist including options (check one) such as:
• • • •
Problem identification Specimen identification Control recommendations and Other
helps to avoid misunderstandings and ambiguity. When the ‘information desired’ is not indicated by the submitter, a diagnostician is forced to make assumptions based on what he or she may think the submitter needs to know. In cases where the submitter and the client are not the same person, the response should be created especially for the submitter and care should be taken to address the indicated or assumed needs of the submitter. A certain level of identification and control detail is also dictated by the sample itself. For instance, if a brown recluse spider is submitted, it is incumbent upon the diagnostician to provide at least some basic warning of the potential harm that the spiders can pose in a home and how seriously they should be taken.
PLANT AND PEST INFORMATION The more precise a submitter can be in describing where the specimen came from, its behavior, and the extent of damage it has caused, the more confidence a diagnostician can have in the diagnosis of the pest. Knowing where the pest was collected also helps a diagnostician anticipate what control recommendations to include in a response.
DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM Allowing space for a submitter to describe the problem in their own words is extremely helpful. Often this section of the submission form is the most valuable to a diagnostician. It can dictate the direction an investigation may go and also adds valuable insight into how the submitter interprets or visualizes the problem.
Who Submits Samples and What They Expect
In many cases a submitter will choose to attach a separate description or a letter at this point. Increased detail allows the diagnosticians to do their job more easily and completely. Likewise, additional background information aids the diagnostician in determining what to include in a response. In a client’s self-description of the problem there may be found an indication as to what controls they have already tried. This is helpful information to have in formulating an appropriate response. If a client is already using bed bug encasements and residual pesticides, for example, then repeating that recommendation in a response would not be helpful. On the other hand, knowing that they have been used suggests that a comment about them is in order and even a further recommendation such as ‘seek professional help’ or ‘use heat treatments.’
YOUR TENTATIVE DIAGNOSIS An astute diagnostician can often tell how much a client already knows and what more they want to know about the sample by what they write in the tentative diagnostic section. For example, if a submitter writes ‘bug’ in the tentative diagnosis line, it may be assumed they simply want to know if the sample is an insect rather than a piece of debris. An appropriate diagnosis in this case would be to confirm that it is an insect (or not). Chances are that keying out the insect to the family, genus or species level is not needed. On the other hand, if the tentative diagnosis is Blattella germanica, then responding ‘Insect’ or even ‘Cockroach’ would be inappropriate. In this case, it is clear that the submitter wants to have an identification or confirmation at the species level. Because composing a written response should center around educating the client, asking for a tentative diagnosis can help gauge the level of understanding that a client begins with and therefore at what level to write the report. A response
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can either simply validate the submitter’s tentative identification or become a more extensive treatise on biology and management strategies. For example, if a client submits a spined soldier bug (Podisus maculiventris) and asks if this is a brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), a proper response could begin with, ‘Characters used to separate this specimen from a marmorated stink bug include the following ……….’ Conversely, if the same insect is submitted and the submitter asks if it is a cockroach, then the above response would be entirely inappropriate. It would be better to begin with how bugs differ from cockroaches and why knowing these differentiations is important. Assessing what is recorded in the ‘tentative diagnosis’ section not only provides a clue as to the level of identification that is required, but it also indicates what level of information should be included in ‘management recommendations.’ Depending upon the identification, some control information is mandatory, requested or not. In some cases, simply stating ‘No controls are recommended at this time’ is the most appropriate response. In other situations, very detailed management information and procedures are required.
WHO SUBMITS SAMPLES AND WHAT THEY EXPECT There are potentially many people who may use insect diagnostic services. Each has a slightly different reason for doing so. A general discussion of the most common patrons is in order.
Extension Field Staff All states have Extension programs that are part of the national land-grant university system. The mission of Extension is to pass along new or academically-gained information regarding agriculture, the environment, human health and the well-being of communities to the public. This is accomplished in many states by employing
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and sending Extension agents into rural areas to provide (extend) new and practical agricultural information to the end-users. Focus has since expanded to include human health and youth education, as well as food and agriculture-related programs in both rural and urban sectors. Agriculture Extension agents are, by necessity, generalists. Though most have advanced college education, as well as significant practical experience working with the public, they cannot possibly know every detail about every crop planted. For this level of detail, they rely on Extension specialists who are experts in one smaller area of learning and are usually stationed at the university. Extension agents are expected to teach those with whom they work. Education is implicit in the mission of Extension. In Indiana the name ‘Extension Agent’ was changed to ‘Extension Educator’ to reflect that important part of their job. Regardless of what they are called, Extension field staff must rely on specialists to support them in this important facet of their job. One small portion of what Extension agents need to know concerns insects and their management. Insect diagnosticians are part of the support team. They back-stop Extension field staff by providing identification, confirmation and control recommendations concerning insects and other arthropods. Extension agents seldom require a diagnosis that goes beyond common name, but they almost always require a synopsis of the behavior, biology and pest potential of the insect. If it is a potential pest they also require a short synopsis of its potential threat, basic control recommendations and a reference to a publication, website, or other lead where they might learn more. These facts are often simply passed along to their own clients. In some cases Extension agents submit samples on behalf of their client. In other cases they assist the client in submitting a sample. In all cases it is preferable to have the Extension educator involved at some level in both submitting the sample and in interpreting
the results. Such involvement is also beneficial to the field staff as a means of keeping current, up to date, and generally aware of what is happening. This way they are sufficiently informed to field similar questions independently, saving specialists both time and resources. Advantages of Extension agent participation in insect diagnostic services are that they often:
1. R ecognize the problems and can provide a ready solution because they have seen it before. They can then circumvent the need to submit many samples to a diagnostician. 2. Understand exactly what the client needs to know, can ask the proper questions, and can best educate because of their close relationship. 3. Can provide the background information needed for certain diagnoses because they have been through it before. 4. Can interpret the results of the diagnosis and answer follow-up questions for the client. 5. Can better train their clients through public forums, seminars and the local media.
Professional Pest Managers People who are employed in the pest management industry often submit samples to insect diagnostic laboratories. Depending upon what part of the industry they are in, they may submit samples from a wide range of settings, including agricultural, structural and urban, landscapes and turfgrass, health care or a variety of other specialty settings. Professional pest managers usually require a validation of their suspicions, although they sometimes ask entirely new or rare questions. Pest management/control is their specialty and so once they are sure what the pest is and where it came from they are usually quite adept at the control phase. Diagnosticians seldom need to expound on recommendations involving pesticides or their application to this group.
Who Submits Samples and What They Expect
Homeowners Generally, homeowners are the least informed of all the potential submitters. They are a difficult group to pigeonhole because homeowners are very diverse in terms of their entomological knowledge and background. In some instances diagnosticians need not provide an identification beyond the general ‘bug, beetle, spider’ level. What these homeowners want to know is if the pest has potential to cause damage: ‘Will it hurt me, my family, my pets or will it damage my property?’ If the response is yes to any of these, then a diagnostician should be prepared to offer details on how to prevent or manage the pest safely and effectively. Sometimes the correct diagnosis of a homeowner-submitted sample focuses less on answering questions asked and instead answers questions that should have been posed. For example, if a sample containing a jumping spider (Family: Salticidae) was submitted with a note saying, ‘I found this in my home, what is it?’ a technically correct diagnosis would be as follows: ‘This is a jumping spider, Freya ambigua (Araneae: Salticidae).’
However, a better diagnosis would give a more complete response: ‘The sample was identified as a jumping spider. In nature, these spiders are beneficial predators of many insect pests. Because these are hunting spiders (wander about in search of prey) they may occasionally find their way into homes by accident. They are non-aggressive spiders and do NOT bite people, pets or cause damage to homes. Chemical controls are not recommended. They may best be simply removed to the outside or destroyed with a fly swatter or vacuum when found.’
So, even though the homeowner asked ‘What is this?’ it is unlikely that they really want to know the scientific identity of the spider. In fact, it is unlikely that even providing the common name ‘jumping spider’ will suffice. More likely, the real question on the mind of the submitter
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is, ‘Will this spider hurt me or my family?’ and ‘What should I do now?’ As can be seen from the example above, by understanding a submitter’s true concerns, even though they were not expressed, a proper response can be formulated that will eliminate need for a follow-up dialogue.
Farmers Farmers, by definition, are generalists. They must know a great deal in addition to simply growing a crop. They must understand finance and business, mechanics, veterinary science, and marketing, in addition to agronomics, if they expect to stay in business. In addition they must understand crop production, how to prevent diseases, how to manage competitive weeds and how to protect against insect pests, both during production and during storage. Beyond a confirmation or identification of their pests, what farmers really require is an idea of pest threat or potential injury. Most realize that they will always have a certain number of insects to deal with. What they need is an estimate of how many they should tolerate before taking action. Because farming is a business and profit is the bottom line, an action threshold (see Chapter 8) will often save them a lot of expense. A diagnostician that can provide recommendations of ‘whether to’ and ‘when to’ apply a control, in addition to an identification, is of great value to farmers and agriculturalists. In order to do this a diagnostician also must be quite familiar with the crop and its growth and storage practices, as well as the insect pest.
Businesses Many clients that diagnosticians deal with represent large corporations or businesses. These may be agriculture-based or may be production or packaging businesses. Because insect pests can
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occur at nearly any point from the production of raw materials to processing, packaging and consumption, insect diagnosticians are required. Diagnosticians are trained entomologists who understand both the biology and behavior of the insect, as well as best management principles. These often have to be site-specific, thus recommendations should be made on a case by case basis. Many food-related production processes and other industries such as pharmaceutical plants are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other legislative bodies. Recommendations from the diagnostician must comply with these rules. In many instances, large businesses already employ diagnosticians as part of a quality control team. These in-house diagnosticians must have more in-depth knowledge about a few key pests and much more specific knowledge about the system with which they are affiliated than other diagnosticians outside the company. Often these diagnosticians look to validate their findings with other practicing diagnosticians stationed elsewhere.
are most often posed by someone in the legal profession. These questions may be just an initial probing to determine if there is justification for a lawsuit, or they may be used to collect facts for litigation, as well as expert testimony for cases that are already underway. Pest management contractors or others who have charge over managing pests can become party to a lawsuit when things do not go as planned. Pests that have contaminated foods, homes, hospitals and nursing homes are sometimes the basis for such inquiries. Pests that bite, sting or otherwise harm people are also the subject of litigation. Regardless of whether it is a seemingly simple identification or a management recommendation, any response from a diagnostician that may be used in legal proceedings must be very carefully thought out and accurately articulated. Lawyers representing both the defense and the prosecution require the services of well-trained and meticulous insect diagnosticians. Involvement may vary from a simple written identification to an opinion, consultation, deposition or even testimony under oath in a court of law.
Legal Profession
Professional Colleagues
When the legal profession becomes interested in a diagnosis it is usually because there has been a complaint. One party claims injury by an arthropod or pesticide and a second party is thought to be responsible in some way. Forensic entomology is a sub-science of entomology that deals with insects as part of legal investigations. We know that insects may reduce crop yields, contaminate foods, destroy buildings or products and may even harm human health. In order to get the correct facts, lawyers may seek out experts in diagnostic laboratories. Seasoned diagnosticians can recognize these cases simply by the questions that are posed. Questions such as:
Fellow entomologists trained in areas outside of diagnostics often need assistance with identification or control. Diagnosticians may be the first consultants that these experts go to with questions. Interactions can range from a simple confirmation of a tentative diagnosis to a precise and in-depth identification at the genus species level, in preparation for a peer-reviewed scientific publication. Insect diagnosticians are as indispensable to fellow entomology experts as they are to field staff.
‘How long has this pest been present?’ ‘Where did this pest originate?’ ‘Should someone have known or done something differently?’
Other Submitters Insect diagnosticians find themselves at the interface between general public and entomology expertise. They are often the first entomologists consulted for an answer to most every entomological question.
Who Submits Samples and What They Expect
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RANGE OF QUESTIONS SUBMITTED TO INSECT DIAGNOSTICIANS • I am in 4-H. Can you please identify my insect collection? • Can you state unequivocally where this spider came from? • Where do I get ants for my child’s ant farm? • I found a caterpillar and would like to watch it develop. What do you suggest? • Where can I find pesticides for purchase? • Are there more insects this year than normal? • Why am I not seeing monarch butterflies? I usually see them by now.
There are many different people from all walks of life, each with different reasons for submitting an arthropod for identification or a request for insect-related information from a diagnostic laboratory. General Interest Some submitters have a curiosity or general interest in facts, others such as news columnists might be looking for a story or for answers for their readers, or seeking a prognostication report. Requests are common from students in schools or from 4-H youth about where to find insects or how to improve a collection. Diagnosticians are expected to be able to answer questions as varied as vermiculture, butterfly rearing, fly tying for fishermen, horticulture planting, fertilizing, water quality matrices, and a host of other insect-related or sometimes unrelated topics. One particular group of submitters possesses a very closely held belief that insects have infested their person. This is a category of submitters that has become so prevalent and yet is so unique that it justifies a section of its own. Delusory Parasitosis Delusory parasitosis, also known as Ekbom syndrome, is so common that anyone practicing
• What pest control service do you suggest I use? • I have a half bag of insecticide left over. Can I use it? • Will we have more or less insects next year? • I have invented a product that I believe will control mosquitoes. Can you help verify that it works? • Last month while hiking I saw a big, black, prehistoric-looking insect that I have never seen before. I am 85 years old. What was it?
general insect diagnostics is certain to encounter it sooner or later (Ekbom, 1938; Wilson, 1946; Hinkle, 2000). Established, public insect diagnosticians regularly see 5–10% of their sample load coming from clients who express symptoms of delusory parasitosis. The disease is a form of psychosis whose victims hold a strong but delusional (false) belief that their person is infested with insects or mites. They express sensations of arthropods crawling on, burrowing into, or biting them. Typically, the psychosis worsens over time to include not only feeling the bites or crawling on the skin or scalp to perceptions of actually seeing the ‘bug.’ Such sightings are usually accompanied by bizarre behavioral descriptions, wherein the ‘bug’ bores in and out of the body, or is carried through the circulatory system. Often descriptions of bizarre metamorphosis are related in which the insect changes into a strange form, sometimes with wings or with non-insect-like abilities ranging from drilling into furniture, wood or even porcelain, in order to evade capture before going back into the person again (Hinkle, 2010). Often this delusion of parasitosis extends to a person’s dwelling in addition to their body. Furniture, automobiles, homes, and places of work can become ‘infested.’ It is common to receive
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6. UNDERSTANDING THE CLIENT
detailed accounts, either written or oral, submitted with an enormous number of samples collected from various body regions or sites within the home. The sheer number of samples collected and submitted is often itself a sign of the disease. The belief is so fixed that even when victims are made aware of the impossibility of their perceptions, are repeatedly told that their samples contain NO insects or mites or that NO insects or mites behave in that fashion, their belief is not shaken and they will continue to submit samples as if to convince by sheer persistence or by an overwhelming number of samples. It is rare that two or more people from a single household suffer from this disorder at the same time, even when considering the tremendous peer pressure that is brought to bear. Even though illogical, the fact that only one member of the residence is afflicted does nothing to convince a person suffering from delusory parasitosis. Multiple opinions from different people also fail to convince a person suffering from this disease. An insect diagnostician may safely assume that they are only one of a large number of people that this person will contact, looking for validation as much as diagnosis.
Delusory parasitosis, also known as Ekbom’s Syndrome (Ekbom, 1938) is a presumed psychiatric condition ascribed to individuals who are convinced, in the absence of any empirical evidence, that they are infested with an insect or parasite (Poorbaugh, 1993; Webb, 1993a). These individuals experience itching, stinging/ biting, and crawling sensations on or under their skin, which are often associated with excoriations, discoloration, scaling, tunneling or sores. Their conviction that they are infested is reinforced by their observation of particles described as sparkly, crusty, crystal-like, white or black specks and/or fibers. Typically, these individuals have consulted extensively with general physicians,
Ethical pest managers never treat such cases with pesticides because the end result is always the same: no control. The best response by anyone handling these cases is a referral to a medical professional such as a dermatologist who may hopefully refer the client to a psychologist for help. It is important that an insect diagnostician not provide a diagnosis outside of his or her expertise. Having no formal training in either medicine or psychiatry, a diagnostician or credentials cannot diagnose Ekbom syndrome or even delusory parasitosis but can only make a referral and hope that someone down the line is able to assist. Unfortunately, delusory parasitosis is often not immediately recognized by medical professionals and thus is sometimes treated with creams or scabies-related solutions. This only exacerbates the problem. Delusory parasitosis lies on the fringes of current psychiatry and thus is often discounted even by professionals. Sadly, it is the cause of considerable suffering by the victim and the victim’s extended family. Loss of sleep, pain, expense, and a loss of quality of life for the patient, as well as the family, is very real. Ekbom syndrome spans educational, socioeconomic, racial, and age classes. It is not uncommon to witness a very well-spoken or
dermatologists, and entomologists (Kushon et al., 1993) who could not find physical cause for their complaints. Despite findings ruling out lice, scabies or other medical causes, patients refuse to accept the diagnosis of delusory parasitosis (Koblenzer, 1993; Webb, 1993b), become extremely focused on eradicating the pests, and further compromise their skin by frequent scratching, excessive cleaning, and the application of various remedies such as prescription pesticides for lice or scabies, household cleaning products, and organic solvents or fuels. The symptoms are debilitating and the sufferer’s distress is compounded by the lack of a concrete physical diagnosis (Lim, 2009; Hinkle, 2010).
Who Submits Samples and What They Expect
highly successful person suffering from this disease. Experts have made some correlations with past drug abuse or recent personal stress such as loss of a loved one, a career change, loss of job or even a move. However, little additional research has been published concerning this mental disease. The role of an insect diagnostician in cases of delusory parasitosis is to first examine the samples submitted, rule out any possible arthropod involvement and then to refer the sufferer to a medical professional who is able to help. It is incumbent upon all practicing insect diagnosticians to become familiar with the symptoms and signs of this syndrome so that a rational and explicit response is ready. The most desirable outcome is a speedy response so that the victim and the diagnostician can be distanced. Remember that regardless of how much sympathy is felt, an insect diagnostician will NOT be able to resolve this problem. Asking for additional samples or enduring multiple and lengthy conversations will at best prolong the distress and at worst validate an actual insect infestation in the victim’s mind (Hinkle, 2010). Actual Parasitosis Having described Ekbom syndrome in detail, there are cases that may, at first glance, appear as delusory parasitosis but are, in fact, actual parasitosis. A diagnostician must rule out these possibilities before making any judgments. Certain
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mites such as scabies, chiggers, northern fowl and any of several itch mites can infest people or homes. Some small biting insects such as bed bugs, bat bugs, fleas, lice and springtails may also afflict people. Keeping these possibilities in mind as a diagnostician examines a sample will allow for the possibility of actual parasitosis. Questioning the patient is an effective way of corroborating a conclusion. When patients describe a truly bizarrely-behaving insect that they cannot catch, diagnosticians should beware. When the victim is very young, old or otherwise compromised, incorrect conclusions may result because communication lines are not optimal. In these cases extra thorough inspection is required. Illusions of Parasitosis Illusions of parasitosis refers to a condition in which dermal sensations caused by a change in a person’s environment are attributed to insects. Dermatologists know that sensitive people develop itchy or sensitive skin in reaction to substances such as smoke, new carpets, dry air, static electricity, or environmental changes. These sensations can be misinterpreted as being caused by arthropods. However, one of the main differences between illusions of parasitosis and Ekbom syndrome is that those suffering from illusions of parasitosis can be reasoned with. With sufficient explanation, they can see and accept the reality of their confusion.
6
Understanding the Client THE PURPOSE OF DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORIES In chapter one, we discussed the need that people have for the management of insect pests. The purpose of an insect diagnostic service is to provide a rapid and accurate identification of an insect or mite, its signs or damage and in most cases, offer a conclusion or set of management recommendations.
The role of an insect diagnostician is to:
• identify the sample • determine if it is a pest • decide if it should be managed • provide best management recommendations.
Most often, the first interactions between the general public and an expert entomologist are with insect diagnosticians. To be productive, a diagnostician must understand who is submitting the sample or question, their concerns regarding their sample and the expectations of the submitter. In this chapter we will explore the expectations that clients have when using an insect diagnostic laboratory and just how diagnosticians can best meet those expectations. Contemporary Insect Diagnostics http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404623-8.00006-5
UNDERSTANDING THE NEEDS AND EXPECTATIONS OF THE CLIENT The goal of a diagnostician upon receiving a sample or question is to completely resolve the concerns of the submitter. In order to accomplish this, a diagnostician must first understand who is submitting the sample and why they are submitting it. This is a challenge because often clients themselves do not know what questions to ask, nor do they know what background information to provide in order to help get appropriate answers. A diagnostician is therefore expected to anticipate what a client needs and expects and then to provide that information as part of the identification response. For the purposes of this book, we will discuss clients that a public insect diagnostic laboratory might deal with on a regular basis. Undoubtedly, other diagnosticians will be able to relate to one or more clients in this list. We will identify those who most frequently use a public diagnostic laboratory, analyze what their real concerns are and postulate an educated guess as to what they expect to gain from their submission. This can be made much easier by using a carefully crafted submission form such as the one presented shown in Figure 6.1.
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© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 6.1 https://www.pdffiller.com/en/project/13032792.htm?utm_expid=2952066-99.A_0_ThWlSD6YkSYRZhQUuA. 0&utm_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdffiller.com%2F5287270-PPDL-1-Wpdf-PPDL---1---W-Physical-Sample-SubmissionForm---the-Purdue-Plant--Other-forms-ppdl-purdue#red5287270 http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu/PPDL/pubs/PPDL-1-W.pdf
Understanding the Needs and Expectations of the Client
FILLING OUT THE FORM LEAVE TOP EXPOSED!
1. Complete the form on the reverse side to the best of your ability. Give complete information pertinent to the sample, including background information. PLASTIC BAG 2. State the problem clearly and indicate specific information desired. 3. Photographs or digital images of the problem site are helpful. (well tied) 4. Attach an additional sheet if further explanation is necessary. 5. Submit white and yellow copies of the form, along with the specimen.
HOW TO COLLECT AND SHIP SPECIMENS
STURDY CRUSH-PROOF CONTAINER
ADDRESS LABEL
1. Collect fresh specimens. Send a generous amount of material, if available. 2. Ship in crush-proof container immediately after collecting. If holdover periods are encountered, keep specimen cool. MAIL PACKAGES TO ARRIVE ON WEEKDAYS. 3. Incomplete information or poorly selected specimens may result in an inaccurate diagnosis or inappropriate control recommendations. Badly damaged specimens are often unidentifiable and additional sample requests can cause delays.
SUBMITTING PLANT SPECIMENS FOR DISEASE/INJURY DIAGNOSIS 1. HERBACEOUS PLANTS: for general decline/dying of plants, send WHOLE PLANTS, showing EARLY SYMPTOMS, with roots and adjacent soil intact. DIG UP PLANT CAREFULLY. Send several plants. Bundle plants together and wrap roots in a plastic bag. Wrap the entire bundle of plants in newspaper and place in a crush-proof container for shipment. DO NOT ADD WATER. 2. TREE WILTS: collect branches 1/2 to 1 inch in diameter from branches which are actively wilting but NOT totally dead. Wrap in plastic to retain moisture. Collect a handful of feeder roots and place in a plastic bag. 3. LEAVES/BRANCHES/FLESHY PARTS: when localized infections such as cankers, leaf spots and rots are involved, send specimens representing early and moderate stages of disease. For cankers include healthy portions from above and below diseased area. Press leaves flat between heavy paper or cardboard. Wrap fleshy parts in dry paper. 4. TURF: samples should be at least 4" x 4" and include both the diseased and healthy portions of grass on the same sample piece. Place the sample on a disposable plate and wrap in newspaper for shipment.
SUBMITTING PLANT SPECIMENS FOR IDENTIFICATION 1. Include a 6-10 inch sample of the terminal (tip) portion of the stem with side buds, leaves and flowers in identifiable condition. 2. Place the sample flat between a layer or two of DRY newspaper, paper toweling or similar absorbent material. Try to prevent excessive folding of the leaves and place flowers so that you are looking into the center of the flower. 3. Pack the wrapped bundle in plastic, preferably with a piece of cardboard to keep the sample flat. 4. NEVER PLACE ANY FRESH PLANT SAMPLE DIRECTLY IN PLASTIC! 5. NEVER ADD WATER TO THE SAMPLE. 6. Shake excess water from AQUATIC WEED SAMPLES and place in plastic bag. 7. Wrap whole, uncut fruit specimens in paper, place in a strong box, and pack with additional paper to prevent crushing. 8. Package in sturdy crush-proof container and pack with additional paper to prevent shifting.
SUBMITTING INSECT SPECIMENS Care should be taken to package insects so that they arrive unbroken. Be sure to separate and label the insects if two or more are included in the same package and provide appropriate information on each. 1. TINY AND/OR SOFT-BODIED SPECIMENS: such as aphids, mites, thrips, caterpillars, grubs, and spiders should be submitted in a small leakproof bottle or vial of 70 percent alcohol. Rubbing (isopropyl) alcohol is suitable and readily available. Do not submit insects in water, formaldehyde or without alcohol as they will readily ferment and decompose. 2. HARD-BODIED SPECIMENS: such as flies, grasshoppers, cockroaches, wasps, butterflies and beetles can be submitted dry in a crush-proof container. Do not tape insects to paper or place them loose in envelopes.
SUBMITTING NEMATODE SPECIMENS If you suspect a nematode problem, and no other problem: 1. Collect at least one quart of soil from the root zone of affected plants. Include roots if plants are growing. 2. Place the entire sample in a plastic bag for shipment. Do not add water to the sample; do not allow it to dry out; and protect the sample from extreme heat (don t leave samples inside a parked vehicle in direct sunlight). It is often advantageous to collect a second, similar sample from a nearby area where plant growth appears normal. 3. To the OUTSIDE of each bag or package, attach a label, note ,or tag identifying the sample. 4. Send to Nematology Laboratory, Purdue University, Smith Hall, 901 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2089. If you have questions please call 765-494-4611.
FIGURE 6.1 Cont’d
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What Diagnosticians Learn from Sample Submission Forms SUBMITTER CLIENT INFORMATION The title (business) of the submitter or of the client can reveal important information about what should be included in a response. From the business name listed on the submission form, a diagnostician also may get a clue about the needs of the client. Knowing whether a response is to be written for a commercial grower or a hobbyist dictates how simple or inclusive to make the response. For that reason, it is very helpful if the submitter or the client can be identified based on job title. In the example submission form above, a checklist of the most common submitters to the diagnostic laboratory at Purdue University is provided. (While this list works well for the public diagnostician, a different list may be required by private diagnosticians.) It is always safe to assume that the response should be written to the submitter. Even if a client is listed but the sample was submitted by a professional pest manager, the response should be written to the submitter. This rule makes it easier to know the audience level at which the response must be written. For example, little detail about chemical pesticides or applications is necessary if the sample is submitted by a professional pest manager. It may safely be assumed that a certified professional will be aware of those because of their training. If specific controls are requested, knowing whether the submitter is a professional or homeowner influences what products should be recommended (professional use vs. do it yourself [DIY]), and what application recommendations to make.
CHECK INFORMATION DESIRED It makes sense to clearly understand what information the submitter desires when
submitting a specimen. A simple checklist including options (check one) such as:
• • • •
Problem identification Specimen identification Control recommendations and Other
helps to avoid misunderstandings and ambiguity. When the ‘information desired’ is not indicated by the submitter, a diagnostician is forced to make assumptions based on what he or she may think the submitter needs to know. In cases where the submitter and the client are not the same person, the response should be created especially for the submitter and care should be taken to address the indicated or assumed needs of the submitter. A certain level of identification and control detail is also dictated by the sample itself. For instance, if a brown recluse spider is submitted, it is incumbent upon the diagnostician to provide at least some basic warning of the potential harm that the spiders can pose in a home and how seriously they should be taken.
PLANT AND PEST INFORMATION The more precise a submitter can be in describing where the specimen came from, its behavior, and the extent of damage it has caused, the more confidence a diagnostician can have in the diagnosis of the pest. Knowing where the pest was collected also helps a diagnostician anticipate what control recommendations to include in a response.
DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM Allowing space for a submitter to describe the problem in their own words is extremely helpful. Often this section of the submission form is the most valuable to a diagnostician. It can dictate the direction an investigation may go and also adds valuable insight into how the submitter interprets or visualizes the problem.
Who Submits Samples and What They Expect
In many cases a submitter will choose to attach a separate description or a letter at this point. Increased detail allows the diagnosticians to do their job more easily and completely. Likewise, additional background information aids the diagnostician in determining what to include in a response. In a client’s self-description of the problem there may be found an indication as to what controls they have already tried. This is helpful information to have in formulating an appropriate response. If a client is already using bed bug encasements and residual pesticides, for example, then repeating that recommendation in a response would not be helpful. On the other hand, knowing that they have been used suggests that a comment about them is in order and even a further recommendation such as ‘seek professional help’ or ‘use heat treatments.’
YOUR TENTATIVE DIAGNOSIS An astute diagnostician can often tell how much a client already knows and what more they want to know about the sample by what they write in the tentative diagnostic section. For example, if a submitter writes ‘bug’ in the tentative diagnosis line, it may be assumed they simply want to know if the sample is an insect rather than a piece of debris. An appropriate diagnosis in this case would be to confirm that it is an insect (or not). Chances are that keying out the insect to the family, genus or species level is not needed. On the other hand, if the tentative diagnosis is Blattella germanica, then responding ‘Insect’ or even ‘Cockroach’ would be inappropriate. In this case, it is clear that the submitter wants to have an identification or confirmation at the species level. Because composing a written response should center around educating the client, asking for a tentative diagnosis can help gauge the level of understanding that a client begins with and therefore at what level to write the report. A response
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can either simply validate the submitter’s tentative identification or become a more extensive treatise on biology and management strategies. For example, if a client submits a spined soldier bug (Podisus maculiventris) and asks if this is a brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), a proper response could begin with, ‘Characters used to separate this specimen from a marmorated stink bug include the following ……….’ Conversely, if the same insect is submitted and the submitter asks if it is a cockroach, then the above response would be entirely inappropriate. It would be better to begin with how bugs differ from cockroaches and why knowing these differentiations is important. Assessing what is recorded in the ‘tentative diagnosis’ section not only provides a clue as to the level of identification that is required, but it also indicates what level of information should be included in ‘management recommendations.’ Depending upon the identification, some control information is mandatory, requested or not. In some cases, simply stating ‘No controls are recommended at this time’ is the most appropriate response. In other situations, very detailed management information and procedures are required.
WHO SUBMITS SAMPLES AND WHAT THEY EXPECT There are potentially many people who may use insect diagnostic services. Each has a slightly different reason for doing so. A general discussion of the most common patrons is in order.
Extension Field Staff All states have Extension programs that are part of the national land-grant university system. The mission of Extension is to pass along new or academically-gained information regarding agriculture, the environment, human health and the well-being of communities to the public. This is accomplished in many states by employing
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and sending Extension agents into rural areas to provide (extend) new and practical agricultural information to the end-users. Focus has since expanded to include human health and youth education, as well as food and agriculture-related programs in both rural and urban sectors. Agriculture Extension agents are, by necessity, generalists. Though most have advanced college education, as well as significant practical experience working with the public, they cannot possibly know every detail about every crop planted. For this level of detail, they rely on Extension specialists who are experts in one smaller area of learning and are usually stationed at the university. Extension agents are expected to teach those with whom they work. Education is implicit in the mission of Extension. In Indiana the name ‘Extension Agent’ was changed to ‘Extension Educator’ to reflect that important part of their job. Regardless of what they are called, Extension field staff must rely on specialists to support them in this important facet of their job. One small portion of what Extension agents need to know concerns insects and their management. Insect diagnosticians are part of the support team. They back-stop Extension field staff by providing identification, confirmation and control recommendations concerning insects and other arthropods. Extension agents seldom require a diagnosis that goes beyond common name, but they almost always require a synopsis of the behavior, biology and pest potential of the insect. If it is a potential pest they also require a short synopsis of its potential threat, basic control recommendations and a reference to a publication, website, or other lead where they might learn more. These facts are often simply passed along to their own clients. In some cases Extension agents submit samples on behalf of their client. In other cases they assist the client in submitting a sample. In all cases it is preferable to have the Extension educator involved at some level in both submitting the sample and in interpreting
the results. Such involvement is also beneficial to the field staff as a means of keeping current, up to date, and generally aware of what is happening. This way they are sufficiently informed to field similar questions independently, saving specialists both time and resources. Advantages of Extension agent participation in insect diagnostic services are that they often:
1. R ecognize the problems and can provide a ready solution because they have seen it before. They can then circumvent the need to submit many samples to a diagnostician. 2. Understand exactly what the client needs to know, can ask the proper questions, and can best educate because of their close relationship. 3. Can provide the background information needed for certain diagnoses because they have been through it before. 4. Can interpret the results of the diagnosis and answer follow-up questions for the client. 5. Can better train their clients through public forums, seminars and the local media.
Professional Pest Managers People who are employed in the pest management industry often submit samples to insect diagnostic laboratories. Depending upon what part of the industry they are in, they may submit samples from a wide range of settings, including agricultural, structural and urban, landscapes and turfgrass, health care or a variety of other specialty settings. Professional pest managers usually require a validation of their suspicions, although they sometimes ask entirely new or rare questions. Pest management/control is their specialty and so once they are sure what the pest is and where it came from they are usually quite adept at the control phase. Diagnosticians seldom need to expound on recommendations involving pesticides or their application to this group.
Who Submits Samples and What They Expect
Homeowners Generally, homeowners are the least informed of all the potential submitters. They are a difficult group to pigeonhole because homeowners are very diverse in terms of their entomological knowledge and background. In some instances diagnosticians need not provide an identification beyond the general ‘bug, beetle, spider’ level. What these homeowners want to know is if the pest has potential to cause damage: ‘Will it hurt me, my family, my pets or will it damage my property?’ If the response is yes to any of these, then a diagnostician should be prepared to offer details on how to prevent or manage the pest safely and effectively. Sometimes the correct diagnosis of a homeowner-submitted sample focuses less on answering questions asked and instead answers questions that should have been posed. For example, if a sample containing a jumping spider (Family: Salticidae) was submitted with a note saying, ‘I found this in my home, what is it?’ a technically correct diagnosis would be as follows: ‘This is a jumping spider, Freya ambigua (Araneae: Salticidae).’
However, a better diagnosis would give a more complete response: ‘The sample was identified as a jumping spider. In nature, these spiders are beneficial predators of many insect pests. Because these are hunting spiders (wander about in search of prey) they may occasionally find their way into homes by accident. They are non-aggressive spiders and do NOT bite people, pets or cause damage to homes. Chemical controls are not recommended. They may best be simply removed to the outside or destroyed with a fly swatter or vacuum when found.’
So, even though the homeowner asked ‘What is this?’ it is unlikely that they really want to know the scientific identity of the spider. In fact, it is unlikely that even providing the common name ‘jumping spider’ will suffice. More likely, the real question on the mind of the submitter
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is, ‘Will this spider hurt me or my family?’ and ‘What should I do now?’ As can be seen from the example above, by understanding a submitter’s true concerns, even though they were not expressed, a proper response can be formulated that will eliminate need for a follow-up dialogue.
Farmers Farmers, by definition, are generalists. They must know a great deal in addition to simply growing a crop. They must understand finance and business, mechanics, veterinary science, and marketing, in addition to agronomics, if they expect to stay in business. In addition they must understand crop production, how to prevent diseases, how to manage competitive weeds and how to protect against insect pests, both during production and during storage. Beyond a confirmation or identification of their pests, what farmers really require is an idea of pest threat or potential injury. Most realize that they will always have a certain number of insects to deal with. What they need is an estimate of how many they should tolerate before taking action. Because farming is a business and profit is the bottom line, an action threshold (see Chapter 8) will often save them a lot of expense. A diagnostician that can provide recommendations of ‘whether to’ and ‘when to’ apply a control, in addition to an identification, is of great value to farmers and agriculturalists. In order to do this a diagnostician also must be quite familiar with the crop and its growth and storage practices, as well as the insect pest.
Businesses Many clients that diagnosticians deal with represent large corporations or businesses. These may be agriculture-based or may be production or packaging businesses. Because insect pests can
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occur at nearly any point from the production of raw materials to processing, packaging and consumption, insect diagnosticians are required. Diagnosticians are trained entomologists who understand both the biology and behavior of the insect, as well as best management principles. These often have to be site-specific, thus recommendations should be made on a case by case basis. Many food-related production processes and other industries such as pharmaceutical plants are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other legislative bodies. Recommendations from the diagnostician must comply with these rules. In many instances, large businesses already employ diagnosticians as part of a quality control team. These in-house diagnosticians must have more in-depth knowledge about a few key pests and much more specific knowledge about the system with which they are affiliated than other diagnosticians outside the company. Often these diagnosticians look to validate their findings with other practicing diagnosticians stationed elsewhere.
are most often posed by someone in the legal profession. These questions may be just an initial probing to determine if there is justification for a lawsuit, or they may be used to collect facts for litigation, as well as expert testimony for cases that are already underway. Pest management contractors or others who have charge over managing pests can become party to a lawsuit when things do not go as planned. Pests that have contaminated foods, homes, hospitals and nursing homes are sometimes the basis for such inquiries. Pests that bite, sting or otherwise harm people are also the subject of litigation. Regardless of whether it is a seemingly simple identification or a management recommendation, any response from a diagnostician that may be used in legal proceedings must be very carefully thought out and accurately articulated. Lawyers representing both the defense and the prosecution require the services of well-trained and meticulous insect diagnosticians. Involvement may vary from a simple written identification to an opinion, consultation, deposition or even testimony under oath in a court of law.
Legal Profession
Professional Colleagues
When the legal profession becomes interested in a diagnosis it is usually because there has been a complaint. One party claims injury by an arthropod or pesticide and a second party is thought to be responsible in some way. Forensic entomology is a sub-science of entomology that deals with insects as part of legal investigations. We know that insects may reduce crop yields, contaminate foods, destroy buildings or products and may even harm human health. In order to get the correct facts, lawyers may seek out experts in diagnostic laboratories. Seasoned diagnosticians can recognize these cases simply by the questions that are posed. Questions such as:
Fellow entomologists trained in areas outside of diagnostics often need assistance with identification or control. Diagnosticians may be the first consultants that these experts go to with questions. Interactions can range from a simple confirmation of a tentative diagnosis to a precise and in-depth identification at the genus species level, in preparation for a peer-reviewed scientific publication. Insect diagnosticians are as indispensable to fellow entomology experts as they are to field staff.
‘How long has this pest been present?’ ‘Where did this pest originate?’ ‘Should someone have known or done something differently?’
Other Submitters Insect diagnosticians find themselves at the interface between general public and entomology expertise. They are often the first entomologists consulted for an answer to most every entomological question.
Who Submits Samples and What They Expect
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RANGE OF QUESTIONS SUBMITTED TO INSECT DIAGNOSTICIANS • I am in 4-H. Can you please identify my insect collection? • Can you state unequivocally where this spider came from? • Where do I get ants for my child’s ant farm? • I found a caterpillar and would like to watch it develop. What do you suggest? • Where can I find pesticides for purchase? • Are there more insects this year than normal? • Why am I not seeing monarch butterflies? I usually see them by now.
There are many different people from all walks of life, each with different reasons for submitting an arthropod for identification or a request for insect-related information from a diagnostic laboratory. General Interest Some submitters have a curiosity or general interest in facts, others such as news columnists might be looking for a story or for answers for their readers, or seeking a prognostication report. Requests are common from students in schools or from 4-H youth about where to find insects or how to improve a collection. Diagnosticians are expected to be able to answer questions as varied as vermiculture, butterfly rearing, fly tying for fishermen, horticulture planting, fertilizing, water quality matrices, and a host of other insect-related or sometimes unrelated topics. One particular group of submitters possesses a very closely held belief that insects have infested their person. This is a category of submitters that has become so prevalent and yet is so unique that it justifies a section of its own. Delusory Parasitosis Delusory parasitosis, also known as Ekbom syndrome, is so common that anyone practicing
• What pest control service do you suggest I use? • I have a half bag of insecticide left over. Can I use it? • Will we have more or less insects next year? • I have invented a product that I believe will control mosquitoes. Can you help verify that it works? • Last month while hiking I saw a big, black, prehistoric-looking insect that I have never seen before. I am 85 years old. What was it?
general insect diagnostics is certain to encounter it sooner or later (Ekbom, 1938; Wilson, 1946; Hinkle, 2000). Established, public insect diagnosticians regularly see 5–10% of their sample load coming from clients who express symptoms of delusory parasitosis. The disease is a form of psychosis whose victims hold a strong but delusional (false) belief that their person is infested with insects or mites. They express sensations of arthropods crawling on, burrowing into, or biting them. Typically, the psychosis worsens over time to include not only feeling the bites or crawling on the skin or scalp to perceptions of actually seeing the ‘bug.’ Such sightings are usually accompanied by bizarre behavioral descriptions, wherein the ‘bug’ bores in and out of the body, or is carried through the circulatory system. Often descriptions of bizarre metamorphosis are related in which the insect changes into a strange form, sometimes with wings or with non-insect-like abilities ranging from drilling into furniture, wood or even porcelain, in order to evade capture before going back into the person again (Hinkle, 2010). Often this delusion of parasitosis extends to a person’s dwelling in addition to their body. Furniture, automobiles, homes, and places of work can become ‘infested.’ It is common to receive
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detailed accounts, either written or oral, submitted with an enormous number of samples collected from various body regions or sites within the home. The sheer number of samples collected and submitted is often itself a sign of the disease. The belief is so fixed that even when victims are made aware of the impossibility of their perceptions, are repeatedly told that their samples contain NO insects or mites or that NO insects or mites behave in that fashion, their belief is not shaken and they will continue to submit samples as if to convince by sheer persistence or by an overwhelming number of samples. It is rare that two or more people from a single household suffer from this disorder at the same time, even when considering the tremendous peer pressure that is brought to bear. Even though illogical, the fact that only one member of the residence is afflicted does nothing to convince a person suffering from delusory parasitosis. Multiple opinions from different people also fail to convince a person suffering from this disease. An insect diagnostician may safely assume that they are only one of a large number of people that this person will contact, looking for validation as much as diagnosis.
Delusory parasitosis, also known as Ekbom’s Syndrome (Ekbom, 1938) is a presumed psychiatric condition ascribed to individuals who are convinced, in the absence of any empirical evidence, that they are infested with an insect or parasite (Poorbaugh, 1993; Webb, 1993a). These individuals experience itching, stinging/ biting, and crawling sensations on or under their skin, which are often associated with excoriations, discoloration, scaling, tunneling or sores. Their conviction that they are infested is reinforced by their observation of particles described as sparkly, crusty, crystal-like, white or black specks and/or fibers. Typically, these individuals have consulted extensively with general physicians,
Ethical pest managers never treat such cases with pesticides because the end result is always the same: no control. The best response by anyone handling these cases is a referral to a medical professional such as a dermatologist who may hopefully refer the client to a psychologist for help. It is important that an insect diagnostician not provide a diagnosis outside of his or her expertise. Having no formal training in either medicine or psychiatry, a diagnostician or credentials cannot diagnose Ekbom syndrome or even delusory parasitosis but can only make a referral and hope that someone down the line is able to assist. Unfortunately, delusory parasitosis is often not immediately recognized by medical professionals and thus is sometimes treated with creams or scabies-related solutions. This only exacerbates the problem. Delusory parasitosis lies on the fringes of current psychiatry and thus is often discounted even by professionals. Sadly, it is the cause of considerable suffering by the victim and the victim’s extended family. Loss of sleep, pain, expense, and a loss of quality of life for the patient, as well as the family, is very real. Ekbom syndrome spans educational, socioeconomic, racial, and age classes. It is not uncommon to witness a very well-spoken or
dermatologists, and entomologists (Kushon et al., 1993) who could not find physical cause for their complaints. Despite findings ruling out lice, scabies or other medical causes, patients refuse to accept the diagnosis of delusory parasitosis (Koblenzer, 1993; Webb, 1993b), become extremely focused on eradicating the pests, and further compromise their skin by frequent scratching, excessive cleaning, and the application of various remedies such as prescription pesticides for lice or scabies, household cleaning products, and organic solvents or fuels. The symptoms are debilitating and the sufferer’s distress is compounded by the lack of a concrete physical diagnosis (Lim, 2009; Hinkle, 2010).
Who Submits Samples and What They Expect
highly successful person suffering from this disease. Experts have made some correlations with past drug abuse or recent personal stress such as loss of a loved one, a career change, loss of job or even a move. However, little additional research has been published concerning this mental disease. The role of an insect diagnostician in cases of delusory parasitosis is to first examine the samples submitted, rule out any possible arthropod involvement and then to refer the sufferer to a medical professional who is able to help. It is incumbent upon all practicing insect diagnosticians to become familiar with the symptoms and signs of this syndrome so that a rational and explicit response is ready. The most desirable outcome is a speedy response so that the victim and the diagnostician can be distanced. Remember that regardless of how much sympathy is felt, an insect diagnostician will NOT be able to resolve this problem. Asking for additional samples or enduring multiple and lengthy conversations will at best prolong the distress and at worst validate an actual insect infestation in the victim’s mind (Hinkle, 2010). Actual Parasitosis Having described Ekbom syndrome in detail, there are cases that may, at first glance, appear as delusory parasitosis but are, in fact, actual parasitosis. A diagnostician must rule out these possibilities before making any judgments. Certain
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mites such as scabies, chiggers, northern fowl and any of several itch mites can infest people or homes. Some small biting insects such as bed bugs, bat bugs, fleas, lice and springtails may also afflict people. Keeping these possibilities in mind as a diagnostician examines a sample will allow for the possibility of actual parasitosis. Questioning the patient is an effective way of corroborating a conclusion. When patients describe a truly bizarrely-behaving insect that they cannot catch, diagnosticians should beware. When the victim is very young, old or otherwise compromised, incorrect conclusions may result because communication lines are not optimal. In these cases extra thorough inspection is required. Illusions of Parasitosis Illusions of parasitosis refers to a condition in which dermal sensations caused by a change in a person’s environment are attributed to insects. Dermatologists know that sensitive people develop itchy or sensitive skin in reaction to substances such as smoke, new carpets, dry air, static electricity, or environmental changes. These sensations can be misinterpreted as being caused by arthropods. However, one of the main differences between illusions of parasitosis and Ekbom syndrome is that those suffering from illusions of parasitosis can be reasoned with. With sufficient explanation, they can see and accept the reality of their confusion.