- Email: [email protected]
Use of computers by geologists in China
Computer Corner This group consists of the people from the Institute of Geology (Academia Sinica of China), the Institute of Mineral Deposits (Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences), Wuhang Geological College, Changcuen Geological College, Chengdu Geological College, Geological Department of Beijing University, Mathematical Department of Yunang University, the Institute of Mathematics, Centre of Computation (Academia Sinica of China), Capital Iron and Steel Company, the Institute of Uranium Geology in Beijing, the Institute of Coal Geology in Xian, the Institute of Petroleum, and so on. Of course, these units are not the only important ones engaging in mathematical geology in China. Many other
429
geological institutes, colleges, and production teams have been engaged in researches on mathematical geology. On the basis of that, a special committee under Geological Society of China is going to be set up next year. This committee will be the institutional member of IAMG instead of Geological Society of China.
YU JINSHENG Ll YUWEX
Institute of MineralDeposits Chinese Academy of GeologicalSciences Beiwuanzhuang Belling, China
C O M P U T E R USE IN C H I N E S E G E O L O G Y Until now there has been almost no opportunity for international exchange of geologists using computers in China with the West, thus mutual knowledge of the extent of the work in the different parts of the world is rather scarce. Actually many articles on computer use in geology have been published in Chinese which have never been translated into English. In the near future, hopefully exchange will be better. In order to emphasize the importance of computer use in geology, the Ministry of Geology established the Institute of Computing Technology Applications in 1978. It now employs about 400 people, about 130 of whom are scientific workers. The main tasks of the Institute are research on methods of data processing and inter-
pretation, processing data acquired from magnetic, gravity, seismic, regional geochemical, electromagnetic prospecting, and others, and constructing data bases for geology in China. In these areas, the Institute is considered as the leading unit in China. There are many geological and geophysical prospecting teams in China. Many of these teams have special groups concerned with the use of computers for processing and interpreting data acquired by their teams.
Institute of Computing TechniqueApplications Ministry of Geology Bei]ing, People's Republicof China
LI SHU-ZHONG
USE OF C O M P U T E R S BY G E O L O G I S T S IN C H I N A Recently the Chinese have shown interest in learning of geomathematics and computer applications in the West. Contacts have indicated some application of multivariate statistics to several problems and the use of finite-element methods. Most of the applications as indictated by the titles (and abstracts) of the publications are in the fields of stratigraphy, structure, geohydrology, seismology, and mineral resources. Unfortunately no mention is made of use of computers by Chinese geologists in any of the accounts of visits to China by international delegations, including summaries by Drake, Hsu, and Trumpy (1978) and Sutton (1978) of the lUGS sponsored exchanges, that are reestablishing contacts. Before 1966 there were few digital computers in China, thus only a few geologists were involved in computer applications. From 1966-72 little was accomplished because of the "Great Cultural Revolution." Therefore, the development of geomathematics in China is now only at an early stage. Starting in 1978 direct contacts with the West were made and the first colloquium on computer applications in geology was sponsored by the Institute of Geology of the Academia Sinica, and the Institute of
tWith exception of the material presented here in this issue of Computers & Geosciences.
Mineral Deposits of the Chinese Academia of Geological Sciences. The first volume of the proceedings were published in 1980 as Special Series on Mathematical Geology No. I and contained 15 papers (in Chinese with no English title or abstracts). One paper has a short computer program in ALGOL and another two short programs in COBOL (Liu and others, 1980). The Geological Society of China has indicated an interest in participating in the activities of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (IAMG). There is a group which is interested in the subject of geochemistry and mineral exploration at Wuhan Geological College in Wuhan. The Institute of Geology in the Academia Sinica has a Research Group for Mathmeatical Geology. Other than these groups little or nothing is known of activity except for the few publications that have filtered through to the West.t At present nothing is known about the availability in China of computers to geologists. It is estimated that of the between 1200 and 1500 computers now in operation in China, only about 100 of them were imported from the West with as many as 30 earmarked for geophysical exploration (Table I). Of these 100, at least 50 different models were represented as part of turnkey projects for a variety of uses. China has developed a series of computers with the DJS-200 group the newest and based on
430
Computer Corner Table 1. Foreign sales to China in 1970-79 of computers possibly available in geology and geophysics (from Szuprowicz, 1980) Year (No.) ComputerModel
End-user Details
1973
Shengli o i l - f i e l d seismic research Seismic exploration system Seismic exploration systems Part of oil-exploration system Seismic oil-exploration systems Oil-production control system Geological exploration system Peking Science & Technology University Peking DocumentationService China Resources, Hong Kong Geological surveying applications State Seismolooical Bureau Petroleum Research Institute Chinese Academyof Science Geophyscial exploration centers
1974 1975 1976
(2) (B)
1977 1978
Univac (Sercel) Raytheon 704 CDC CYBER172 Interdata PDP 11/45 Videoton Daedalus Univac l l O 0 / l l Univac llOO/12 ECLIPSE C350 HITAC M-160
1979 (2) (10)
Univac llOO/12 Univac llOO/ll Fujitsu M-190 CDC CYBER172, 173, 175
the IBM 360 technology (Szuprowicz, 1980). Many of these models must be available to scientists working in the different institutes.
REFERENCES
Drake, C., Hsu, K., and Trumy, R., 1978, China revisited: Geotimes, v. 23, no. 2, p. 18-19. Liu, Cheug-zuo, and others, 1980, Special issue for mathematical geology, v. h Publ. House of Geology, Beijing, 205 p. Sutton, J., 1978, China: a pictorial close-up: Episodes, v. 1978, no. I, p. 11-15. Szuprowicz, B., 1980, Other nations will challenge U.S. computer dominance in the 80's: High Technology, v. 1, no. 1, p. 18-20. PUBLICATIONSOF INTEREST Note. Not all publications have been seen by the author; spellings and citations may differ slightly according to source of information. Chang, Shan-kedi, 1976, Employment of the quadratic discriminant function for interpreting beds with water and petroleum: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 3, p. 2.22-226. (in Chinese with English abstract). Chung, Yichang, Lu. Zoaxun, and Liu, Tiange, 1979, Characteristics of crustal structures in northeast China and their relations to the distribution of strong earthquakes: Seismology and Geology, v. 1, no. 2, p. 21-36. (in Chinese with English abstract).~ Czyan, Shen. 1976, Mathematical aspects of geological exploration: Shuxuedi Shijian Yu Renshi, no. 3, p. 33-39. (in Chinese). Fang, J. H., 1977. Application of geostatistical method of Kriging to the analysis of coal exploration data: Geol. Soc. China Mere. No. 2. p. 245-248. (in English with a Chinese abstract). Gao, Weian, Xu, Dao-yi, Yan, Aifen, Zhou, Sheng-kui, and Wang, Qi-ming, 1977, Establishment of a table of traverse times of P waves in China: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. !, p. 6-25. (in Chinese with English abstract). Huang, Ching-hua, 1974, A preliminary discussion of en echelon folding from theoretical analysis and model experiments: Scientia Sinica, v. 17, no. 6, p. 803-813. (in English). Institute of Computation Technology Applications, 1980, System GC-79-the first step toward data bank for the project of "National Reconnaissance by Regional Geochemistry" (NRRG): Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration. no. 4, p. 1-60. (in Chinese). Li. Yu-wei, Yu, Jin-sheng, and Xie, Xi-lin, 1979, Cluster prediction of mineral resources, in Scientific papers in geology for *Contains a computer program listing.
Acknowledgments--I would like to thank Lui Cheng-zuo, Yu Jinsheug, Li Yuwei, Zhang Qi-rui, Li Shu-zhong, and Huaug Zhaug zhe for reading the manuscript and offering helpful suggestions. Tomas Jasko and Donald B. Mclntyre checked references and helped in other ways.
international exchange: Publ. House of Geology. Beijing, no. 6, p. 63--74.(in Chinese with English abstract). Li, Yu-wei, Yu, Jin-sheng, Xie, Xi-lin, Zhang, Yucai, Zhang, Jiayuan, Zhang, Shuhuang, Zhang, Minghui.and Cben, Yu-sen, 1980, The statistical prediction of the iron ore resources in the South Fujian: Chinese Acad. Geol. Sciences Bull. (ser. Ill), v. 1, no. 1, p. 114--138.(in Chinese with English abstract). Lin, Zhen-min, 1980, A system for automatic plotting of aeromagnetic data: Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, no. 4, p. 7-15. (in Chinese). Liu, Cheng-zuo, 1979, Statistic analysis of tectonic fracture systems: Scientica Geolog/ca Sinica, no. 22, p. 1033-1035. (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Cheng-zuo, and Zhang, Yan-bo, 1976, The multivariate statistical studies on the natroreplacement rocks in an iron deposit of Province Hebei: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 2. p. 169-183. (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Cheng-zuo, Zhang, Yan-bo, and Xie, Ein, 1979, Application of mathematical method to mineral-geological researches: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 2, p. 167-176. (in Chinese with English abstract). Loo, Huan-yen, 1974, On the application of the finite element method in geomechanics: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. I, p. 79-100. (in Chinese with English abstract). Loo, Huan-yen, and Hu, Zun-gue, 1974, Finite element study of free surface radial symmetric stationary filtration in layered porous media: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 3, p. 283-290.(in Chinese with English abstract). Loo, Huan-yen, and Hu, Zun-guo, 1975, Finite element analysis of time-dependent pumping test data in an unconfined aquifer: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 1, p. 82-90. (in Chinese with English abstract). Loo, Huan-yen, Li, Hong-Ji, and Chen, Yu-sun, 1976, Finite element Galerkin method for the inverse problem of nonDarcy flow in gravel aquifer: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 1, p. 56--63.(in Chinese with English abstract). Lu, Jiren, and others, 1980, The distribution and state of chrome in the Hougge layered vanadium-bearing titanomagnetic deposit in Sichuan Province: Chinese Acad. Geol. Sciences Bull. (set. III), v. 1, no. I, p. 1-16. (in Chinese with English abstract). Sun, Wen-peng,and Xu, Dao-yi, 1979, Discriminationof different mineralized granites of Yanshanian age in the South of China: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 1, p. 92-97. (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, H. S., Bai, W. J., and Wan, C. Y., 1978, A petrochemical
Computer Corner classification of ultrabasic and basic rocks: Acta Geol. Sinica, no. I, p. 33-39. (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, Si-Jing,Zhang, and Ju-ming, 1978, Analysis of the stability of rock massif structures: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. I, p. 1-25. (in Chinese with English abstract). Xiao, Yi-yue,Xu, Dao-yi,and Yin,Ji-xiang, 1974,Geochronological studies by multivariate discriminate analysis: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 2, p. 189-195. (in Chinese with English abstract). Xiao, Yi-yue, Xu, Hui-fen, Chen, Huan-liang, and Chen, Yuan shao, 1977, Determination of the horizon of subterranean thermal water in Beijing: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 3, p. 289-298. (in Chinese with English abstract). Xu, Dao-yi, and Sun, Hui-wen, 1966, Trend-surface analysis of stratigraphic data: Stratigraphy Magazine, v. I, no. 1. (in Chinese). Xu, Dao-yi, and Sun, Hui-wen, 1973, Some application of mathematical methods in stratigraphic and tectonic studies: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 2, p. 152-161. (in Chinese with English abstract). Xu, Dao-yi, Xue, En, Song, Hui-zhan, 1974, Geological interpretation of the treatment by computer of some focal mechanism parameters for certain earthquakes in China: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 4, p. 371-377. (in Chinese). Yang, Wei-hua, 1978, A linear model for the geochemistry of
431
petroleum and gas: Geochimica China, no. 2, p. 104-123. (in Chinese with English abstract). Yin, You-quan, Qu, Shengnian, and Liu, Jun, 1979, The applications of nonlinear finite elements methods in geotechniques: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 3, p. 236--251. (in Chinese with English abstract). Yu, Cong-wen, and others, 1980, Methods of mathematical geology and their application: Multivariate analysis in the geological work and geochemical exploration: Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing,942 p. Zhang, Ju-ming, 1975, Methods for drawing contour maps and block diagrams by digital computer: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. I, p. 72-81. (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, Qi-rui, 1977, An example of trend-surface analysis of gentle folds: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 4, p. 377-389. (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhou, Sheng-kui, 1976, Methods for the plotting of stereoscopic figures using an electronic digital computer: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. I, p. 74--86.(in Chinese with English abstract). D. F. MERRIAM
Department of Geology Wichita State University Wichita, KS 67208 U.S.A.
429
geological institutes, colleges, and production teams have been engaged in researches on mathematical geology. On the basis of that, a special committee under Geological Society of China is going to be set up next year. This committee will be the institutional member of IAMG instead of Geological Society of China.
YU JINSHENG Ll YUWEX
Institute of MineralDeposits Chinese Academy of GeologicalSciences Beiwuanzhuang Belling, China
C O M P U T E R USE IN C H I N E S E G E O L O G Y Until now there has been almost no opportunity for international exchange of geologists using computers in China with the West, thus mutual knowledge of the extent of the work in the different parts of the world is rather scarce. Actually many articles on computer use in geology have been published in Chinese which have never been translated into English. In the near future, hopefully exchange will be better. In order to emphasize the importance of computer use in geology, the Ministry of Geology established the Institute of Computing Technology Applications in 1978. It now employs about 400 people, about 130 of whom are scientific workers. The main tasks of the Institute are research on methods of data processing and inter-
pretation, processing data acquired from magnetic, gravity, seismic, regional geochemical, electromagnetic prospecting, and others, and constructing data bases for geology in China. In these areas, the Institute is considered as the leading unit in China. There are many geological and geophysical prospecting teams in China. Many of these teams have special groups concerned with the use of computers for processing and interpreting data acquired by their teams.
Institute of Computing TechniqueApplications Ministry of Geology Bei]ing, People's Republicof China
LI SHU-ZHONG
USE OF C O M P U T E R S BY G E O L O G I S T S IN C H I N A Recently the Chinese have shown interest in learning of geomathematics and computer applications in the West. Contacts have indicated some application of multivariate statistics to several problems and the use of finite-element methods. Most of the applications as indictated by the titles (and abstracts) of the publications are in the fields of stratigraphy, structure, geohydrology, seismology, and mineral resources. Unfortunately no mention is made of use of computers by Chinese geologists in any of the accounts of visits to China by international delegations, including summaries by Drake, Hsu, and Trumpy (1978) and Sutton (1978) of the lUGS sponsored exchanges, that are reestablishing contacts. Before 1966 there were few digital computers in China, thus only a few geologists were involved in computer applications. From 1966-72 little was accomplished because of the "Great Cultural Revolution." Therefore, the development of geomathematics in China is now only at an early stage. Starting in 1978 direct contacts with the West were made and the first colloquium on computer applications in geology was sponsored by the Institute of Geology of the Academia Sinica, and the Institute of
tWith exception of the material presented here in this issue of Computers & Geosciences.
Mineral Deposits of the Chinese Academia of Geological Sciences. The first volume of the proceedings were published in 1980 as Special Series on Mathematical Geology No. I and contained 15 papers (in Chinese with no English title or abstracts). One paper has a short computer program in ALGOL and another two short programs in COBOL (Liu and others, 1980). The Geological Society of China has indicated an interest in participating in the activities of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (IAMG). There is a group which is interested in the subject of geochemistry and mineral exploration at Wuhan Geological College in Wuhan. The Institute of Geology in the Academia Sinica has a Research Group for Mathmeatical Geology. Other than these groups little or nothing is known of activity except for the few publications that have filtered through to the West.t At present nothing is known about the availability in China of computers to geologists. It is estimated that of the between 1200 and 1500 computers now in operation in China, only about 100 of them were imported from the West with as many as 30 earmarked for geophysical exploration (Table I). Of these 100, at least 50 different models were represented as part of turnkey projects for a variety of uses. China has developed a series of computers with the DJS-200 group the newest and based on
430
Computer Corner Table 1. Foreign sales to China in 1970-79 of computers possibly available in geology and geophysics (from Szuprowicz, 1980) Year (No.) ComputerModel
End-user Details
1973
Shengli o i l - f i e l d seismic research Seismic exploration system Seismic exploration systems Part of oil-exploration system Seismic oil-exploration systems Oil-production control system Geological exploration system Peking Science & Technology University Peking DocumentationService China Resources, Hong Kong Geological surveying applications State Seismolooical Bureau Petroleum Research Institute Chinese Academyof Science Geophyscial exploration centers
1974 1975 1976
(2) (B)
1977 1978
Univac (Sercel) Raytheon 704 CDC CYBER172 Interdata PDP 11/45 Videoton Daedalus Univac l l O 0 / l l Univac llOO/12 ECLIPSE C350 HITAC M-160
1979 (2) (10)
Univac llOO/12 Univac llOO/ll Fujitsu M-190 CDC CYBER172, 173, 175
the IBM 360 technology (Szuprowicz, 1980). Many of these models must be available to scientists working in the different institutes.
REFERENCES
Drake, C., Hsu, K., and Trumy, R., 1978, China revisited: Geotimes, v. 23, no. 2, p. 18-19. Liu, Cheug-zuo, and others, 1980, Special issue for mathematical geology, v. h Publ. House of Geology, Beijing, 205 p. Sutton, J., 1978, China: a pictorial close-up: Episodes, v. 1978, no. I, p. 11-15. Szuprowicz, B., 1980, Other nations will challenge U.S. computer dominance in the 80's: High Technology, v. 1, no. 1, p. 18-20. PUBLICATIONSOF INTEREST Note. Not all publications have been seen by the author; spellings and citations may differ slightly according to source of information. Chang, Shan-kedi, 1976, Employment of the quadratic discriminant function for interpreting beds with water and petroleum: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 3, p. 2.22-226. (in Chinese with English abstract). Chung, Yichang, Lu. Zoaxun, and Liu, Tiange, 1979, Characteristics of crustal structures in northeast China and their relations to the distribution of strong earthquakes: Seismology and Geology, v. 1, no. 2, p. 21-36. (in Chinese with English abstract).~ Czyan, Shen. 1976, Mathematical aspects of geological exploration: Shuxuedi Shijian Yu Renshi, no. 3, p. 33-39. (in Chinese). Fang, J. H., 1977. Application of geostatistical method of Kriging to the analysis of coal exploration data: Geol. Soc. China Mere. No. 2. p. 245-248. (in English with a Chinese abstract). Gao, Weian, Xu, Dao-yi, Yan, Aifen, Zhou, Sheng-kui, and Wang, Qi-ming, 1977, Establishment of a table of traverse times of P waves in China: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. !, p. 6-25. (in Chinese with English abstract). Huang, Ching-hua, 1974, A preliminary discussion of en echelon folding from theoretical analysis and model experiments: Scientia Sinica, v. 17, no. 6, p. 803-813. (in English). Institute of Computation Technology Applications, 1980, System GC-79-the first step toward data bank for the project of "National Reconnaissance by Regional Geochemistry" (NRRG): Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration. no. 4, p. 1-60. (in Chinese). Li. Yu-wei, Yu, Jin-sheng, and Xie, Xi-lin, 1979, Cluster prediction of mineral resources, in Scientific papers in geology for *Contains a computer program listing.
Acknowledgments--I would like to thank Lui Cheng-zuo, Yu Jinsheug, Li Yuwei, Zhang Qi-rui, Li Shu-zhong, and Huaug Zhaug zhe for reading the manuscript and offering helpful suggestions. Tomas Jasko and Donald B. Mclntyre checked references and helped in other ways.
international exchange: Publ. House of Geology. Beijing, no. 6, p. 63--74.(in Chinese with English abstract). Li, Yu-wei, Yu, Jin-sheng, Xie, Xi-lin, Zhang, Yucai, Zhang, Jiayuan, Zhang, Shuhuang, Zhang, Minghui.and Cben, Yu-sen, 1980, The statistical prediction of the iron ore resources in the South Fujian: Chinese Acad. Geol. Sciences Bull. (ser. Ill), v. 1, no. 1, p. 114--138.(in Chinese with English abstract). Lin, Zhen-min, 1980, A system for automatic plotting of aeromagnetic data: Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, no. 4, p. 7-15. (in Chinese). Liu, Cheng-zuo, 1979, Statistic analysis of tectonic fracture systems: Scientica Geolog/ca Sinica, no. 22, p. 1033-1035. (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Cheng-zuo, and Zhang, Yan-bo, 1976, The multivariate statistical studies on the natroreplacement rocks in an iron deposit of Province Hebei: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 2. p. 169-183. (in Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Cheng-zuo, Zhang, Yan-bo, and Xie, Ein, 1979, Application of mathematical method to mineral-geological researches: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 2, p. 167-176. (in Chinese with English abstract). Loo, Huan-yen, 1974, On the application of the finite element method in geomechanics: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. I, p. 79-100. (in Chinese with English abstract). Loo, Huan-yen, and Hu, Zun-gue, 1974, Finite element study of free surface radial symmetric stationary filtration in layered porous media: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 3, p. 283-290.(in Chinese with English abstract). Loo, Huan-yen, and Hu, Zun-guo, 1975, Finite element analysis of time-dependent pumping test data in an unconfined aquifer: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 1, p. 82-90. (in Chinese with English abstract). Loo, Huan-yen, Li, Hong-Ji, and Chen, Yu-sun, 1976, Finite element Galerkin method for the inverse problem of nonDarcy flow in gravel aquifer: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 1, p. 56--63.(in Chinese with English abstract). Lu, Jiren, and others, 1980, The distribution and state of chrome in the Hougge layered vanadium-bearing titanomagnetic deposit in Sichuan Province: Chinese Acad. Geol. Sciences Bull. (set. III), v. 1, no. I, p. 1-16. (in Chinese with English abstract). Sun, Wen-peng,and Xu, Dao-yi, 1979, Discriminationof different mineralized granites of Yanshanian age in the South of China: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 1, p. 92-97. (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, H. S., Bai, W. J., and Wan, C. Y., 1978, A petrochemical
Computer Corner classification of ultrabasic and basic rocks: Acta Geol. Sinica, no. I, p. 33-39. (in Chinese with English abstract). Wang, Si-Jing,Zhang, and Ju-ming, 1978, Analysis of the stability of rock massif structures: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. I, p. 1-25. (in Chinese with English abstract). Xiao, Yi-yue,Xu, Dao-yi,and Yin,Ji-xiang, 1974,Geochronological studies by multivariate discriminate analysis: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 2, p. 189-195. (in Chinese with English abstract). Xiao, Yi-yue, Xu, Hui-fen, Chen, Huan-liang, and Chen, Yuan shao, 1977, Determination of the horizon of subterranean thermal water in Beijing: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 3, p. 289-298. (in Chinese with English abstract). Xu, Dao-yi, and Sun, Hui-wen, 1966, Trend-surface analysis of stratigraphic data: Stratigraphy Magazine, v. I, no. 1. (in Chinese). Xu, Dao-yi, and Sun, Hui-wen, 1973, Some application of mathematical methods in stratigraphic and tectonic studies: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 2, p. 152-161. (in Chinese with English abstract). Xu, Dao-yi, Xue, En, Song, Hui-zhan, 1974, Geological interpretation of the treatment by computer of some focal mechanism parameters for certain earthquakes in China: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 4, p. 371-377. (in Chinese). Yang, Wei-hua, 1978, A linear model for the geochemistry of
431
petroleum and gas: Geochimica China, no. 2, p. 104-123. (in Chinese with English abstract). Yin, You-quan, Qu, Shengnian, and Liu, Jun, 1979, The applications of nonlinear finite elements methods in geotechniques: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 3, p. 236--251. (in Chinese with English abstract). Yu, Cong-wen, and others, 1980, Methods of mathematical geology and their application: Multivariate analysis in the geological work and geochemical exploration: Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing,942 p. Zhang, Ju-ming, 1975, Methods for drawing contour maps and block diagrams by digital computer: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. I, p. 72-81. (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, Qi-rui, 1977, An example of trend-surface analysis of gentle folds: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. 4, p. 377-389. (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhou, Sheng-kui, 1976, Methods for the plotting of stereoscopic figures using an electronic digital computer: Scientia Geologica Sinica, no. I, p. 74--86.(in Chinese with English abstract). D. F. MERRIAM
Department of Geology Wichita State University Wichita, KS 67208 U.S.A.