- Email: [email protected]
Using A Task-Centered Approach To Assess Teamwork In Intervention-Based Pharmacy Studies
e68
Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e65–e74
Patient and Public Involvement in Social Pharmacy Research M.P. Tully1, S. Desselle2, 1Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK, 2California Northstate University, California, USA Contemporary approaches to patient and public involvement (PPI) in research means carrying out studies ‘with’ or ‘by’ members of the public (including patients, potential patients and carers) rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them. Such involvement is central to much health research policy. For example, the National Institute for Health Research in the UK and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute in the USA require meaningful PPI in applications to their funding programmes. PPI could bring into the research process, for example, the expertise of people living with a chronic disease for many years or the voices of taxpayers as the new treatments to be investigated by a national health service. It can mean involving members of the public in priority-setting, helping with aspects of study design such as recruitment or in the dissemination of research findings to public audiences. However, it is challenging for researchers who have never organised PPI to see how they can involve nonresearchers in their studies in such a way that it is meaningful for both parties and not merely “lip service” to the concept. Aims of the workshop: This workshop aims to introduce participants to the conduct of PPI in social pharmacy research and co-develop ways to employ PPI during the initial design of the study, throughout its conduct and in its dissemination to a range of audiences. It will do this by presentations from the workshop facilitators and by learning from the experiences of the workshop participants. Learning Objectives: After attending the workshop, participants should be able to: 1. Describe key areas where PPI is feasible in social pharmacy research and how it might be the best approach to certain study phenomena. 2Describe potential ways of organising meaningful PPI in their own research area. 3. Discuss ways in which problems and dilemmas might be addressed. 4. Begin planning PPI for the design, conduct and/or dissemination of their next social pharmacy research study or grant. Description of Workshop Activities: In keeping with the ethos of PPI, this session will be highly interactive, involving workshop participants as “the public” who have a stake in this research, and using vignettes of research ideas for discussion. Introductions and ice-breaker on what experience the group members have had with PPI in their research, formally or informally (other than as research subjects). (10minutes). Patient and public involvement in health services and social pharmacy research (presentation by workshop leaders) (15 minutes). 25 minutes - Group work to identify some of the potential ways in which researchers can employ PPI in the design of research (10 minutes). 35 minutes - Feedback from working
groups (15 minutes). 50 minutes - Group work to identify some of the potential ways in which researchers can employ PPI in the conduct and dissemination of research (15 minutes). 65 minutes - Feedback from working groups (15 minutes). 80 minutes -General discussion and summarising (10 minutes). 90 minutes -Close of session. Participants may request copies of the group outputs after the conference.
Using A Task-Centered Approach To Assess Teamwork In Intervention-Based Pharmacy Studies S.Y. Hsu1, J.K. Mount2, 1School of Pharmacy, West Coast University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Assessing teamwork accurately is key to providing evidence to the effectiveness of healthcare teams. Currently, measuring teamwork has mostly relied on observation carried out by trained personnel or selfreports by team members participating in team processes. Both approaches are useful in assessing team functioning in complex work situations. However, observation studies can be labor intensive and time consuming, while self-reports often suffer from reporting bias. Also, there is a need to pinpoint areas of processes or tasks for further improvement, which can be accomplished using appropriate measurement approaches. To address these issues, we developed an approach that incorporates task analysis to assess teamwork. Tasks involved in teamwork can be specified in an observable, objective, and clear manner. These then serve as the points of reference for respondents when assessing teamwork. This approach builds upon the principle that team-building often focuses on tasks; for example, team-building needs to ensure task alignment among team members and adequate fit between individual skills and task requirements. Moreover, many intervention studies and quality improvement efforts involve redesigning roles or realigning tasks among various health professions. Our approach can help understand how tasks are performed during the intervention and whether changes are carried out as planned. This task-centered approach was applied in a pharmacist-led, communitybased intervention for hypertension management. One pharmacist paired with one technician to implement the monthly blood pressure (BP) clinics. The Pharmacy Team Measure (PTM) was developed to collect information specific to the 13 tasks involved in the clinics. Pharmacists and technicians who implemented the clinics responded to the PTM. Their responses were compared to generate team-level results (i.e. team agreement and team communication). Results related to teamwork in this intervention will be presented in the workshop. Aims of the workshop: (1) to discuss various facets of teamwork and existing approaches to measuring teamwork; (2) to present a task-centered measurement approach used in an intervention-based
Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e65–e74 study; and (3) to stimulate discussion on how this approach can be applied in other pharmacy-based interventions and settings. Learning Objectives: After this workshop, participants will be able to: 1) describe and critique existing methods for measuring teamwork, and (2) discuss how task analysis can inform and be incorporated into the assessment of teamwork in interventions. Description of Workshop Activities: The workshop will begin with a 30-minute presentation that introduces teamwork concepts, facets of teamwork, and existing teamwork measurement. We then will discuss the task-centered measurement approach utilized in an intervention-based pharmacy study. Participants will then divide into small groups for a 30-minute breakout discussion. Each group will focus on an example of a pharmacy intervention obtained from published journal articles and discuss (1) specific aspects of teamwork will be the focus of assessment, and (2) how to assess those teamwork aspects. In the final 30 minutes, each small group will give a brief report of their assessment plan followed by large group discussion of alternative approaches to measuring and the need for further research in this area. Additional information: Organizers will need a Powerpoint projector and 6 flipcharts with pens.
Interprofessional care: Building on experience, opportunities, and policy S.Z. Bosnic-Anticevich1, B. Saini2, I. Krass2, C.L. Armour1, 1Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, 2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Interprofessional collaboration is a framework of practice promoted by professional organisations and researchers; encouraged through health policy and reform. It is considered a significant strategy to reduce the burden of illness for health systems and society. The World Health Organization recently set out a Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice to suggest ways of achieving this. Unfortunately, for health care professionals (HCPs) in primary care, delivering care that is collaborative is a challenge. Even with the best intentions, HCPs struggle to find the time, motivation or dedication to adopt this process; questioning its feasibility and sometimes its need. However for pharmacists, the process of collaborating with other HCPs is critical, not only for the benefit of patients, especially those with complex medication regimens, but also for the longterm professional development of the pharmacist’s clinical role. As pharmacy academics, we have the ability to explore the key factors, evaluate the evidence and identify potential solutions to improve interprofessional care. Aims of the workshop: To develop a practical working model of transition for community pharmacists, which will 1) adopt specific framework for
e69
collaboration in primary care and 2) develop a process which will enable the evolution of professional relationships from current practice to increased interdisciplinary practice, along the continuum to collaboration. Learning Objectives: 1. To gain an understanding of the difference between professional relationships and collaborative care. 2. To map the status of interprofessional relationships and practices within the attendees current practice. 3. To consider current published interprofessional frameworks and how they might be used to develop a more specific and pharmacy-relevant framework for interprofessional care. 4. To identify known and theoretical factors impacting on the development of interprofessional relationships and practice. 5. To review current interprofessional strategies. 6. To build on the novel findings in the interprofessional field of research and above-listed tools, techniques and knowledge to design a community pharmacy collaborative-practice model i.e. a community pharmacy-specific, pragmatic process which could feasibility be implemented in community pharmacy and would lead towards interprofessional practice. Description of Workshop Activities. 1. Background expert-led discussion. 15 Minutes. This part of the workshop will involve invited experts (and authors) to provide an overview of the state of play in pharmacy research related to interprofesional care models. Proposed frameworks of practice will be outlined. 2. Small group, reflective activity, facilitated by experts and provided resources. 45 Minutes. Within this section, participants will be asked to audit their own practice and identify interprofessional opportunities, barriers to and requirements for implementing interprofessional care models (resources, training, skills, support, building profession profile etc). Workshop leaders will provide the published evidence, framework and practice guidelines available. These will be used to reflect upon the current interprofessional models developed and their relevance to community pharmacy. Pharmacy –specific frameworks for primary care will be suggested. Time to share reflections and developed frameworks will be included. This will be facilitated by the workshop leaders. 3. Small group activity to develop novel, contextual process for transitioning from current practice to increased interdisciplinary practice. 60 Minutes. Drawing on the literature, personal research experience and the preceding discussion, participants working in small groups will chose a collaborative framework for community pharmacy. Participants will develop a practice model, based on the chosen framework. That is, participants will develop a list of workable strategies for community pharmacy that will lead to the development of interprofessional relationships collaborative care. These will be known as community pharmacy collaborative-practice models and will be shared amongst workshop participants. Workshop leaders will facilitate this discussion. A summary of all key points will be provided to participants via email.
Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e65–e74
Patient and Public Involvement in Social Pharmacy Research M.P. Tully1, S. Desselle2, 1Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK, 2California Northstate University, California, USA Contemporary approaches to patient and public involvement (PPI) in research means carrying out studies ‘with’ or ‘by’ members of the public (including patients, potential patients and carers) rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them. Such involvement is central to much health research policy. For example, the National Institute for Health Research in the UK and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute in the USA require meaningful PPI in applications to their funding programmes. PPI could bring into the research process, for example, the expertise of people living with a chronic disease for many years or the voices of taxpayers as the new treatments to be investigated by a national health service. It can mean involving members of the public in priority-setting, helping with aspects of study design such as recruitment or in the dissemination of research findings to public audiences. However, it is challenging for researchers who have never organised PPI to see how they can involve nonresearchers in their studies in such a way that it is meaningful for both parties and not merely “lip service” to the concept. Aims of the workshop: This workshop aims to introduce participants to the conduct of PPI in social pharmacy research and co-develop ways to employ PPI during the initial design of the study, throughout its conduct and in its dissemination to a range of audiences. It will do this by presentations from the workshop facilitators and by learning from the experiences of the workshop participants. Learning Objectives: After attending the workshop, participants should be able to: 1. Describe key areas where PPI is feasible in social pharmacy research and how it might be the best approach to certain study phenomena. 2Describe potential ways of organising meaningful PPI in their own research area. 3. Discuss ways in which problems and dilemmas might be addressed. 4. Begin planning PPI for the design, conduct and/or dissemination of their next social pharmacy research study or grant. Description of Workshop Activities: In keeping with the ethos of PPI, this session will be highly interactive, involving workshop participants as “the public” who have a stake in this research, and using vignettes of research ideas for discussion. Introductions and ice-breaker on what experience the group members have had with PPI in their research, formally or informally (other than as research subjects). (10minutes). Patient and public involvement in health services and social pharmacy research (presentation by workshop leaders) (15 minutes). 25 minutes - Group work to identify some of the potential ways in which researchers can employ PPI in the design of research (10 minutes). 35 minutes - Feedback from working
groups (15 minutes). 50 minutes - Group work to identify some of the potential ways in which researchers can employ PPI in the conduct and dissemination of research (15 minutes). 65 minutes - Feedback from working groups (15 minutes). 80 minutes -General discussion and summarising (10 minutes). 90 minutes -Close of session. Participants may request copies of the group outputs after the conference.
Using A Task-Centered Approach To Assess Teamwork In Intervention-Based Pharmacy Studies S.Y. Hsu1, J.K. Mount2, 1School of Pharmacy, West Coast University, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Assessing teamwork accurately is key to providing evidence to the effectiveness of healthcare teams. Currently, measuring teamwork has mostly relied on observation carried out by trained personnel or selfreports by team members participating in team processes. Both approaches are useful in assessing team functioning in complex work situations. However, observation studies can be labor intensive and time consuming, while self-reports often suffer from reporting bias. Also, there is a need to pinpoint areas of processes or tasks for further improvement, which can be accomplished using appropriate measurement approaches. To address these issues, we developed an approach that incorporates task analysis to assess teamwork. Tasks involved in teamwork can be specified in an observable, objective, and clear manner. These then serve as the points of reference for respondents when assessing teamwork. This approach builds upon the principle that team-building often focuses on tasks; for example, team-building needs to ensure task alignment among team members and adequate fit between individual skills and task requirements. Moreover, many intervention studies and quality improvement efforts involve redesigning roles or realigning tasks among various health professions. Our approach can help understand how tasks are performed during the intervention and whether changes are carried out as planned. This task-centered approach was applied in a pharmacist-led, communitybased intervention for hypertension management. One pharmacist paired with one technician to implement the monthly blood pressure (BP) clinics. The Pharmacy Team Measure (PTM) was developed to collect information specific to the 13 tasks involved in the clinics. Pharmacists and technicians who implemented the clinics responded to the PTM. Their responses were compared to generate team-level results (i.e. team agreement and team communication). Results related to teamwork in this intervention will be presented in the workshop. Aims of the workshop: (1) to discuss various facets of teamwork and existing approaches to measuring teamwork; (2) to present a task-centered measurement approach used in an intervention-based
Abstracts / Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 10 (2014) e65–e74 study; and (3) to stimulate discussion on how this approach can be applied in other pharmacy-based interventions and settings. Learning Objectives: After this workshop, participants will be able to: 1) describe and critique existing methods for measuring teamwork, and (2) discuss how task analysis can inform and be incorporated into the assessment of teamwork in interventions. Description of Workshop Activities: The workshop will begin with a 30-minute presentation that introduces teamwork concepts, facets of teamwork, and existing teamwork measurement. We then will discuss the task-centered measurement approach utilized in an intervention-based pharmacy study. Participants will then divide into small groups for a 30-minute breakout discussion. Each group will focus on an example of a pharmacy intervention obtained from published journal articles and discuss (1) specific aspects of teamwork will be the focus of assessment, and (2) how to assess those teamwork aspects. In the final 30 minutes, each small group will give a brief report of their assessment plan followed by large group discussion of alternative approaches to measuring and the need for further research in this area. Additional information: Organizers will need a Powerpoint projector and 6 flipcharts with pens.
Interprofessional care: Building on experience, opportunities, and policy S.Z. Bosnic-Anticevich1, B. Saini2, I. Krass2, C.L. Armour1, 1Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, 2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Interprofessional collaboration is a framework of practice promoted by professional organisations and researchers; encouraged through health policy and reform. It is considered a significant strategy to reduce the burden of illness for health systems and society. The World Health Organization recently set out a Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice to suggest ways of achieving this. Unfortunately, for health care professionals (HCPs) in primary care, delivering care that is collaborative is a challenge. Even with the best intentions, HCPs struggle to find the time, motivation or dedication to adopt this process; questioning its feasibility and sometimes its need. However for pharmacists, the process of collaborating with other HCPs is critical, not only for the benefit of patients, especially those with complex medication regimens, but also for the longterm professional development of the pharmacist’s clinical role. As pharmacy academics, we have the ability to explore the key factors, evaluate the evidence and identify potential solutions to improve interprofessional care. Aims of the workshop: To develop a practical working model of transition for community pharmacists, which will 1) adopt specific framework for
e69
collaboration in primary care and 2) develop a process which will enable the evolution of professional relationships from current practice to increased interdisciplinary practice, along the continuum to collaboration. Learning Objectives: 1. To gain an understanding of the difference between professional relationships and collaborative care. 2. To map the status of interprofessional relationships and practices within the attendees current practice. 3. To consider current published interprofessional frameworks and how they might be used to develop a more specific and pharmacy-relevant framework for interprofessional care. 4. To identify known and theoretical factors impacting on the development of interprofessional relationships and practice. 5. To review current interprofessional strategies. 6. To build on the novel findings in the interprofessional field of research and above-listed tools, techniques and knowledge to design a community pharmacy collaborative-practice model i.e. a community pharmacy-specific, pragmatic process which could feasibility be implemented in community pharmacy and would lead towards interprofessional practice. Description of Workshop Activities. 1. Background expert-led discussion. 15 Minutes. This part of the workshop will involve invited experts (and authors) to provide an overview of the state of play in pharmacy research related to interprofesional care models. Proposed frameworks of practice will be outlined. 2. Small group, reflective activity, facilitated by experts and provided resources. 45 Minutes. Within this section, participants will be asked to audit their own practice and identify interprofessional opportunities, barriers to and requirements for implementing interprofessional care models (resources, training, skills, support, building profession profile etc). Workshop leaders will provide the published evidence, framework and practice guidelines available. These will be used to reflect upon the current interprofessional models developed and their relevance to community pharmacy. Pharmacy –specific frameworks for primary care will be suggested. Time to share reflections and developed frameworks will be included. This will be facilitated by the workshop leaders. 3. Small group activity to develop novel, contextual process for transitioning from current practice to increased interdisciplinary practice. 60 Minutes. Drawing on the literature, personal research experience and the preceding discussion, participants working in small groups will chose a collaborative framework for community pharmacy. Participants will develop a practice model, based on the chosen framework. That is, participants will develop a list of workable strategies for community pharmacy that will lead to the development of interprofessional relationships collaborative care. These will be known as community pharmacy collaborative-practice models and will be shared amongst workshop participants. Workshop leaders will facilitate this discussion. A summary of all key points will be provided to participants via email.