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Utilization of high sulfur petroleum cokes from petrochemical enterprises
02 Liquid fuels (sources, properties,
recovery)
scattering was characteristic of a highly microporous material. Differences in carbon properties were attributed to cross-linking reactions induced by the metals during pyrolysis. The reactivity of the carbons in Oz and NO was determined and the ratio of the reactivities, R(NO)/R(03 noted. It was found that the presence of calcium and potassium both decreased R(NO)/R(O& but iron increased R(NO)/R(Oz) for a certain loading range. The latter was attributed to the reduced catalytic activity of iron for 02 gasification and the pore structure of the iron loaded carbons.
00100067 Manufacture of carbonized plastics for fuels in firing cement kilns. Sato, T. and Imada, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 286,685 [99 286,685] (Cl. ClOB53/00), 19 Ott 1999, Appl. 1998/90,478 2 Apr 1998. 6. (In Japanese) During the carbonization of chlorine containing plastics, cement clinker powder is mixed with the plastics and given to pyrolysis. The said process hinders the agglomeration of plastics and its adhesion to kiln walls, which results in the improvement of pyrolysis efficiency. The resultant carbonized plastics are fed into a cement kiln, so they can be used as part of a fuel.
Preliminary study for characterization of metallurgical coke by non-routine methods
00100068
de Avila, R. et al. Congr. Am. - Assoc. Bras. Metal. Mater., 1998, 52nd, 755-771. (In Port) Limited details about the fundamental properties that govern coke breakage and strength are produced from the mechanical strength tests carried out by the coking industry. The post-reaction strength tests do not reflect the inherent strength of coke, giving results that are dependent on coke reactivity. The development of new techniques for characterization of metallurgical coke improves the evaluation of coke properties for blast furnaces. Thus, studies have been performed to correlate structural, parameters with coke properties. Tests were implemented for determining tensile strength and carbon dioxide reactivity under constant combustion rates, using cokes made from an industrial coal blend. From the experimental results it is apparent that reactivity tests performed in a thermobalance, and tensile strength tests gave additional information to that from routine tests generally employed to evaluate coke quality.
W/O0069 Pyrolysis of Turkish Zonguldak bituminous coal. Part 1. Effect of mineral matter bztw, N. A. Yilriim, Y. Fuel, 2000, 79, (IO), 1221-1227. The effects of mineral matter on the conversion of organic material in low temperature pyrolysis (300-500°C) of the vitrinite-rich Zonguldak bituminous coal and acid-washed coals were investigated. Calcium, iron and magnesium cations were removed from coal with HCI washing. The results indicated that during pyrolysis, these cations had catalytic effects. It was also observed that the conversion in the pyrolysis processes was increased with the removal of the chlorite, illite, kaolinite and quartz minerals. The volumetric swelling ratios of the chars obtained in different experimental conditions were measured using the pyridine swelling technique and the extent of cross-linking in the macromolecular network of chars was examined. It was discovered that the cross-linking increased as the pyrolysis temperature was increased from 300 to 500°C.
OO/OOO70 Reactivities of some biomass chars in air Di Blasi, C. er al. Carbon, 1999, 37, (8), 1227-1238. The reactivities in air of biomass chars, obtained using conventional pyrolysis, are investigated for applications in fixed-bed gasification. Wheat straw, grape residues and olive husks are the biomasses that are considered. Char particles are spread to form a 150 pm thick layer and are radiatively heated, to achieve a kinetically controlled conversion. Time-weight loss curves, determined under non-isothermal conditions (heating rates of 10 K/min and a final temperature of 873 K), indicate that the reactivity continuously increases with conversion. The olive husk chars present the highest value, whereas that of grape residue chars is the least. All biomass chars are also combusted at different heating rates (20-80 Wmin) and final temperatures of 713 K (grape residues) and 673 K (olive husks and straw), so that conversion consists of a dynamic stage, followed by an isothermal period. Again, grape residue chars are the least reactive. Furthermore, the reactivity first attains a maximum decreases or remains almost constant and then increases again as a function of conversion. This behaviour can be explained by the different roles played by the reaction temperature, the development of surface area as combustion proceeds and the increase in the ratio of ashes (catalytically active) to carbon. Finally, the weight loss curves are well interpreted by a one-step global reaction, whose rate presents a power law dependence on the solid conversion and activation energies in the range 75-94 kJ/ molecule. 8
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
January 2001
00/00071
Reactor for manufacture of carbon black
Orlov, V. J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 51,334 (Cl. BOlJl9/26), 14 Ott 1999, RU Appl. 98,106,590, 7 Apr 1998. 25. (In Russian) The invention under discussion is a reactor for manufqcturing carbon black, where the particles have a size of 110-600 A. The reactor comprises a combustion chamber with systems for burning the fuel together with air; a multiple-channel mixing nozzle having a flow section with a global surface area of between 0.036 and 0.36 m as the ratio between a channel diameter (d,) and the diameter at the global surface area of the flow section in the mixing nozzle (d,r) ranges from 0.35 to 0.72, the nozzle is provided with raw-material injectors; and a reaction chamber comprises systems for cooling the gaseous carbon black-containing products. This reactor has a large unitary rate (up to 5000 kg/h of raw material) and is capable of producing carbon-black at a particle coalescence rate in the apparatus that ranges from 0.03-0.09. The physical. and mechanical indexes of vulcanized rubber mixtures are increased when carbon black is a component of the mixture.
00100072 Utilization of high sulfur petroleum cokes from petrochemical enterprises Cheng, Y. The review cokes from gasification station.
02
Lianyou Sheji, 1999, 29, (8), 55-60. (In Chinese) introduces the utilization methods of high sulfur petroleum petrochemical enterprises as boiler fuels, cement kiln fuels, feedstocks and fuels of circulating fluidized beds in a power
LIQUID
FUELS
Sources, properties, recovery A study of 2-(dibutylaminomethyl)thiobenzimidazole as an oil additive 00100073
Zhang, J. er al. Wear, 1999, 231, (2), 279-284. A Mannich condensation product 2-(dibutylaminomethyl)-thiobenzimidazole was synthesized. A four-ball tester was used to evaluate its antiwear (AW) behaviour as an additive in a paraffinic base oil. To investigate the role of scavenging free hydrogen radicals of the novel compound, a thermal degradation test was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) (commercialism). The nature of the film formed on the rubbed surface was analysed. On the basis of the experimental results, the novel additive showed good AW ability and good thermal stability. The results also illustrated that the prepared compound as an additive in paraffinic base oil, forms a protective film containing ferric sulfide, ferric sulfate and compounds consisting sulfur and nitrogen on the rubbed surface. 00100074 A study of chlorine behavior in a simulated fluidized bed combustion system Liu, K. ef al. Fuel, 2000, 79, (9), 1 I 15-l 124. Fluidized bed combustion techniques have been widely used throughout the world in an effort to reduce sulfur oxide emissions, especially from burning high-sulfur coal. However, in the utilization of FBC systems for co-firing high chlorine coals with municipal solid waste (MSW) there are some concerns about the possible emission of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). PCDD/Fs may be produced from the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and molecular chlorine under relatively low combustion temperature conditions. In oxygen-rich conditions during combustion molecular chlorine can be formed through the Deacon Reaction when the temperature is around 600°C. It is also likely that chloride might affect the detailed chemistry of desulfurization in FBC processes. In order to better understand the behavior of chlorine in an FBC system during combustion processes, a comprehensive study was carried out in a simulated FBC system with an on-line feeder at Western Kentucky University. Conditions used simulated the flue gas and operating conditions of an FBC system. Optimum operating conditions to suppress HCI, Clz and SO, emissions from FBC systems were determined. A better understanding of the chlorine behavior during combustion will help in controlling possible PCDD and PCDF formation and reducing corrosion in FBC systems. The test results indicated that the formation of molecular chlorine is favoured at temperatures above 6OO”C, in oxygen-rich atmospheres and in relatively high HCI concentrations. The reaction temperature plays a key role in the capture of HCI. The optimum combustion conditions for controlling PCDD/Fs formation in FBC systems is to maintain
recovery)
scattering was characteristic of a highly microporous material. Differences in carbon properties were attributed to cross-linking reactions induced by the metals during pyrolysis. The reactivity of the carbons in Oz and NO was determined and the ratio of the reactivities, R(NO)/R(03 noted. It was found that the presence of calcium and potassium both decreased R(NO)/R(O& but iron increased R(NO)/R(Oz) for a certain loading range. The latter was attributed to the reduced catalytic activity of iron for 02 gasification and the pore structure of the iron loaded carbons.
00100067 Manufacture of carbonized plastics for fuels in firing cement kilns. Sato, T. and Imada, M. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 11 286,685 [99 286,685] (Cl. ClOB53/00), 19 Ott 1999, Appl. 1998/90,478 2 Apr 1998. 6. (In Japanese) During the carbonization of chlorine containing plastics, cement clinker powder is mixed with the plastics and given to pyrolysis. The said process hinders the agglomeration of plastics and its adhesion to kiln walls, which results in the improvement of pyrolysis efficiency. The resultant carbonized plastics are fed into a cement kiln, so they can be used as part of a fuel.
Preliminary study for characterization of metallurgical coke by non-routine methods
00100068
de Avila, R. et al. Congr. Am. - Assoc. Bras. Metal. Mater., 1998, 52nd, 755-771. (In Port) Limited details about the fundamental properties that govern coke breakage and strength are produced from the mechanical strength tests carried out by the coking industry. The post-reaction strength tests do not reflect the inherent strength of coke, giving results that are dependent on coke reactivity. The development of new techniques for characterization of metallurgical coke improves the evaluation of coke properties for blast furnaces. Thus, studies have been performed to correlate structural, parameters with coke properties. Tests were implemented for determining tensile strength and carbon dioxide reactivity under constant combustion rates, using cokes made from an industrial coal blend. From the experimental results it is apparent that reactivity tests performed in a thermobalance, and tensile strength tests gave additional information to that from routine tests generally employed to evaluate coke quality.
W/O0069 Pyrolysis of Turkish Zonguldak bituminous coal. Part 1. Effect of mineral matter bztw, N. A. Yilriim, Y. Fuel, 2000, 79, (IO), 1221-1227. The effects of mineral matter on the conversion of organic material in low temperature pyrolysis (300-500°C) of the vitrinite-rich Zonguldak bituminous coal and acid-washed coals were investigated. Calcium, iron and magnesium cations were removed from coal with HCI washing. The results indicated that during pyrolysis, these cations had catalytic effects. It was also observed that the conversion in the pyrolysis processes was increased with the removal of the chlorite, illite, kaolinite and quartz minerals. The volumetric swelling ratios of the chars obtained in different experimental conditions were measured using the pyridine swelling technique and the extent of cross-linking in the macromolecular network of chars was examined. It was discovered that the cross-linking increased as the pyrolysis temperature was increased from 300 to 500°C.
OO/OOO70 Reactivities of some biomass chars in air Di Blasi, C. er al. Carbon, 1999, 37, (8), 1227-1238. The reactivities in air of biomass chars, obtained using conventional pyrolysis, are investigated for applications in fixed-bed gasification. Wheat straw, grape residues and olive husks are the biomasses that are considered. Char particles are spread to form a 150 pm thick layer and are radiatively heated, to achieve a kinetically controlled conversion. Time-weight loss curves, determined under non-isothermal conditions (heating rates of 10 K/min and a final temperature of 873 K), indicate that the reactivity continuously increases with conversion. The olive husk chars present the highest value, whereas that of grape residue chars is the least. All biomass chars are also combusted at different heating rates (20-80 Wmin) and final temperatures of 713 K (grape residues) and 673 K (olive husks and straw), so that conversion consists of a dynamic stage, followed by an isothermal period. Again, grape residue chars are the least reactive. Furthermore, the reactivity first attains a maximum decreases or remains almost constant and then increases again as a function of conversion. This behaviour can be explained by the different roles played by the reaction temperature, the development of surface area as combustion proceeds and the increase in the ratio of ashes (catalytically active) to carbon. Finally, the weight loss curves are well interpreted by a one-step global reaction, whose rate presents a power law dependence on the solid conversion and activation energies in the range 75-94 kJ/ molecule. 8
Fuel and Energy
Abstracts
January 2001
00/00071
Reactor for manufacture of carbon black
Orlov, V. J. PCT Int. Appl. WO 99 51,334 (Cl. BOlJl9/26), 14 Ott 1999, RU Appl. 98,106,590, 7 Apr 1998. 25. (In Russian) The invention under discussion is a reactor for manufqcturing carbon black, where the particles have a size of 110-600 A. The reactor comprises a combustion chamber with systems for burning the fuel together with air; a multiple-channel mixing nozzle having a flow section with a global surface area of between 0.036 and 0.36 m as the ratio between a channel diameter (d,) and the diameter at the global surface area of the flow section in the mixing nozzle (d,r) ranges from 0.35 to 0.72, the nozzle is provided with raw-material injectors; and a reaction chamber comprises systems for cooling the gaseous carbon black-containing products. This reactor has a large unitary rate (up to 5000 kg/h of raw material) and is capable of producing carbon-black at a particle coalescence rate in the apparatus that ranges from 0.03-0.09. The physical. and mechanical indexes of vulcanized rubber mixtures are increased when carbon black is a component of the mixture.
00100072 Utilization of high sulfur petroleum cokes from petrochemical enterprises Cheng, Y. The review cokes from gasification station.
02
Lianyou Sheji, 1999, 29, (8), 55-60. (In Chinese) introduces the utilization methods of high sulfur petroleum petrochemical enterprises as boiler fuels, cement kiln fuels, feedstocks and fuels of circulating fluidized beds in a power
LIQUID
FUELS
Sources, properties, recovery A study of 2-(dibutylaminomethyl)thiobenzimidazole as an oil additive 00100073
Zhang, J. er al. Wear, 1999, 231, (2), 279-284. A Mannich condensation product 2-(dibutylaminomethyl)-thiobenzimidazole was synthesized. A four-ball tester was used to evaluate its antiwear (AW) behaviour as an additive in a paraffinic base oil. To investigate the role of scavenging free hydrogen radicals of the novel compound, a thermal degradation test was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) (commercialism). The nature of the film formed on the rubbed surface was analysed. On the basis of the experimental results, the novel additive showed good AW ability and good thermal stability. The results also illustrated that the prepared compound as an additive in paraffinic base oil, forms a protective film containing ferric sulfide, ferric sulfate and compounds consisting sulfur and nitrogen on the rubbed surface. 00100074 A study of chlorine behavior in a simulated fluidized bed combustion system Liu, K. ef al. Fuel, 2000, 79, (9), 1 I 15-l 124. Fluidized bed combustion techniques have been widely used throughout the world in an effort to reduce sulfur oxide emissions, especially from burning high-sulfur coal. However, in the utilization of FBC systems for co-firing high chlorine coals with municipal solid waste (MSW) there are some concerns about the possible emission of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). PCDD/Fs may be produced from the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and molecular chlorine under relatively low combustion temperature conditions. In oxygen-rich conditions during combustion molecular chlorine can be formed through the Deacon Reaction when the temperature is around 600°C. It is also likely that chloride might affect the detailed chemistry of desulfurization in FBC processes. In order to better understand the behavior of chlorine in an FBC system during combustion processes, a comprehensive study was carried out in a simulated FBC system with an on-line feeder at Western Kentucky University. Conditions used simulated the flue gas and operating conditions of an FBC system. Optimum operating conditions to suppress HCI, Clz and SO, emissions from FBC systems were determined. A better understanding of the chlorine behavior during combustion will help in controlling possible PCDD and PCDF formation and reducing corrosion in FBC systems. The test results indicated that the formation of molecular chlorine is favoured at temperatures above 6OO”C, in oxygen-rich atmospheres and in relatively high HCI concentrations. The reaction temperature plays a key role in the capture of HCI. The optimum combustion conditions for controlling PCDD/Fs formation in FBC systems is to maintain