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Utilization of Safflower Meal by the Chick and Its Effect Upon Plasma Lysine and Methionine Concentrations1
Utilization of Safflower Meal by the Chick and Its Effect Upon Plasma Lysine and Methionine Concentrations1 S. VALADEZ,2 W. R. FEATHERSTON AND R. A. PICKETT Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana (Received for publication November 16, 1964)
R
1
Contribution from the Department of Animal Sciences, Journal Paper No. 2450, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. 2 Rockefeller Foundation Fellow.
significantly poorer growth than soybean alone or 1 part of safflower and 2 parts of soybean; safflower alone gave poor growth. Peanut oil meal and sesame oil meal also gave poor growth in combination with 2 parts of safflower protein. Fish meal in equal amounts with safflower gave satisfactory growth, but 1 part fish meal to 3 parts of safflower protein, or equal parts of meat scraps and safflower protein, gave significantly lower growth than the control ration which contained: 19% soybean meal, 5% fish meal and 4% meat scraps. These workers also reported that both lysine and methionine were required to supplement mixtures of safflower meal and soybean meal to give optimum growth. Halloran (1961) conducted studies with chicks to determine the amount of soybean meal which could be replaced by safflower meal in a ration containing one-third of the protein from fish meal and two-thirds from soybean meal. Their results showed that when one-third of the protein in the diet was supplied by fish meal the remainder of the protein could be successfully furnished by safflower meal. Growth rate and feed conversion were considerably poorer than the control, however, when safflower meal was used as the only protein source. The addition of methionine had little, if any, beneficial effect; the addition of lysine resulted in better gain but equal feed conversion as the control. Lysine and methionine added together produced no improvement in weight over the lysine addition alone. Petersen et al. (1957) and Young and
909
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ENEWED interest in safflower meal - as a protein source for livestock feed has resulted from increased production of safflower seed in the United States and Mexico in recent years. It is grown primarily for its oil content which ranges from 20% to 40% and the meal is a by-product of the oil industry. Undecorticated safflower meal contains between 20% and 24% and as high as 35% fiber. It is possible to remove a large portion of the hull, resulting in a meal between 42 and 44% protein content and approximately 14% fiber. The use of high protein safflower meal was first reported by Kratzer and Williams (1947). A meal prepared in their laboratory was fed to chicks as the only source of protein, with addition of amino acids, to determine specific deficiencies The omission of arginine, methionine and lysine singly or glycine and cystine together resulted in significant decreases in growth. Tryptophan was the only amino acid tested which did not cause a significant decrease in weight when it was omitted from the mixture. A semi-commercially produced 50% protein meal was fed by Kratzer and Williams (1951), with cereal and other protein sources in practical chick rations. The combination of 2 parts of safflower protein to 1 part of soybean protein gave
910
S. VALADEZ, W. R. FEATHERSTON AND R. A. PICKETT TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diets Experiment No. Ingredients 1 07
70 Cerelose Ground Yellow Corn 43.59 5.00 Soybean Oil Dicalcium Phosphate 1.90 1.55 Ground Limestone .25 Iodized Salt .06" Minerals .65 b Vitamins
53.00
3
%
07 70
—
44.15 5.00
32.19 5.00 2.20 1.25 .25 .71° 1.60^ 43.20
— —
.25 .06" .65 b
50.11
* Provided 162 p.p.m. Mn, and 50 p.p.m. Zn. b Supplied the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 10,000 I.U.; vitamin D3, 1,500 I.U.; riboflavin, 7.05 mg.; pantothenic acid, 14.10 mg.; niacin, 31.72 mg.; vitamin B12 8.8 meg.; choline, 1.5 gm.; vitamin E, 5.5 I.U.; menadione sodium bisulfite, 1.0 mg.; procaine penicillin, 4.4 mg. 0 Provided the following p.p.m.; K, 2,000; Mg. 240; Mn, 162; Zn, 50; I, 3, Cu, 3; and Fe, 40. d Supplied the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 25,000 I.U.; vitamin D3, 1,200 I.U.; vitamin E, 17.6 I.U.; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2.0 mg.; riboflavin, 9.0 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 20 mg.; niacin, 50 mg.; thiamine hydrochloride 6.0 mg.; choline, 1.5 mg.; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 8 mg.; folic acid, 2 mg.; biotin, 0.3 mg.; inositol, 1 gm.; vitamin B12, 20 meg.; PABA, 2 mg.
Halloran (1962) have also reported on the successful substitution of soybean meal by safflower meal as long as a portion of the protein in the diet was provided by fish or meat meal. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Three experiments were conducted using 930 broiler chicks. In each experiment, day-old chicks were assigned at random to treatment groups of ten birds each. Three replicate groups were assigned to each treatment in all experiments. The chicks were maintained in electrically heated battery brooders with raised wire floors. The appropriate experimental diet and tap water were provided ad libitum. The basal diets used in this study are shown in Table 1. The protein content of the protein sources used in these studies
TABLE 2.—Amino acid composition of protein sources Safflower Soybean Meal Meal
Aspartic Acid Threonine Serine Glutamic Acid Proline Glycine Alanine Valine Cystine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Lysine Histidine Arginine
%
3.9 1.1 1.5 8.0 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.9 1.1 0.7 1.3 2.6 1.2 1.7 1.2 0.9 3.6
%
5.6 1.8 2.2 9.1 2.5 1.8 1.9 2.2 1.0 0.5 2.0 3.7 1.8 2.3 2.9 1.2 3.5
Blood Meal
%
10.1 5.0 4.2 10.9 3.7 3.5 2.9 4.4 3.8 1.6 3.1 5.9 4.0 3.4 5.8 1.9 5.1
Meat and Fish Bone Meal Scraps
%
3.4 1.4 2.5 5.7 3.9 5.3 3.0 1.9 0.7 0.6 1.3 2.5 1.1 1.5 2.0 0.7 2.9
07 7o 5.3 2.1 2.1 7.9 2.9 3.8 3.5 2.7 0.6 1.4 2.2 4.2 1.8 2.2 4.2 2.9 3.5
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Total
2
was determined by the Kjeldahl method (N X 6.25). The following protein values were obtained: safflower meal, 43.4%; soybean meal, 45.4%; blood meal, 84.2%; meat and bone scraps, 50.5% and fish meal, 61.9%. All diets were calculated to contain 24% protein. Samples of the various protein sources were hydrolyzed using 1 ml. of 6N HC1 per mg. of sample in an Erlenmeyer flask covered by an inverted beaker in an autoclave for 8 hours and the amino acid analysis determined by ion exchange chromatography using an amino acid analyzer.3 Norleucine was added to each sample as an internal standard. The amino acid compositions of the protein sources used in this study are shown in Table 2. Blood samples from non-fasted chicks were obtained at the end of the experiment by heart puncture with heparinized syringes. Two ml. of blood were taken from each of six birds selected at random from each treatment and pooled for a composite sample. Immediately after plasma samples had been composited, the plasma proteins were precipitated using 5 ml. of 6% sulfosalycilic acid per 2 ml. of plasma. These filtrates were immediately frozen and stored until ready for analysis. The amino acids were separated by ion-exchange chro-
SAFFLOWER MEAL IN CHICK
911
RATIONS
T A B L E 3.—The effect on growth, feed conversion and plasma amino acids of safflower meal substitution for soybean meal with and without added amino acids (Experiment i)» Treatment No. Ingredients: Basal Soybean meal Safflower meal Cellulose % Protein from: Soybean meal Safflower meal L-Lysine-HCl added (%) DL-Methionine added (%)
2
3
4
5
6b
% 53.00
% 53.00
% 53.00
33.73 11.77 1.50
22.49 23.53 .98
11.24 35.30 .46
% 53.00
—
% 53.00 — 47.00 —
75 25 0 0
50
25 75 0 0
—
100
100 0 0
—0
525 b 2.05°
311 c 2.55d
2.8 0.7
1.7 0.9
44.98 2.02 100
—0 0
Av. 4-week wt. gm.cc 59 l a Gm. feed/gm. gain 1.61" Plasma Amino acids (mg./lOO ml.): Lysine 6.2 Methionine 0.6 a b c
5 4 8 s b bo 1.80»
— —
so0 0 557 a b 1.81abc
— —
7
%
8
%
9
10
%
53.00
53.00 33.73 11.77 1.28
53.00 22.49 23.53 .50
53.00 11.24 35.30
.06
75 25 .17 .05
50 50 .34 .04
25 75 .51 .01
560 a b 1.64 a b
583 a b 1.70 a b
609" u 1.76 a b c
62 2 a atb c j 70
44.98
—
1.96
6.8 0.7
— —
— —
—
6.2 0.7
% — 47.00 — —
100 70
— 567 a b 1.94 b 0 5.9 0.7
Thirty chicks per treatment. Diets 6 through 10 calculated to contain the same lysine and methionine+cystine contents. Means with the same postscript not significantly different (P>.05).
matography using an amino acid analyzer.3 Significance of growth and feed conversion effects were measured using an analysis of variance and Student-NewmanKeuls' test.
Experiment 3. Fifteen diets were fed to 450 broiler strain Hubbard White Mountain male chicks in this experiment. Safflower meal provided 65, 75, or 85 percent of the supplemental protein, with the remainder being supplied by soybean meal, blood meal, fish meal or meat and bone Experiment 1. This experiment consisted of scraps (Table 5). Different amounts of 10 dietary treatments involving 300 Arbor limestone and dicalcium phosphate were Acre White Rock male chicks. A fortified used in the individual diets to compensate corn-soybean meal type ration was used as for the varying amounts of calcium and a control ration and safflower meal substi- phosphorus supplied by the soybean meal, tuted for 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the soy- blood meal, fish meal and meat and bone bean meal protein, with and without added scraps. Chick weights were recorded lysine and methionine (Table 3). Chick weekly; feed consumption was determined weights were recorded weekly; feed con- for each pen at the end of the four-week sumption was determined for each pen at period. the end of the four-week period. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 2. Six diets were fed to 180 Arbor Acre White Rock male chicks in this experiment. Safflower meal was substituted for 50 and 100% of the soybean meal protein in a cerelose-soybean meal diet, with and without added lysine and methionine (Table 4). Chick weights were recorded weekly; feed consumption was determined for each pen at the end of the 25-day trial. 3
Technicon Instruments Corp., Chauncey, New
Vork.
Experiment 1. This experiment was designed to study the effect on growth and feed efficiency of safflower meal substitution for soybean meal protein in a corn-soybean meal basal diet and to evaluate the influence of lysine and methionine addition. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 3. At the end of the four weeks, growth and feed conversion of the chicks fed safflower meal as the only protein source (diet 5) were significantly lower (P < .01)
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1
% 53.00
912
S. VALADEZ, W. R. FEATHERSTON AND R. A. PICKETT
TABLE 4.—The effect on growth, feed conversion and plasma amino acids of safflower meal substitution for soybean meal with and without added amino acids {Experiment 2) a Treatment No. Ingredients: Basal Soybean meal Safflower meal Cellulose % Protein from: Soybean meal Safflower meal L-Lysine-HCl added (%) DL-Methionine addecK%)
1 /o 43.20 53.33
—
3.47 100
— 0 0
%
43.20 26.67 27.92 2.21 50 50 0 0 512* 1.83»
— —
3 /c 43.20
—
55.82 .98
—
100 0 0
4
5
6
%
% 43.20 —
b
%
43.20 53.33
—
3.37 100
— 0 .10
43.20 26.67 27.92 1.73 50 50
55.82 .13
—
100 .42 .06
.82 .03
309b 2.41 b
497" 1.61»
523" 1.81"
532" 1.82"
1.3 0.8
8.5 0.9
— —
9.6 1.0
•' Thirty chicks per treatment. ' Diets 4, 5 and 6 calculated to contain the same lysine and methionine+cystine contents. Means with the same postscript not significantly different (P>.01).
than any other treatment. The addition of 0.7% L-lysine-HCl (diet 10) resulted in a growth rate comparable to the control, but the feed conversion was significantly (P < .05) less efficient. The growth rate and feed conversion of the chicks fed the diet in which safflower meal was substituted for 75% of the soybean meal protein (diet 4) were significantly poorer than those of chicks fed the control ration (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). The addition of .51% L-lysine. HC1 and .01% DL-methionine to the 75% safflower diet (diet 9) resulted in growth and feed conversion which were significantly better than those of chicks fed the unsupplemented diet (diet 4). Growth and feed efficiency of chicks fed diet 9 were not significantly different (P > .05) from those of chicks fed diet 1. Growth rate and feed conversion were comparable with the control (diet 1) when safflower meal substituted 25 or 50% of the soybean meal protein (diets 2 and 3). The addition of lysine and methionine to diets 2 and 3 (diets 7 and 8) did not result in growth or feed efficiency which was significantly different (P > .05) from that of chicks fed diets 2 and 3.
Amino acid analyses were conducted on plasma from chicks fed diets 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10. Only the values for lysine and methionine are presented in Table 3. The values for the remaining amino acids were either quite uniform or failed to show any meaningful trends. The plasma lysine concentration fluctuated greatly depending on the dietary treatment and offered a reasonable explanation for the influence of the various diets on growth and feed efficiency. The plasma lysine concentration of chicks fed either the 75% safflower meal, 25% soybean meal or the 100% safflower meal diets was markedly lower than that for the 100% soybean meal diet (2.8 and 1.7 mg./lOO ml. respectively, as compared with 6.2 mg./lOO ml.). Growth and feed efficiency of chicks fed these diets were also lower. As would be expected, the plasma methionine values increased as safflower meal replaced soybean meal in the rations. In those diets in which lysine and methionine had been supplemented (diets 6-10), the plasma lysine and methionine values were much more uniform as was the growth and feed efficiency of the chicks fed these rations.
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Av. 25-day wt. gm.° 502a Gm. feed/gm. gain0 1.69a Plasma Amino acids: (mg./lOO ml): Lysine 8.4 Methionine 0.5
2
91.-
SAFFLOWER MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS
Experiment 2. This experiment was designed to study the effect on growth and feed efficiency of safflower meal substitution for soybean meal protein in a cerelose diet, with and without the addition of lysine and methionine. In these diets, the soybean or safflower meal provided the only dietary source of protein. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 4. Chicks fed the diet in which safflower meal furnished 50% of the protein grew as rapidly though not as efficiently as those fed the control diet in which soybean meal furnished all the protein (diet 1). A highly significant (P < .01) depression in growth and feed efficiency was observed when safflower meal was used as the only protein source (diet 3). These depressions were overcome when lysine and methionine (diet 6) were added equalizing the level of these amino acids with the level in the cerelose-soybean diet (diet 4) and the 50% safflower meal diet (diet 5). Chicks fed the rations containing soybean meal had lower plasma methionine values than the chicks fed the rations containing safflower meal. The reverse was markedly evident in the case of plasma lysine. As was true in experiment 1, supplementation of the diets with lysine and methionine resulted in more uniform plasma lysine and methionine values as it did for growth rate and feed efficiency.
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t* Experiment 3. This experiment was designed to study the efficacy of blood meal, fish meal, soybean meal and meat and bone scraps to supplement diets containing safflower meal. Three levels of supplemental protein were fed from each of these sources; 35, 25, and 15%. The results of this trial are shown in Table 5. Diet 1, in which all the supplemental protein was supplied by soybean meal, served as a control ration. Diet 4, in which 75% of the supplemental protein was supplied by
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S. VALADEZ, W. R. FEATHERSTON AND R. A. PICKETT
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safflower meal and 25% by soybean meal mance of chicks fed the lysine supplementand in which supplemental lysine was ed diets was identical in both experiments added, was also included in this study to even though a lower level of lysine supcompare the results of this experiment with plementation was used in experiment 3. those of experiment 1. The average weights Chicks fed the diets supplemented with and feed efficiencies of chicks fed these two meat and bone scraps performed the poordiets were very similar to those of chicks est of any groups of chicks at any level of fed comparable diets in experiment 1 supplementation. The weights and feed (diets 1 and 9). efficiencies of chicks fed the meat and bone Of the four protein sources used in this scraps containing diets were significantly experiment, blood meal proved the most lower than those of chicks fed the control effective. When blood meal furnished 35 or ration. 25% of the supplemental protein, growth The results of the plasma lysine determiwas significantly higher than that of chicks nations offer a possible explanation for the fed the control diet (diet 1) in which soy- results of this experiment. Diets containing bean meal provided all of the supplement blood meal resulted in the highest plasma protein. The weight of chicks fed the diet lysine values at each level of supplementain which the supplemental protein was 85% tion. Conversely, chicks fed the meat and safflower meal and 15% blood meal was ap- bone scraps diets, which performed the proximately the same as that of chicks fed poorest, had the lowest plasma lysine valthe control (soybean meal) diet. The feed ues at each level of supplementation. The efficiency of chicks fed the diet containing plasma lysine values of chicks fed the soythe highest level of blood meal was the bean meal and the fish meal containing same as that for chicks fed the control diets were intermediate as were the growth diet, while chicks fed diets containing the rates. When the amount of lysine contribtwo lower levels of blood meal were less uted by the different levels of the various efficient than the controls. protein supplements are calculated from Fish meal and soybean meal were about the analyzed lysine values of the protein equal in their ability to supplement supplements as shown in Table 2, it is seen safflower meal. The weights and feed that the highest amount of lysine was furefficiencies of chicks fed the diets in which nished by blood meal followed by fish either soybean meal or fish meal furnished meal, soybean meal and meat and bone 35, 25, or 15% of the supplemental protein scraps. The amounts of lysine furnished by were approximately the same. Even the the first three supplements were very simihighest level of supplemental protein from lar. The amounts of lysine furnished by these two sources did not result in perfor- meat and bone scraps were markedly lower mances which were as good as those of the which may account for the poor perforcontrol chicks although the differences in mance of chicks fed the diets supplemented weight of these chicks were not with this protein source. significantly lower than the control. As was These studies indicate that decorticated observed in experiment 1, lysine supple- safflower meal, although being deficient in mentation of the diet containing 75% of the lysine, can be utilized successfully in chick supplemental protein from safflower meal rations. It has been shown that safflower and 25% from soybean meal resulted in a meal can replace up to 50% of the soybean considerable improvement in growth and meal in a corn-soybean meal ration withfeed efficiency (diet 3 vs. 4). The perfor- out a significant reduction in growth rate.
SAFFLOWER MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS
the efficacy of blood meal, fish meal, soybean meal and meat and bone scraps in supplementing safflower meal diets. The results of this experiment indicated that blood meal was most effective in supplementing safflower meal with fish meal and soybean meal being intermediate and approximately equal in value while meat and bone scraps were the least effective of the four supplements. The plasma lysine concentrations of birds fed various diets were found to reflect the lysine content of the diet and to parallel the growth rate of chicks fed various diets. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Pacific Vegetable Oil Corp., Richmond, California for supplying the safflower meal and to Charles Pfizer and Co., Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana for supplying the lysine, riboflavin, calcium pantothenate and vitamin Bi2 used in this study. REFERENCES
SUMMARY
Three experiments were conducted with male broiler chicks to determine the nutritive value of decorticated safflower meal in chick rations and the effect upon concentration of certain plasma amino acids. These studies showed that safflower meal can replace 50% of the soybean meal in corn-soybean meal or cerelose-soybean meal rations. Safflower meal can replace all of the soybean meal if the diet is supplemented with lysine. A study was also conducted to determine
Halloran, H. R., 1961. High protein safflower meal for chickens. Feedstuffs, 33 (45): 70-71. Kratzer, F. H., and D. Williams, 1947. Safflower seed as an amino acid source for chicks. Poultry Sci. 26: 623-625. Kratzer, F. H., and D. E. Williams, 1951. Safflower oil meal in rations for chicks. Poultry Sci. 30: 417-421. Petersen, C. F., A. C. Wiese, G. J. Anderson and C. E. Lampman, 1957. The use of safflower oil meal in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 36: 3-8. Young, R. D., and H. R. Halloran, 1962. Decorticated safflower meal in chicken rations. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 1696-1697.
AUGUST 2-6. 54TH ANNUAL MEE ING OF THE POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION, UNIVERSITY 01 GEORGIA, ATHENS, GEORGIA. AUGUST 4-7. ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN FEED CONTROL OFFICIALS, CLEMSON HOUSE, CLEMSON, N.C.
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Safflower meal can replace all of the soybean meal if the diet is supplemented with lysine. The dramatic response of chicks to lysine supplementation of cerelose-safflower meal diets (diet 6, experiment 2) indicates that, except for lysine, safflower meal possesses a well balanced amino acid pattern. Blood meal proved more effective than soybean meal in supplementing safflower meal. Replacing only 15% of the supplemental protein from safflower meal with blood meal resulted in weights of chicks which were as large as those of chicks fed diets in which soybean meal furnished all the supplemental protein. It is interesting to note in comparing the results of chicks fed diets containing soybean meal and safflower meal that although chick weight was the same, feed efficiency was almost always better in chicks fed the soybean meal diets. This, no doubt, is due in part to the fiber content of the two meals, approximately 14% for the safflower meal as compared to approximately 6% for 44% protein soybean meal.
915
R
1
Contribution from the Department of Animal Sciences, Journal Paper No. 2450, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. 2 Rockefeller Foundation Fellow.
significantly poorer growth than soybean alone or 1 part of safflower and 2 parts of soybean; safflower alone gave poor growth. Peanut oil meal and sesame oil meal also gave poor growth in combination with 2 parts of safflower protein. Fish meal in equal amounts with safflower gave satisfactory growth, but 1 part fish meal to 3 parts of safflower protein, or equal parts of meat scraps and safflower protein, gave significantly lower growth than the control ration which contained: 19% soybean meal, 5% fish meal and 4% meat scraps. These workers also reported that both lysine and methionine were required to supplement mixtures of safflower meal and soybean meal to give optimum growth. Halloran (1961) conducted studies with chicks to determine the amount of soybean meal which could be replaced by safflower meal in a ration containing one-third of the protein from fish meal and two-thirds from soybean meal. Their results showed that when one-third of the protein in the diet was supplied by fish meal the remainder of the protein could be successfully furnished by safflower meal. Growth rate and feed conversion were considerably poorer than the control, however, when safflower meal was used as the only protein source. The addition of methionine had little, if any, beneficial effect; the addition of lysine resulted in better gain but equal feed conversion as the control. Lysine and methionine added together produced no improvement in weight over the lysine addition alone. Petersen et al. (1957) and Young and
909
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ENEWED interest in safflower meal - as a protein source for livestock feed has resulted from increased production of safflower seed in the United States and Mexico in recent years. It is grown primarily for its oil content which ranges from 20% to 40% and the meal is a by-product of the oil industry. Undecorticated safflower meal contains between 20% and 24% and as high as 35% fiber. It is possible to remove a large portion of the hull, resulting in a meal between 42 and 44% protein content and approximately 14% fiber. The use of high protein safflower meal was first reported by Kratzer and Williams (1947). A meal prepared in their laboratory was fed to chicks as the only source of protein, with addition of amino acids, to determine specific deficiencies The omission of arginine, methionine and lysine singly or glycine and cystine together resulted in significant decreases in growth. Tryptophan was the only amino acid tested which did not cause a significant decrease in weight when it was omitted from the mixture. A semi-commercially produced 50% protein meal was fed by Kratzer and Williams (1951), with cereal and other protein sources in practical chick rations. The combination of 2 parts of safflower protein to 1 part of soybean protein gave
910
S. VALADEZ, W. R. FEATHERSTON AND R. A. PICKETT TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diets Experiment No. Ingredients 1 07
70 Cerelose Ground Yellow Corn 43.59 5.00 Soybean Oil Dicalcium Phosphate 1.90 1.55 Ground Limestone .25 Iodized Salt .06" Minerals .65 b Vitamins
53.00
3
%
07 70
—
44.15 5.00
32.19 5.00 2.20 1.25 .25 .71° 1.60^ 43.20
— —
.25 .06" .65 b
50.11
* Provided 162 p.p.m. Mn, and 50 p.p.m. Zn. b Supplied the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 10,000 I.U.; vitamin D3, 1,500 I.U.; riboflavin, 7.05 mg.; pantothenic acid, 14.10 mg.; niacin, 31.72 mg.; vitamin B12 8.8 meg.; choline, 1.5 gm.; vitamin E, 5.5 I.U.; menadione sodium bisulfite, 1.0 mg.; procaine penicillin, 4.4 mg. 0 Provided the following p.p.m.; K, 2,000; Mg. 240; Mn, 162; Zn, 50; I, 3, Cu, 3; and Fe, 40. d Supplied the following per kg. of diet: vitamin A, 25,000 I.U.; vitamin D3, 1,200 I.U.; vitamin E, 17.6 I.U.; menadione sodium bisulfite, 2.0 mg.; riboflavin, 9.0 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 20 mg.; niacin, 50 mg.; thiamine hydrochloride 6.0 mg.; choline, 1.5 mg.; pyridoxine hydrochloride, 8 mg.; folic acid, 2 mg.; biotin, 0.3 mg.; inositol, 1 gm.; vitamin B12, 20 meg.; PABA, 2 mg.
Halloran (1962) have also reported on the successful substitution of soybean meal by safflower meal as long as a portion of the protein in the diet was provided by fish or meat meal. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Three experiments were conducted using 930 broiler chicks. In each experiment, day-old chicks were assigned at random to treatment groups of ten birds each. Three replicate groups were assigned to each treatment in all experiments. The chicks were maintained in electrically heated battery brooders with raised wire floors. The appropriate experimental diet and tap water were provided ad libitum. The basal diets used in this study are shown in Table 1. The protein content of the protein sources used in these studies
TABLE 2.—Amino acid composition of protein sources Safflower Soybean Meal Meal
Aspartic Acid Threonine Serine Glutamic Acid Proline Glycine Alanine Valine Cystine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine Lysine Histidine Arginine
%
3.9 1.1 1.5 8.0 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.9 1.1 0.7 1.3 2.6 1.2 1.7 1.2 0.9 3.6
%
5.6 1.8 2.2 9.1 2.5 1.8 1.9 2.2 1.0 0.5 2.0 3.7 1.8 2.3 2.9 1.2 3.5
Blood Meal
%
10.1 5.0 4.2 10.9 3.7 3.5 2.9 4.4 3.8 1.6 3.1 5.9 4.0 3.4 5.8 1.9 5.1
Meat and Fish Bone Meal Scraps
%
3.4 1.4 2.5 5.7 3.9 5.3 3.0 1.9 0.7 0.6 1.3 2.5 1.1 1.5 2.0 0.7 2.9
07 7o 5.3 2.1 2.1 7.9 2.9 3.8 3.5 2.7 0.6 1.4 2.2 4.2 1.8 2.2 4.2 2.9 3.5
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Total
2
was determined by the Kjeldahl method (N X 6.25). The following protein values were obtained: safflower meal, 43.4%; soybean meal, 45.4%; blood meal, 84.2%; meat and bone scraps, 50.5% and fish meal, 61.9%. All diets were calculated to contain 24% protein. Samples of the various protein sources were hydrolyzed using 1 ml. of 6N HC1 per mg. of sample in an Erlenmeyer flask covered by an inverted beaker in an autoclave for 8 hours and the amino acid analysis determined by ion exchange chromatography using an amino acid analyzer.3 Norleucine was added to each sample as an internal standard. The amino acid compositions of the protein sources used in this study are shown in Table 2. Blood samples from non-fasted chicks were obtained at the end of the experiment by heart puncture with heparinized syringes. Two ml. of blood were taken from each of six birds selected at random from each treatment and pooled for a composite sample. Immediately after plasma samples had been composited, the plasma proteins were precipitated using 5 ml. of 6% sulfosalycilic acid per 2 ml. of plasma. These filtrates were immediately frozen and stored until ready for analysis. The amino acids were separated by ion-exchange chro-
SAFFLOWER MEAL IN CHICK
911
RATIONS
T A B L E 3.—The effect on growth, feed conversion and plasma amino acids of safflower meal substitution for soybean meal with and without added amino acids (Experiment i)» Treatment No. Ingredients: Basal Soybean meal Safflower meal Cellulose % Protein from: Soybean meal Safflower meal L-Lysine-HCl added (%) DL-Methionine added (%)
2
3
4
5
6b
% 53.00
% 53.00
% 53.00
33.73 11.77 1.50
22.49 23.53 .98
11.24 35.30 .46
% 53.00
—
% 53.00 — 47.00 —
75 25 0 0
50
25 75 0 0
—
100
100 0 0
—0
525 b 2.05°
311 c 2.55d
2.8 0.7
1.7 0.9
44.98 2.02 100
—0 0
Av. 4-week wt. gm.cc 59 l a Gm. feed/gm. gain 1.61" Plasma Amino acids (mg./lOO ml.): Lysine 6.2 Methionine 0.6 a b c
5 4 8 s b bo 1.80»
— —
so0 0 557 a b 1.81abc
— —
7
%
8
%
9
10
%
53.00
53.00 33.73 11.77 1.28
53.00 22.49 23.53 .50
53.00 11.24 35.30
.06
75 25 .17 .05
50 50 .34 .04
25 75 .51 .01
560 a b 1.64 a b
583 a b 1.70 a b
609" u 1.76 a b c
62 2 a atb c j 70
44.98
—
1.96
6.8 0.7
— —
— —
—
6.2 0.7
% — 47.00 — —
100 70
— 567 a b 1.94 b 0 5.9 0.7
Thirty chicks per treatment. Diets 6 through 10 calculated to contain the same lysine and methionine+cystine contents. Means with the same postscript not significantly different (P>.05).
matography using an amino acid analyzer.3 Significance of growth and feed conversion effects were measured using an analysis of variance and Student-NewmanKeuls' test.
Experiment 3. Fifteen diets were fed to 450 broiler strain Hubbard White Mountain male chicks in this experiment. Safflower meal provided 65, 75, or 85 percent of the supplemental protein, with the remainder being supplied by soybean meal, blood meal, fish meal or meat and bone Experiment 1. This experiment consisted of scraps (Table 5). Different amounts of 10 dietary treatments involving 300 Arbor limestone and dicalcium phosphate were Acre White Rock male chicks. A fortified used in the individual diets to compensate corn-soybean meal type ration was used as for the varying amounts of calcium and a control ration and safflower meal substi- phosphorus supplied by the soybean meal, tuted for 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the soy- blood meal, fish meal and meat and bone bean meal protein, with and without added scraps. Chick weights were recorded lysine and methionine (Table 3). Chick weekly; feed consumption was determined weights were recorded weekly; feed con- for each pen at the end of the four-week sumption was determined for each pen at period. the end of the four-week period. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 2. Six diets were fed to 180 Arbor Acre White Rock male chicks in this experiment. Safflower meal was substituted for 50 and 100% of the soybean meal protein in a cerelose-soybean meal diet, with and without added lysine and methionine (Table 4). Chick weights were recorded weekly; feed consumption was determined for each pen at the end of the 25-day trial. 3
Technicon Instruments Corp., Chauncey, New
Vork.
Experiment 1. This experiment was designed to study the effect on growth and feed efficiency of safflower meal substitution for soybean meal protein in a corn-soybean meal basal diet and to evaluate the influence of lysine and methionine addition. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 3. At the end of the four weeks, growth and feed conversion of the chicks fed safflower meal as the only protein source (diet 5) were significantly lower (P < .01)
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1
% 53.00
912
S. VALADEZ, W. R. FEATHERSTON AND R. A. PICKETT
TABLE 4.—The effect on growth, feed conversion and plasma amino acids of safflower meal substitution for soybean meal with and without added amino acids {Experiment 2) a Treatment No. Ingredients: Basal Soybean meal Safflower meal Cellulose % Protein from: Soybean meal Safflower meal L-Lysine-HCl added (%) DL-Methionine addecK%)
1 /o 43.20 53.33
—
3.47 100
— 0 0
%
43.20 26.67 27.92 2.21 50 50 0 0 512* 1.83»
— —
3 /c 43.20
—
55.82 .98
—
100 0 0
4
5
6
%
% 43.20 —
b
%
43.20 53.33
—
3.37 100
— 0 .10
43.20 26.67 27.92 1.73 50 50
55.82 .13
—
100 .42 .06
.82 .03
309b 2.41 b
497" 1.61»
523" 1.81"
532" 1.82"
1.3 0.8
8.5 0.9
— —
9.6 1.0
•' Thirty chicks per treatment. ' Diets 4, 5 and 6 calculated to contain the same lysine and methionine+cystine contents. Means with the same postscript not significantly different (P>.01).
than any other treatment. The addition of 0.7% L-lysine-HCl (diet 10) resulted in a growth rate comparable to the control, but the feed conversion was significantly (P < .05) less efficient. The growth rate and feed conversion of the chicks fed the diet in which safflower meal was substituted for 75% of the soybean meal protein (diet 4) were significantly poorer than those of chicks fed the control ration (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). The addition of .51% L-lysine. HC1 and .01% DL-methionine to the 75% safflower diet (diet 9) resulted in growth and feed conversion which were significantly better than those of chicks fed the unsupplemented diet (diet 4). Growth and feed efficiency of chicks fed diet 9 were not significantly different (P > .05) from those of chicks fed diet 1. Growth rate and feed conversion were comparable with the control (diet 1) when safflower meal substituted 25 or 50% of the soybean meal protein (diets 2 and 3). The addition of lysine and methionine to diets 2 and 3 (diets 7 and 8) did not result in growth or feed efficiency which was significantly different (P > .05) from that of chicks fed diets 2 and 3.
Amino acid analyses were conducted on plasma from chicks fed diets 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10. Only the values for lysine and methionine are presented in Table 3. The values for the remaining amino acids were either quite uniform or failed to show any meaningful trends. The plasma lysine concentration fluctuated greatly depending on the dietary treatment and offered a reasonable explanation for the influence of the various diets on growth and feed efficiency. The plasma lysine concentration of chicks fed either the 75% safflower meal, 25% soybean meal or the 100% safflower meal diets was markedly lower than that for the 100% soybean meal diet (2.8 and 1.7 mg./lOO ml. respectively, as compared with 6.2 mg./lOO ml.). Growth and feed efficiency of chicks fed these diets were also lower. As would be expected, the plasma methionine values increased as safflower meal replaced soybean meal in the rations. In those diets in which lysine and methionine had been supplemented (diets 6-10), the plasma lysine and methionine values were much more uniform as was the growth and feed efficiency of the chicks fed these rations.
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Av. 25-day wt. gm.° 502a Gm. feed/gm. gain0 1.69a Plasma Amino acids: (mg./lOO ml): Lysine 8.4 Methionine 0.5
2
91.-
SAFFLOWER MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS
Experiment 2. This experiment was designed to study the effect on growth and feed efficiency of safflower meal substitution for soybean meal protein in a cerelose diet, with and without the addition of lysine and methionine. In these diets, the soybean or safflower meal provided the only dietary source of protein. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 4. Chicks fed the diet in which safflower meal furnished 50% of the protein grew as rapidly though not as efficiently as those fed the control diet in which soybean meal furnished all the protein (diet 1). A highly significant (P < .01) depression in growth and feed efficiency was observed when safflower meal was used as the only protein source (diet 3). These depressions were overcome when lysine and methionine (diet 6) were added equalizing the level of these amino acids with the level in the cerelose-soybean diet (diet 4) and the 50% safflower meal diet (diet 5). Chicks fed the rations containing soybean meal had lower plasma methionine values than the chicks fed the rations containing safflower meal. The reverse was markedly evident in the case of plasma lysine. As was true in experiment 1, supplementation of the diets with lysine and methionine resulted in more uniform plasma lysine and methionine values as it did for growth rate and feed efficiency.
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t* Experiment 3. This experiment was designed to study the efficacy of blood meal, fish meal, soybean meal and meat and bone scraps to supplement diets containing safflower meal. Three levels of supplemental protein were fed from each of these sources; 35, 25, and 15%. The results of this trial are shown in Table 5. Diet 1, in which all the supplemental protein was supplied by soybean meal, served as a control ration. Diet 4, in which 75% of the supplemental protein was supplied by
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S. VALADEZ, W. R. FEATHERSTON AND R. A. PICKETT
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University Libraries on April 18, 2015
safflower meal and 25% by soybean meal mance of chicks fed the lysine supplementand in which supplemental lysine was ed diets was identical in both experiments added, was also included in this study to even though a lower level of lysine supcompare the results of this experiment with plementation was used in experiment 3. those of experiment 1. The average weights Chicks fed the diets supplemented with and feed efficiencies of chicks fed these two meat and bone scraps performed the poordiets were very similar to those of chicks est of any groups of chicks at any level of fed comparable diets in experiment 1 supplementation. The weights and feed (diets 1 and 9). efficiencies of chicks fed the meat and bone Of the four protein sources used in this scraps containing diets were significantly experiment, blood meal proved the most lower than those of chicks fed the control effective. When blood meal furnished 35 or ration. 25% of the supplemental protein, growth The results of the plasma lysine determiwas significantly higher than that of chicks nations offer a possible explanation for the fed the control diet (diet 1) in which soy- results of this experiment. Diets containing bean meal provided all of the supplement blood meal resulted in the highest plasma protein. The weight of chicks fed the diet lysine values at each level of supplementain which the supplemental protein was 85% tion. Conversely, chicks fed the meat and safflower meal and 15% blood meal was ap- bone scraps diets, which performed the proximately the same as that of chicks fed poorest, had the lowest plasma lysine valthe control (soybean meal) diet. The feed ues at each level of supplementation. The efficiency of chicks fed the diet containing plasma lysine values of chicks fed the soythe highest level of blood meal was the bean meal and the fish meal containing same as that for chicks fed the control diets were intermediate as were the growth diet, while chicks fed diets containing the rates. When the amount of lysine contribtwo lower levels of blood meal were less uted by the different levels of the various efficient than the controls. protein supplements are calculated from Fish meal and soybean meal were about the analyzed lysine values of the protein equal in their ability to supplement supplements as shown in Table 2, it is seen safflower meal. The weights and feed that the highest amount of lysine was furefficiencies of chicks fed the diets in which nished by blood meal followed by fish either soybean meal or fish meal furnished meal, soybean meal and meat and bone 35, 25, or 15% of the supplemental protein scraps. The amounts of lysine furnished by were approximately the same. Even the the first three supplements were very simihighest level of supplemental protein from lar. The amounts of lysine furnished by these two sources did not result in perfor- meat and bone scraps were markedly lower mances which were as good as those of the which may account for the poor perforcontrol chicks although the differences in mance of chicks fed the diets supplemented weight of these chicks were not with this protein source. significantly lower than the control. As was These studies indicate that decorticated observed in experiment 1, lysine supple- safflower meal, although being deficient in mentation of the diet containing 75% of the lysine, can be utilized successfully in chick supplemental protein from safflower meal rations. It has been shown that safflower and 25% from soybean meal resulted in a meal can replace up to 50% of the soybean considerable improvement in growth and meal in a corn-soybean meal ration withfeed efficiency (diet 3 vs. 4). The perfor- out a significant reduction in growth rate.
SAFFLOWER MEAL IN CHICK RATIONS
the efficacy of blood meal, fish meal, soybean meal and meat and bone scraps in supplementing safflower meal diets. The results of this experiment indicated that blood meal was most effective in supplementing safflower meal with fish meal and soybean meal being intermediate and approximately equal in value while meat and bone scraps were the least effective of the four supplements. The plasma lysine concentrations of birds fed various diets were found to reflect the lysine content of the diet and to parallel the growth rate of chicks fed various diets. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Pacific Vegetable Oil Corp., Richmond, California for supplying the safflower meal and to Charles Pfizer and Co., Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana for supplying the lysine, riboflavin, calcium pantothenate and vitamin Bi2 used in this study. REFERENCES
SUMMARY
Three experiments were conducted with male broiler chicks to determine the nutritive value of decorticated safflower meal in chick rations and the effect upon concentration of certain plasma amino acids. These studies showed that safflower meal can replace 50% of the soybean meal in corn-soybean meal or cerelose-soybean meal rations. Safflower meal can replace all of the soybean meal if the diet is supplemented with lysine. A study was also conducted to determine
Halloran, H. R., 1961. High protein safflower meal for chickens. Feedstuffs, 33 (45): 70-71. Kratzer, F. H., and D. Williams, 1947. Safflower seed as an amino acid source for chicks. Poultry Sci. 26: 623-625. Kratzer, F. H., and D. E. Williams, 1951. Safflower oil meal in rations for chicks. Poultry Sci. 30: 417-421. Petersen, C. F., A. C. Wiese, G. J. Anderson and C. E. Lampman, 1957. The use of safflower oil meal in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 36: 3-8. Young, R. D., and H. R. Halloran, 1962. Decorticated safflower meal in chicken rations. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 1696-1697.
AUGUST 2-6. 54TH ANNUAL MEE ING OF THE POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION, UNIVERSITY 01 GEORGIA, ATHENS, GEORGIA. AUGUST 4-7. ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN FEED CONTROL OFFICIALS, CLEMSON HOUSE, CLEMSON, N.C.
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Safflower meal can replace all of the soybean meal if the diet is supplemented with lysine. The dramatic response of chicks to lysine supplementation of cerelose-safflower meal diets (diet 6, experiment 2) indicates that, except for lysine, safflower meal possesses a well balanced amino acid pattern. Blood meal proved more effective than soybean meal in supplementing safflower meal. Replacing only 15% of the supplemental protein from safflower meal with blood meal resulted in weights of chicks which were as large as those of chicks fed diets in which soybean meal furnished all the supplemental protein. It is interesting to note in comparing the results of chicks fed diets containing soybean meal and safflower meal that although chick weight was the same, feed efficiency was almost always better in chicks fed the soybean meal diets. This, no doubt, is due in part to the fiber content of the two meals, approximately 14% for the safflower meal as compared to approximately 6% for 44% protein soybean meal.
915