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Vacuum degassing of metals
Classified
abstracts
42944
cooled Zr cathode with a horizontal surface for supporting the sample. W N Wise, National Lead Co, Cincinatti, Ohio, May 1966, 16 pages 37 429. Research on new methods for improving the ductility of molybdenum. (USA) Vacuum-arc-cast ingots are prepared using powder that has been treated in palladium-diffused hydrogen, then transferred to the melting furnace without exposure to air. Additions were made to the ingots so that various dwxidising agents could be. studied. M Semchyschen and R Q Rarr, J Less Common Metals, 11,1966, I-13. 31 430. Puri6cation of ahuninimn and its properties. (Italy) Details are presented on zone refining, double electrolysis and vacuum distillation methods which are currently used to obtain high purity Al. Activation analysis and resistivity measurement methods are used to determine the degree of purity. G Chaudron, Met Ital, 58, 1966, I-9 (in Italian). 37 431. LECO vacuum fusion analyzer. (Belgium) Oxygen in controlled amounts and nitrogen (not deliberately added) give Ti alloys strength and hardness; hydrogen causes brittleness. Samples are introduced through an evacuable chamber and dropped into a graphite crucible in the furnace without disturbing the vacuum. The liberated gases are rapidly transferred by a mercury vapour pump to a collection volume, where a portion is analyzed and the remainder of the apparatus outgassed. M J Miles and L C Covington, Metallurgic, 5,1965,367_575(in French). 37 432. Vacuum steelmaking. ( Yugoslavia) Technical procedures of vacuum steelmaking are described. Vacuum induction furnaces for 5-50 tons of steel and the degassing procedures with at least 20-30 tons of material are discussed. In distinction to the induction furnace (10-l to lo-‘ torr) the vacuum in the degassing procedure is between 0.1 and 10 torr. An outline of the more important vacuum degassing methods for molten steels is given and the original literature is cited. E Ploeckinger, Budarsko Met Zb, 1966,5-20 (in Slovene). 37 433. “ASEA-SKF” steal processing method. (Czechosfovakia) Molten steel is intensively mixed by electromagnetic forces during vacuum degassing and the steel is subsequently reheated by an arc in the same casting ladle. The apparatus used in SKF Works, Sweden, is described in detail. (Sweden) H Stickler, Proc First Nat Conf on Electra-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966 (in German). 37 434. Comparison of the influence of the electroslag method and vacua arc melting on steel properties. (Czechoslovakia) The advantage of the vacuum arc melting is the reliability of reduction in the gas content of the steel. However, mechanical properties of steel processed by vacuum are not better than those of the electroslag process. (Czechoslovakia) Z Buzek, Proc First Nat Conf on Electra-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966 (in Czech). 31 435. Characteristics of vacuum arc melting technology. (Czechoslovakia) The influence of electrode properties on vacuum arc melting of steel and the reduction of the contents of Mn and other components in steel during vacuum arc melting were investigated. Mechanical properties of vacuum melted steel and the basic vacuum metallurgy theory are briefly discussed. Z Eminger and Z Kletecka, Proc First Nat Conf on Electra-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966 (in Czech). 37 436. Multi-chamber furnaces heated by an electron beam. (Czechoslovakia) The design of type EM0 60 furnace manufactured by VEB H Beimler, Henningsdorf, East Germany, is described. This furnace is designed for melting rods by electron beams with energies up to 20 keV and currents up to 3 A. Simple focusing and deflection of the electron beam is possible. The electron source chamber is pumped by a separate pumping system so that processing chamber pressure rising up to 1 x 1O-2 torr does not atfect the electron source chamber pressure.
K Schmidt, Proc First Nat Conf Electra-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966, (in German). 37 437. Deoxidation during out-of-furnace vacuum treatment of steel. (Czechoslovakia) Vacuum treatment of the steel stream is employed both for the direct teeming of ingots into evacuated molds and for the pouring of steel from one ladle to another in a vacuum. For teeming ingots of under 40 tons, vacuum treatment of steel is used in the ladle. Steel subjected to vacuum treatment is manufactured with a content of about 0.15 per cent Si and without the addition of AI deoxidant. Vacuum treatment of steel modified by the addition of Al and Ti is described. J Skala, Hutnicke Listy, 21 (5), 1966 11-16 (in Czech). 37 438. The Finkf process of vacuum degassing. (Sweden) An outline.is given of the Fink1 nrocess. including the conditions for selecting this method, the steelmaking conditions, the importance of stirring, the plant required for the process, and the results of vacuum degassing. Future developments in steelmaking processes are discussed. A M Sagem, Tidskr Kjemi, Bergvesen, Met, 26, 1966, 85-89 (in English). 37 :42 439. New high-efficiency vacuum extrusion press. (Germany) A vacuum extrusion press for de-aerating and homogenizing plastic porcelain, whiteware and stoneware bodies is described. The principal improvements in the design are the incorporation of the vacuum pumping system within the extrusion press and a new feeding device which ensures a large adsorption capacity and removes the necessity for frequent stopping of the machine. The new press allows increases of 100 to 130 per cent in throughput rates compared with older models. B Reyer, Interceram, No 2, July 1966, 171-172 (in English). 37 448. Determination of hydrogen in carbon and alloy steels by vacuum anneal extraction. The variable conditions of hydrogen extraction for analysis and the reproducibility of the results were examined for nine types of steel, including carbon steels, hardenable and case hardening alloy steels, spring steels, and chromium steels with more than 7 per cent Cr. The results permit an exact description of the entire procedure of hydrogen determination for each type of steel from sampling to the laboratory. J Eisenkalb et al, Neue Hiitte, 10, 1966, 745-751 (in German). 37 441. Rapid determination of nitrogen in steels by vacuum melting extraction. (Germany) The commonly obtained low results for steels containing Al, Ti, and Zr can be avoided by premelting with Ta-Fe in ratios of 1.5:1 to 0X:1. H Severus-Laubenfrid et al, Z Anal Chem, 218, 1966, 241-249 (in German). 37 442. Container for the degasification of steel and other metals. (Germany) In a heated evacuable container for the degasification of molten steel or other metal, the heating means for the empty container are arranged in that zone of the container which after heating is covered by the liquid metal. The heating conductor for steel consists of Fe, steel or of metals which may be present in the steel. A Sickbert, (Bochumer C’erein fuer Luststahlfabrikation) German Patent 1,217,987 June 1966, Appl Nov 2 1961 3 pages. 37 443. Problems and experience in producing cast uranimn carbide rods. (Germany) Cast natural uranium monocarbide rods were produced by melting in an arc furnace and tilt pouring. The melting stock was produced in a semi-continuous vacuum induction furnace by the carbothermic reduction of UOa. L Schafer, Kerntechnik, 7, 1965, 359-361 (in German). 37 444. Vacuum degassing of metals. (Germany) The seals of vacuum degassing chambers are protected from spalling due to differential expansion if the jacket is anchored with a corrugated seal. J B Gero (Gero Metallurgical Corp) German Patent 1,219,634, June 23, 1966, Appl Nov 16, 1%1,6 pages. 121
abstracts
42944
cooled Zr cathode with a horizontal surface for supporting the sample. W N Wise, National Lead Co, Cincinatti, Ohio, May 1966, 16 pages 37 429. Research on new methods for improving the ductility of molybdenum. (USA) Vacuum-arc-cast ingots are prepared using powder that has been treated in palladium-diffused hydrogen, then transferred to the melting furnace without exposure to air. Additions were made to the ingots so that various dwxidising agents could be. studied. M Semchyschen and R Q Rarr, J Less Common Metals, 11,1966, I-13. 31 430. Puri6cation of ahuninimn and its properties. (Italy) Details are presented on zone refining, double electrolysis and vacuum distillation methods which are currently used to obtain high purity Al. Activation analysis and resistivity measurement methods are used to determine the degree of purity. G Chaudron, Met Ital, 58, 1966, I-9 (in Italian). 37 431. LECO vacuum fusion analyzer. (Belgium) Oxygen in controlled amounts and nitrogen (not deliberately added) give Ti alloys strength and hardness; hydrogen causes brittleness. Samples are introduced through an evacuable chamber and dropped into a graphite crucible in the furnace without disturbing the vacuum. The liberated gases are rapidly transferred by a mercury vapour pump to a collection volume, where a portion is analyzed and the remainder of the apparatus outgassed. M J Miles and L C Covington, Metallurgic, 5,1965,367_575(in French). 37 432. Vacuum steelmaking. ( Yugoslavia) Technical procedures of vacuum steelmaking are described. Vacuum induction furnaces for 5-50 tons of steel and the degassing procedures with at least 20-30 tons of material are discussed. In distinction to the induction furnace (10-l to lo-‘ torr) the vacuum in the degassing procedure is between 0.1 and 10 torr. An outline of the more important vacuum degassing methods for molten steels is given and the original literature is cited. E Ploeckinger, Budarsko Met Zb, 1966,5-20 (in Slovene). 37 433. “ASEA-SKF” steal processing method. (Czechosfovakia) Molten steel is intensively mixed by electromagnetic forces during vacuum degassing and the steel is subsequently reheated by an arc in the same casting ladle. The apparatus used in SKF Works, Sweden, is described in detail. (Sweden) H Stickler, Proc First Nat Conf on Electra-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966 (in German). 37 434. Comparison of the influence of the electroslag method and vacua arc melting on steel properties. (Czechoslovakia) The advantage of the vacuum arc melting is the reliability of reduction in the gas content of the steel. However, mechanical properties of steel processed by vacuum are not better than those of the electroslag process. (Czechoslovakia) Z Buzek, Proc First Nat Conf on Electra-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966 (in Czech). 31 435. Characteristics of vacuum arc melting technology. (Czechoslovakia) The influence of electrode properties on vacuum arc melting of steel and the reduction of the contents of Mn and other components in steel during vacuum arc melting were investigated. Mechanical properties of vacuum melted steel and the basic vacuum metallurgy theory are briefly discussed. Z Eminger and Z Kletecka, Proc First Nat Conf on Electra-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966 (in Czech). 37 436. Multi-chamber furnaces heated by an electron beam. (Czechoslovakia) The design of type EM0 60 furnace manufactured by VEB H Beimler, Henningsdorf, East Germany, is described. This furnace is designed for melting rods by electron beams with energies up to 20 keV and currents up to 3 A. Simple focusing and deflection of the electron beam is possible. The electron source chamber is pumped by a separate pumping system so that processing chamber pressure rising up to 1 x 1O-2 torr does not atfect the electron source chamber pressure.
K Schmidt, Proc First Nat Conf Electra-Heat, Prague, Nov 1966, (in German). 37 437. Deoxidation during out-of-furnace vacuum treatment of steel. (Czechoslovakia) Vacuum treatment of the steel stream is employed both for the direct teeming of ingots into evacuated molds and for the pouring of steel from one ladle to another in a vacuum. For teeming ingots of under 40 tons, vacuum treatment of steel is used in the ladle. Steel subjected to vacuum treatment is manufactured with a content of about 0.15 per cent Si and without the addition of AI deoxidant. Vacuum treatment of steel modified by the addition of Al and Ti is described. J Skala, Hutnicke Listy, 21 (5), 1966 11-16 (in Czech). 37 438. The Finkf process of vacuum degassing. (Sweden) An outline.is given of the Fink1 nrocess. including the conditions for selecting this method, the steelmaking conditions, the importance of stirring, the plant required for the process, and the results of vacuum degassing. Future developments in steelmaking processes are discussed. A M Sagem, Tidskr Kjemi, Bergvesen, Met, 26, 1966, 85-89 (in English). 37 :42 439. New high-efficiency vacuum extrusion press. (Germany) A vacuum extrusion press for de-aerating and homogenizing plastic porcelain, whiteware and stoneware bodies is described. The principal improvements in the design are the incorporation of the vacuum pumping system within the extrusion press and a new feeding device which ensures a large adsorption capacity and removes the necessity for frequent stopping of the machine. The new press allows increases of 100 to 130 per cent in throughput rates compared with older models. B Reyer, Interceram, No 2, July 1966, 171-172 (in English). 37 448. Determination of hydrogen in carbon and alloy steels by vacuum anneal extraction. The variable conditions of hydrogen extraction for analysis and the reproducibility of the results were examined for nine types of steel, including carbon steels, hardenable and case hardening alloy steels, spring steels, and chromium steels with more than 7 per cent Cr. The results permit an exact description of the entire procedure of hydrogen determination for each type of steel from sampling to the laboratory. J Eisenkalb et al, Neue Hiitte, 10, 1966, 745-751 (in German). 37 441. Rapid determination of nitrogen in steels by vacuum melting extraction. (Germany) The commonly obtained low results for steels containing Al, Ti, and Zr can be avoided by premelting with Ta-Fe in ratios of 1.5:1 to 0X:1. H Severus-Laubenfrid et al, Z Anal Chem, 218, 1966, 241-249 (in German). 37 442. Container for the degasification of steel and other metals. (Germany) In a heated evacuable container for the degasification of molten steel or other metal, the heating means for the empty container are arranged in that zone of the container which after heating is covered by the liquid metal. The heating conductor for steel consists of Fe, steel or of metals which may be present in the steel. A Sickbert, (Bochumer C’erein fuer Luststahlfabrikation) German Patent 1,217,987 June 1966, Appl Nov 2 1961 3 pages. 37 443. Problems and experience in producing cast uranimn carbide rods. (Germany) Cast natural uranium monocarbide rods were produced by melting in an arc furnace and tilt pouring. The melting stock was produced in a semi-continuous vacuum induction furnace by the carbothermic reduction of UOa. L Schafer, Kerntechnik, 7, 1965, 359-361 (in German). 37 444. Vacuum degassing of metals. (Germany) The seals of vacuum degassing chambers are protected from spalling due to differential expansion if the jacket is anchored with a corrugated seal. J B Gero (Gero Metallurgical Corp) German Patent 1,219,634, June 23, 1966, Appl Nov 16, 1%1,6 pages. 121